Plant Genome最新文献

{"title":"Leaf transcriptome differences between diploid and tetraploid bahiagrass.","authors":"Maricel Podio, Danilo Fabrizio Santoro, Carolina Marta Colono, Juan Pablo A Ortiz, Emidio Albertini, Silvina Claudia Pessino","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70212","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyploid individuals of the subtropical forage grass Paspalum notatum Flüggé (bahiagrass) exhibit distinct phenotypes, including apomixis, enhanced vigor, gigas effects, and increased stress tolerance. While apomixis-based breeding programs supported by molecular tools have improved agronomic traits such as growth habit, forage dry matter, and lipid profile, a genome-wide understanding of ploidy-induced transcriptomic changes is still lacking. In this study, we aimed to generate a comprehensive reference catalog of transcripts differentially expressed in the leaves of diploid and tetraploid individuals, characterize genome responses to polyploidy, and identify candidate genes for breeding. Our results reveal distinct transcriptomic profiles in polyploids, with significant impacts on development, redox homeostasis, and photosynthesis-patterns consistent with those observed in other species. Gene ontology enrichment analyses highlighted key categories related to stress responses and signaling pathways. We also identified critical breeding targets, including transcription factors and hormone-related genes. Co-expression network analysis uncovered 532 master regulators affected by genome doubling, with non-random distribution across the genome and hotspot clustering in specific chromosomes. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular consequences of polyploidy in P. notatum, offering a valuable resource for molecular breeding programs aimed at improving stress tolerance, vigor, and other desirable traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12949672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution quantitative trait loci mapping and pyramiding effects of candidate genes for plant height in soybean.","authors":"Dan Sha, Zhenzhen Zhang, Yongzhe Gu, Shengrui Zhang, Aimal Nawaz Khattak, Yitian Liu, Caiyou Ma, Meng Hu, Jimeng Niu, Linfeng Yu, Shibi Zhang, Azhar Iqbal, Ahsan Muhammad, Jing Li, Junming Sun, Rongxia Guan, Bin Li","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70207","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant height is a crucial agronomic trait that significantly influences plant architecture and yield in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Identifying major genes regulating plant height and developing closely linked molecular markers are crucial for breeding soybean cultivars with ideal architecture. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F_2:7-8) developed from a cross between two soybean cultivars with contrasting plant heights was used to conduct quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for plant height across five environments based on a high-density genetic linkage map. As a result, 13 QTL associated with plant height were identified on seven chromosomes. Among these, four QTL (qPH-5, qPH6-1, qPH18, and qPH19-2) were consistently detected across multiple environments. Candidate genes for three stable QTL (qPH6-1, qPH18, and qPH19-2) with major effects on plant height were identified by annotating single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the parental haplotypes, combined with analyses of gene expression patterns and biological functions. Consequently, TCP13, Dt2, and Dt1 were predicted as strong candidate genes influencing plant height within these loci, respectively. Haplotype analyses within RIL population and across diverse soybean germplasm revealed that allelic variation in each of these genes significantly affected plant height. Moreover, different haplotype combinations of the three genes exhibited distinct phenotypic effects, indicating a pyramiding effect of these three genes on plant height. These findings will facilitate molecular breeding of soybean cultivars with ideal plant architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic architecture of the resistance to Phytophthora cactorum 2 (RPc2) locus in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).","authors":"Hyeondae Han, Youngjae Oh, Yoon Jeong Jang, Saket Chandra, Upinder Gill, Sujeet Verma, Young-Hee Noh, Sachiko Isobe, Dominique D A Pincot, Glenn S Cole, Randi A Famula, Mitchell J Feldmann, Steven J Knapp, Vance M Whitaker, Seonghee Lee","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytophthora crown rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, is a soilborne disease with broad impacts on cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). A resistance locus, RPc2, was previously identified in octoploid strawberries, but the underlying genomic architecture and causal genes remained uncharacterized. In this study, we fine-mapped RPc2 from a 1.12 Mb interval to a 546 kb region containing 92 genes by genotyping an association panel of 339 accessions with