Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Preserving patient safety in Nordic emergency care: concerns from Nordic anaesthesiology societies regarding development goals of emergency medicine.","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01584-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01584-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of tactical police medics in the prehospital environment: results from an interview study.","authors":"Lova Widman, Magnus Andersson Hagiwara, Felix Lindell, Claes Wildar, Denise Bäckström","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01621-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01621-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Swedish tactical police unit is a highly trained team specialized in managing complex situations and tactically demanding operations. Each tactical police group includes a designated medic who completes a 10-week basic training program in tactical medicine, followed by various forms of additional training. The medical aspects of police work are strictly regulated by medical authorities, and among other restrictions, the medics' authorizations apply only when providing care to fellow officers. The purpose of this study was to explore tactical police medics' perceptions of their work in relation to training, competencies, tactics, and the provision of practical medical care.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study employed a qualitative design in which 13 medics from the tactical police unit were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. They were asked questions about their perceived preparedness for the role, their training, and real-life situations in which they had acted as medics. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then coded and analysed thematically following Braun and Clarke's model of thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The results indicated that the medics were generally satisfied with their training and education in tactical medicine. However, there was a clear discrepancy between what they had been trained to do and the tasks they actually performed in their roles. They also expressed frustration about how their mission is defined by medical authorities, particularly the restriction that prevents them from applying their medical authorizations to injured third parties. Collaboration with civilian healthcare was described as inconsistent; cooperation with prehospital physicians was generally viewed positively, whereas the relationship with ambulance personnel was perceived as more challenging.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The tactical police medics represent a highly trained and competent group that is not being utilized to its full potential. They could be deployed more extensively in situations requiring tactical medical care and rescue operations. Achieving this would require stronger and more effective collaboration with civilian healthcare services.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of advanced pre-hospital interventions on scene time.","authors":"Miles Gandolfi, Flora Bird, Christine L Henry, Jonathan Bestwick, David J Lockey, Zane B Perkins","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01613-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01613-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-hospital trauma care has evolved with the introduction of increasingly advanced interventions. While these procedures may offer clinical benefit, they may also prolong pre-hospital times, a critical determinant of outcome, particularly in patients with non-compressible haemorrhage. This study examined whether expanding pre-hospital capability has affected scene time over the past two decades.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, observational study of injured patients treated by a physician-led air ambulance service. Data from July of each year between 2005-2010 (Group 1) and 2017-2021 (Group 2) were compared. Advanced interventions including blood transfusion, Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA), arterial and central venous cannulation were introduced between these periods. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with scene time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,357 eligible patients, 26% received at least one advanced intervention, with uptake increasing over time (24% vs 29%; p = 0.02). The proportion of penetrating trauma also increased (24% vs 34%; p < 0.001), and these patients had consistently shorter scene times than those with blunt trauma (10 [6-17] vs 25 [17-36] minutes; p < 0.001). Median scene time remained similar between study periods. In multivariable analysis, scene time was independently associated with mechanism of injury, age, and number of advanced interventions performed. Each additional intervention increased scene time by 41% (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Advanced pre-hospital interventions have become more frequent, and scene time increases in direct proportion to the number of interventions performed, independent of temporal, operational, patient, and injury factors. Scene times have remained similar over two decades, reflecting opposing trends of increasing intervention frequency and more penetrating trauma. These findings highlight the need to balance the potential benefit of advanced pre-hospital interventions against their time cost, ensuring procedural efficiency, judicious patient selection, and timely transfer to definitive care in time-critical trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No delayed intracranial hemorrhage in head injury patients on oral anticoagulants and with normal CT: a retrospective study of 215 patients.","authors":"Martin Aase Bahr, Håvard Visnes, Tor Brommeland","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01617-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01617-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The current Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee’s (SNC) guidelines mandate 24-hour hospital observation for head injury patients on anticoagulation therapy even with a normal head CT to detect delayed hemorrhages. However, emerging evidence suggests the incidence of delayed intracranial hematoma in this context is very low. A new protocol was developed at Sørlandet Hospital Kristiansand allowing for immediate discharge of patients on anticoagulation therapy with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 14–15 and normal head CT. This study evaluates the management, incidence of delayed intracranial hemorrhage and re-contact rates in anticoagulated patients with a head injury and normal CT. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who sustained a head injury and underwent a CT scanning at Sørlandet Hospital Kristiansand, Norway from April 1, 2024, to December 12, 2025, was performed. Patients were included in the study if they were taking oral anticoagulation of any type and had a normal CT scanning of the head. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, GCS on admission, discharge or admission decisions, re-contact with the hospital, neurosurgical intervention and mortality were registered. Delayed intracranial hemorrhage was defined as any intracranial hematoma not evident on the initial CT but detected on a subsequent CT scan. Clinically relevant delayed hemorrhage was considered as a hematoma requiring re-admission, neurosurgical intervention, or causing death. RESULTS: A total of 795 patients underwent head CT with a median age of 74 years (3–99 years). Of these, 232 patients were taking oral anticoagulation of which 215 had normal CT scans and composed our study group. Median age in the study group was 83 years (33–97 years). GCS on admission was 14–15 in 223/232 (96.1%) of patients. None developed delayed intracranial hemorrhage during observation or follow-up. No patients were transferred for neurosurgical intervention or experienced any clinically significant deterioration due to delayed hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of anticoagulated head injury patients with normal head CT, the incidence of delayed intracranial hemorrhage was zero. Our findings suggest that routine 24-hour observation of all such patients may offer limited benefits, and that a more selective management approach could be justified. </p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of portable telemedicine devices for ambulance-based prehospital triage: a comparative simulation study.","authors":"Sophia L Kingma, Robert Croese, Marcel Durieux, Jan Bosch, Matthijs de Visser, Sandra Timmermans, Loet M H Kloos, Els L L M de Schryver, Nyika D Kruyt, Geert H Groeneveld","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01612-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01612-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Video-based telemedicine can improve prehospital triage. However, it is unclear which portable device enabling a real-time specialist consultation via two-way video and audio connection in dynamic emergency medical service environments should be used. This feasibility study identified the most suitable portable telemedicine device for prehospital triage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four simulated stroke-like scenarios were conducted with ambulance professionals and remote vascular neurologists. Three portable telemedicine devices were tested: two head-mounted assisted-reality devices (RealWear Navigator ™ 520, Vuzix M400) and a smartphone using Siilo Messenger application. Feasibility was evaluated through structured surveys from both user groups and a patient actor. Quantitative data were analysed using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis with stakeholder-derived criterion weights to generate overall value scores and device ranking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 47 analysed surveys, the Vuzix head-mounted device achieved the highest overall value score (0.80), followed by Siilo Messenger smartphone application (0.77) and RealWear head-mounted device (0.73). Ambulance professionals prioritised usability, favouring the smartphone application, whereas neurologists emphasised video quality, favouring Vuzix head-mounted device. Qualitative feedback highlighted trade-offs: head-mounted devices offered hands-free use but required peripherals and hindered patient interaction, while smartphones were intuitive but limited by video quality and image stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Device suitability for prehospital telemedicine depends on balancing technical performance with usability. The smartphone-based application provides practical solution for early implementation, while head-mounted devices may be preferable when hands-free operation and video quality are critical. Future research should assess their clinical and operational impact to enable safe and scalable implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diamond minutes: rethinking the earliest link of the trauma chain of survival.","authors":"Guglielmo Imbriaco, Sonia D'Arrigo, Francesco Limonti, Tim Nutbeam, Alberto