high-resolution subgenome-specific markers. To discover candidate genes, a chromosome-scale haplotype-phased genome of the resistant breeding line FL16.33-8 was assembled and validated with a high-density genetic map and comparative analyses with high-quality phased octoploid reference genomes, Florida Brilliance and Royal Royce. Transcriptome profiling following pathogen inoculation combined with comparative genomics identified wall-associated kinase 1 (WAK1) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC1 CNGC2) as strong candidates within the RPc2 region. Using an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay, we confirmed their role in resistance to P. cactorum in strawberry. RNA interference knockdown of these genes increased disease severity, while overexpression of WAK1 or CNGC1 reduced crown rot symptoms in susceptible backgrounds. Furthermore, population analyses of 1029 global accessions revealed that the predominant-resistant haplotype (RPc2-H3) is common in modern cultivars and shows evidence of positive selection in breeding programs. Taken together, our study refines the genomic region of RPc2, identifies and functionally validates WAK1 and CNGC1/2 for the resistance to Phytophthora crown rot, and demonstrates that RPc2-H3 has been selected globally. These findings from this study would facilitate the advancement of genome-assisted breeding strategies for resistance to Phytophthora crown rot in strawberry.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12823032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shade-induced transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic adaptation in contrasting soybean genotypes.","authors":"Fengyi Zhang, Runnan Zhou, Rongqiang Yuan, Xiao Zhu, Xinyue Zhang, Sobhi F Lamlom, Dai Shi, Ahmed M Abdelghany, Jidao Du, Honglei Ren, Lijuan Qiu","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70182","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shade stress affects soybean yield in intercropping, but the molecular basis of cultivar-specific tolerance is unclear. We analyzed shade-tolerant (Guru) and sensitive (Heinong 53) soybeans under 30% and 70% shade using transcriptomic, physiological, and biochemical methods. Moderate shade (30%) initially promoted growth in Heinong 53, while 70% shade restricted growth in both. Guru maintained better physiology, with higher chlorophyll (2.8 vs. 2.1 mg/g), photosynthesis, and stable stomatal conductance. RNA-seq identified 2596-7841 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with severe shade causing more changes. Down-regulated DEGs are linked to development and shade response; up-regulated DEGs are involved in metabolism, including glucosinolate biosynthesis and protein export. Core shade responses included 279 up- and 388 down-regulated DEGs across treatments. Shade tolerance involved metabolic reprogramming: Guru had higher sucrose content (30.2 vs. 13.8 mg/g) and sucrose synthase activity and increased nitrogen enzyme activity. Antioxidant enzymes showed cultivar-specific strategies, with Guru having higher peroxidase and lower oxidative stress markers. Gene-trait analysis linked 37 DEGs to photosynthesis and 28 to transpiration, indicating water use regulation. Key genes included calcium-dependent kinases and histone deacetylases. Overall, shade tolerance involves maintaining photosynthesis, metabolic shifts favoring carbs, and stress responses, guiding development of tolerant cultivars and understanding plant adaptation in intercropping systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12825027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of stripe rust adult plant resistance genes in the hard winter wheat cultivar Baker's Ann.","authors":"Rajat Sharma, Meinan Wang, Xianming Chen, Brett F Carver, Mary Guttieri, Paul St Amand, Amy Bernardo, Guihua Bai, Anju Maan Ara, Katherine W Jordan, Meriem Aoun","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70198","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is among the most destructive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) diseases. Identifying resistance genes is crucial for the development of resistant cultivars. Baker's Ann, a hard winter wheat cultivar developed by Oklahoma State University, has shown stable adult plant resistance to stripe rust. To dissect the genetic basis underlying stripe rust resistance in Baker's Ann, 125 doubled haploid lines, derived from the cross OK12D22004-016 × Baker's Ann, were evaluated at the adult plant stage in the greenhouse and in field environments in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Washington. This population was genotyped using genotyping‑by‑sequencing, which produced 7268 single‑nucleotide polymorphisms for genetic mapping. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis identified six loci, four from Baker's Ann on chromosomes 2DL, 4BS, 4BL, and 7BL, and two from OK12D22004-016 on chromosomes 2AS and 2AL. Although OK12D22004-016 is susceptible in the US Great Plains, it was found to carry QYr.osu-2AS, which was linked to Yr17 on the 2N^vS translocation and explained up to 30% of the phenotypic variation but was effective in a single location in Washington. Two major QTLs were identified in Baker's Ann: QYr.osu-2DL on chromosome 2DL that explained up to 57% of the phenotypic variation, and QYr.osu-4BL on chromosome 4BL that explained up to 15% of the phenotypic variation. Resistance in Baker's Ann resulted from additive effects of the four QTLs. Kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers were developed for QYr.osu-2DL to facilitate marker-assisted selection for stripe rust resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12871557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic selection of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii) resistance in watermelon wild relatives (Citrullus amarus).","authors":"Anju Biswas, Homan Regmi, Benjamin D Waldo, Sandra Branham, Pat Wechter, Shaker Kousik, Diego Jarquin, Amnon Levi, William B Rutter","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meloidogyne enterolobii is a virulent root-knot nematode (RKN) species posing a significant threat to watermelon production across the United States. The USDA, ARS, Plant Introduction (PI) collection of Citrullus amarus, a wild relative of cultivated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), contains RKN-resistance. However, incorporating RKN resistance into watermelon cultivars is challenging. Genomic selection could be a useful strategy for improving RKN resistance in watermelon as it is a polygenic trait primarily controlled through additive gene action, as indicated by the broad-sense heritability being close or equal to the narrow-sense heritability: H² = 0.69, h² = 0.23 for galling and H² = 0.47, h² = 0.46 for eggs per gram of root. Here, a genomic selection approach was used to evaluate 97 C. amarus PIs (S3 inbred lines) for RKN resistance based on two criteria: (1) root galling percentage and (2) eggs per gram of root. Variants from whole-genome resequencing (2.1 million SNPs) of PIs were used here. Genomic prediction (GP) models, including genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), sparse GBLUP, and the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) regression, were tested. The RKHS model based on 2.1 million SNPs had the highest prediction ability for galling (0.42) and for eggs per gram of root (0.50). The most resistant PIs (galling: PI_596692, PI_532664, PI_288316, PI_271767, and PI_542118; eggs per gram root: PI_271775, PI_485584, and PI_299379) based on both best linear unbiased estimates and genome estimated breeding values under 10% selection intensity were selected and are being used in our breeding program to enhance RKN resistance in watermelon cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12912246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed shattering in a North American Oryzeae grain: Developmental and genomic signatures of early domestication.","authors":"Reneth Millas, Lillian McGilp, Alan Mickelson, Maybell Banting, Claudia Castell-Miller, Jennifer Kimball","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Northern Wild Rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is an aquatic grain endemic to North America and a member of the Oryzeae tribe. As an outcrossing crop with a short breeding history, domestication progress in cultivated NWR (cNWR) is ongoing, and seed shattering remains a major barrier to yield stability. In this study, we investigated the developmental and genetic mechanisms underlying seed retention by integrating phenotypic, anatomical, and molecular analyses across wild and cultivated populations. Time-course phenotyping using four methods revealed a ∼90% reduction and 2-week delay in shattering in cNWR relative to wild populations. Histological analysis indicated differential anatomical reorganization of the abscission layer in cNWR compared to the wild type. Comparative genomic analyses identified multiple NWR homologs of key Oryza sativa shattering genes, revealing lineage-specific gene duplication, pseudogenization, and divergence from Zizania latifolia. Expression profiling of candidate genes via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction across floret developmental stages identified the gene ZpSh5c as a potential regulator of seed shattering. Together, these findings provide new insights into the anatomical and molecular basis of seed shattering in NWR and demonstrate the utility of comparative frameworks for accelerating trait improvement in emerging, non-model crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70199"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12903962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ubiquitin-like SUMO protease expansion in rice (Oryza sativa L.).","authors":"Kawinnat Sue-Ob, Eshan Sharma, Cunjin Zhang, Rahul Bhosale, Ari Sadanandom, Andrew R Jones","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMOylation is a protein post-translational modification that is essential for plant growth and response to changing environments. However, past work