Cucino","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01611-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01611-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable transfer learning ensemble AI model for lung ultrasound pneumothorax detection with expert benchmark.","authors":"Gábor Orosz, Róbert Zsolt Szabó, Marcell Szabó, Pál Gyombolai, József T Tóth, Tamás Ruttkay, Tamás Ferenci, Tamás Ungi, Gábor Fichtinger, Tamás Haidegger","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01614-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01614-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lung ultrasound is essential for rapid, radiation-free bedside pneumothorax diagnosis but limited by variability in human interpretation. Key gaps include insufficiently large and diverse human datasets, inconsistent image acquisition, lack of rigorous expert benchmarking, and inadequate clinical interpretability of existing artificial intelligence models. We aimed to develop and validate a robust, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) ensemble model addressing these critical gaps.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>With our multidisciplinary team, we developed an explainable soft-voting ensemble model trained on 1,856 diverse ultrasound clips from critically ill patients, healthy volunteers, and tailored cadaver models. Model interpretability was ensured using visualization, with heatmaps validated by expert clinicians. The model's diagnostic performance was rigorously benchmarked against 11 experienced clinicians using an independent, balanced test set. Statistical analyses included sensitivity, specificity and inter-rater reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ensemble model achieved 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 85·8%-100·0%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 85·8%-100·0%), surpassing expert sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic performance of experts significantly differed by ultrasound mode, with notably lower specificity in M-mode imaging (p < 0·001). The AI consistently maintained perfect sensitivity and significantly reduced false positives compared to clinicians across all conditions, including challenging diagnostic scenarios (e.g., subtle pleural motions), and showed excellent generalizability to both cadaveric and clinical cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our explainable AI ensemble robustly matches the consensus-level performance of an expert \"committee,\" significantly reducing diagnostic variability and false-positive diagnoses. This AI tool can serve as a critical second reader, standardize clinical decisions at the bedside, and substantially improve patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of clinical and logistical contribution in a Norwegian helicopter emergency medical service using integrated data: a retrospective observational study.","authors":"Lars E Næss, Oddvar Uleberg, Andreas Asheim, Andreas Krüger, Eivinn Skjærseth, Ole Erik Ulvin, Jostein Dale, Rune Sætre, Helge Haugland","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01615-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01615-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physician‑staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) provide advanced pre‑hospital care, rapid transfer to hospital, and access to remote areas. These services are costly with limited capacity; therefore, their value depends on meaningful patient benefit. Although clinical and logistical capabilities are essential for selected patient groups, no unified measure of service benefit exists. In 2017 an international expert panel proposed a set of quality indicators (QIs) for Physician‑Staffed Emergency Medical Services (P‑EMS). Since 2021 the Trondheim HEMS has used these QIs to assess clinical and logistical contribution in completed missions. This study aims to describe these contribution assessments and relate them with descriptive data and established severity measures from integrated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and hospital data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Physician‑reported assessments of clinical and logistical contribution from Trondheim HEMS (2022-2024) were linked with data from the Emergency Medical Communication Centre, HEMS records and hospital records. Contribution assessments and mission characteristics were examined using descriptive statistics. Associations and convergence between contribution assessments, severity measures and patient characteristics were explored using multivariable regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HEMS contribution was assessed for 2,286 missions. Of these, 1,696 (74%) were judged as beneficial, including 1,173 (51%) with logistical contribution and 897 (39%) with clinical contribution, with an overlap of 374 missions (16%) showing both. Logistical contribution was associated with conditions requiring rapid transfer to definitive treatment, while clinical contribution was associated with potentially critical diagnoses, higher severity scores, higher mortality rates, and greater hospital utilisation. Retrospectively, 590 missions (26%) were classified as having no contribution, more often involving younger patients and potentially critical but uncertain conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Across three years of retrospective physician‑reported assessments, three quarters of HEMS missions were retrospectively considered beneficial, reflecting approximately 50 percent logistical contribution and 40 percent clinical contribution, with