in this area has mainly focused on simple sequence similarity methods for discovering SUMOylation genes, often using orthologue mapping from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In this work, we employed a range of computational techniques and approaches to describe and characterize the SUMOylation machinery in Asian rice (Oryza sativa), a globally important stable crop, and where the SUMOylation system has been shown to play key roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. We describe and analyze the Ubiquitin-Like Protease (ULP) system at the phylogenetic, transcriptional, and protein structural levels, with a focus on the rice reference genome, a well-annotated rice population reference panel (RPRP), and wild rice genomes. Our analysis revealed the expansion of ULPs in the reference genome and RPRP set (32-45 ULPs) compared to wild rice (9-36 ULPs), raising an intriguing hypothesis about the expansion of the ULP family being driven by selective breeding pressure. We provide evidence of potential functional ULPs and their possible roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses in cultivated rice. These insights offer valuable resources for future rice breeding and crop improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12903978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning and multi-omic analysis reveal contrasting recombination landscape of A and C subgenomes of winter oilseed rape.","authors":"Jose A Montero-Tena, Silvia F Zanini, Gözde Yildiz, Tobias Kox, Amine Abbadi, Rod J Snowdon, Agnieszka A Golicz","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70209","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meiotic recombination is essential for generating genetic diversity, driving plant evolution, and enabling crop improvement, yet its uneven distribution across genomes constrains breeding efforts. Here, we investigated the multi-omic landmarks that shape the recombination landscape in Brassica napus by integrating epigenomic, genomic, and transcriptomic data with recombination maps derived from large multiparental rapeseed populations. Predictive machine learning accurately predicted recombination rates and hotspot location using only feature information. Recombination was generally suppressed in centromeres and other repeat-rich, methylated regions and enriched in gene-dense, transcriptionally active domains. Proxies for chromatin configuration-such as DNA methylation, transposable elements, or genes-consistently achieved the highest predictive power with the random forest algorithm. We discovered distinct recombination landscape patterns between subgenomes, with crossovers clustering near subtelomeres in the A subgenome and more evenly spread across the C subgenome. Models trained on A subgenome data outperformed those based on the C subgenome, although combining both subgenomes improved overall accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A chromosome-scale genome of Sarracenia purpurea reveals a significant expansion of plant defense and stress response gene families following paleopolyploidization.","authors":"Magdy Alabady, Lin Jiang, Will Rogers, Russell Malmberg","doi":"10.1002/tpg2.70221","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tpg2.70221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant carnivory evolved through gene co-option and whole genome duplications (WGDs) over millions of years in at least 13 independent flowering plant lineages, but its genetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. To elucidate these mechanisms in Sarraceniaceae, we sequenced and assembled the Sarracenia purpurea genome and conducted a comparative analysis with both carnivorous and non-carnivorous species within a phylogenetic framework. Our chromosome-scale assembly is the first carnivorous genome from the order Ericales and the largest carnivorous genome sequenced (3.41 Gbp). This assembly has an N₅₀ > 220 Mbp, L₅₀ = 7, and N_max > 281.4 Mbp and contains 52,067 gene models, 96% of which are supported by direct mRNA evidence. The genome shows evidence of an ancient paleopolyploidization event about 81-84 Mya, which may have facilitated the evolution of different carnivory flavors within Sarraceniaceae. The WGD event resulted in the expansion of ∼33 gene families enriched in seven metabolic and regulatory pathways. The network of these seven pathways regulates plant defense and stress responses and appears to underpin carnivory in this species. Our comparative genomic analysis revealed that gene gain, rather than loss, was the primary driver of functional innovation and adaptation in Sarracenia and identified key orthogroups that may have contributed to the evolution of plant carnivory across different lineages. This genome is key to uncovering the genetic basis of plant carnivory, with broad relevance to evolution, ecology, and functional genomics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49002,"journal":{"name":"Plant Genome","volume":"19 1","pages":"e70221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}