a 16 percent overlap. The remaining 26 percent were viewed as not beneficial. Assessments of relative contributions varied between physicians suggests differing interpretations of the criteria, highlighting the need to strengthen a shared understanding of the underlying concepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chest X-Ray evaluation using GPT for tube thoracostomy or conservative care in non-tension spontaneous pneumothorax.","authors":"Ertuğ Günsoy, Ahmet Aykut, Cem Yıldırım, Mehmet Veysel Öncül, Saim Türkoğlu","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01616-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01616-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) commonly presents to the emergency department (ED), and clinicians must rapidly decide between conservative care and tube thoracostomy. Most artificial intelligence tools focus on pneumothorax detection rather than quantitative size estimation and actionable management recommendations. We aimed to evaluate whether a vision-enabled generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model could estimate apical SP depth on chest radiographs (CXRs) and predict initial ED management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study of adult patients (≥ 18 years) with confirmed SP on pre-intervention posteroanterior CXR (January 1, 2023-December 31, 2025). GPT received only the CXR plus age and sex and returned laterality, estimated apical depth (Depth_cm), and a binary management recommendation (tube thoracostomy vs conservative). The reference outcome was tube thoracostomy within 24 h. We calculated diagnostic performance metrics and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). We assessed agreement between GPT depth estimates and blinded radiologist measurements using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and mean absolute error (MAE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 101 patients, mean age was 33.1 ± 14.6 years and 89 (88.1%) were male; 53 (52.5%) underwent tube thoracostomy within 24 h. GPT showed sensitivity 86.8% (95% CI, 75.2%-93.5%), specificity 93.8% (95% CI, 83.2%-97.9%), and accuracy 90.1% (95% CI, 82.7%-94.5%), with Cohen's κ = 0.80 and AUC 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96). Depth agreement was strong (ICC, 0.893), with MAE 0.69 cm and mean bias -0.51 cm (95% limits of agreement, - 2.30 to 1.27 cm).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In confirmed SP, a vision-enabled GPT model produced apical depth estimates that closely agreed with radiologist measurements and generated management recommendations that substantially matched real-world ED decisions, supporting its potential role as adjunct imaging decision support.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"I just needed help\": a qualitative study of patients' experiences with a single responder ambulance.","authors":"Elisabeth Larsen Engholm, Camilla Brændstrup Laursen, Penille Horsbøl Kirkegaard Jensen, Tine Bennedsen Gehrt, Ulla Væggemose","doi":"10.1186/s13049-026-01605-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13049-026-01605-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In response to the growing demand for prehospital care in the Central Denmark Region, a single responder ambulance, the Prehospital Visitation Unit (PVU), was introduced in early 2022. Staffed by a single paramedic, the PVU focuses on completing patient treatment on-site and/or facilitating access to appropriate healthcare services. Despite the increasing implementation of non-conveyance initiatives, little is known about patients' experiences of receiving emergency medical care in such settings. This qualitative study aimed to explore patients' expectations when calling for emergency help and their experiences with encountering the PVU in response to their need for help.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in two stages of fieldwork: preliminary and main. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were utilized throughout. The preliminary fieldwork took place between 1 June and 31 August 2022, and the main fieldwork between 1 February and 30 March 2023. In total, the researchers observed 12 PVU shifts, documenting patient-paramedic encounters through fieldnotes. Additionally, 22 patients completed a follow-up telephone interview. Interview transcripts and fieldnotes were analyzed using a two-cycle coding approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, patients expressed satisfaction with the PVU and appreciated receiving treatment on-site rather than being transported to the hospital. When asked about their expectations after calling the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), patients consistently emphasized that they \"just needed help\". They were unconcerned about which type of EMS resource was dispatched or how many staff arrived. The PVU was perceived as less dramatic due to its smaller vehicle and single-paramedic operation. The paramedic's calm attitude, clear communication, and use of eye contact contributed to a reassuring atmosphere that put patients at ease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights patient satisfaction with the PVU as an EMS response, emphasizing their need for help and the benefits of on-site treatment. It contributes to the scarce literature on patient perspectives regarding non-conveyance, showing how the PVU meets patient expectations, creates a calm atmosphere, and fosters a sense of safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":49292,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}