Yi Niu;Haiqing Huang;Ben Niu;Guangdeng Zong;Wenqi Zhou;Xiao Zheng;Yunfei Mu
{"title":"Security-Based Practical Fixed-Time Adaptive Control for High-Power Nonlinear Cyber-Physical Systems","authors":"Yi Niu;Haiqing Huang;Ben Niu;Guangdeng Zong;Wenqi Zhou;Xiao Zheng;Yunfei Mu","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3657362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3657362","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the security-based practical fixed-time adaptive stabilization problem for nonlinear cyber-physical systems (CPSs) with higher powers under deception attacks. First, a novel practical fixed-time stability criterion is proposed based on Nussbaum functions. The criterion introduces a relaxed convergence condition, facilitating the analysis of practical fixed-time stability for high-power nonlinear systems. Second, to compensate for the compromised states, a dual coordinate transformation structure consisting of a virtual coordinate transformation and an available coordinate transformation is proposed. This structure is applicable to both low- and high-power systems. Moreover, a security-based fixed-time control strategy is developed by combining adaptive methods with Nussbaum functions to mitigate the influence of unknown attack gains. The proposed strategy also effectively overcomes the singularity problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed control strategy is validated through simulations.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3250-3260"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cooperative Output Regulation of Heterogeneous Systems With Actuator Faults: A Double-Layer Event-Triggered Approach","authors":"Guanglei Zhao;Yapeng Liu;Changchun Hua;Hailong Cui;Weili Ding","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655078","url":null,"abstract":"This work addresses the cooperative output regulation (COR) problem of heterogeneous multiagent systems (MASs) subject to actuator faults. First, a novel double-layer event-triggering mechanism (DLETM) is proposed, with appropriately constructed first-layer and second-layer triggering conditions, and allows communication events only at the second-layer’s triggering instants; it ensures that the communication frequency is reduced compared with the existing single-layer event-triggering mechanism (ETM). Then, a double-layer event-triggered (DLET) observer is designed to estimate the exosystem’s matrix with explicit minimum triggering interval (MTI), and an adaptive DLET observer is further developed to estimate the exosystem’s state, such that strong Zeno-freeness is ensured while global topology information is not required to implement the DLET observer. The introduction of the second-layer ETM brings a challenge for stability analysis and DLETM design. To solve this issue, a novel anti-trigonometric function term is added into Lyapunov function with well-designed internal adaptive variables. Moreover, an adaptive control law is designed to handle actuator faults, which ensures that the regulated output converges to zero, whereas most existing methods only ensure bounded error. Finally, simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3060-3074"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Output Feedback Asynchronous Fuzzy SMC of Nonlinear Markov Jump Systems via Hidden Mode Detections","authors":"Wenqiang Ji;Haiyong Chen;Jianbin Qiu;Yuan Fan","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3657201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3657201","url":null,"abstract":"This work is concerned with the asynchronous output feedback sliding mode control (SMC) of stochastic nonlinear Markov jump systems (MJSs) via Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy models. Due to some real-world environment limitations, the actual system modes that are not directly available for controller synthesis are known as hidden modes. Then the sliding surface/sliding mode controller modes are featured as observable modes, and the relationship between these two concepts is established by employing emission probabilities. As a two-layer stochastic process, the hidden Markov model (HMM) governs the jump parameters and characterizes the asynchronous mode switching phenomenon between the original plant and the sliding surface/sliding mode controller. By integrating the sliding surface with the dynamical features of fuzzy MJSs, the dynamics of the sliding motion are described by constructing a T–S fuzzy singular MJS. Under a unified convexification setup, novel dissipative performance and stochastic stability analysis results on the sliding motion are proposed. In view of the full MJS states also not measurable, a novel observed-mode-based asynchronous output feedback dynamic SMC synthesis approach is propounded to ensure the MJSs’ states are located in a vicinity of the sliding surface. Illustrative simulation examples are finally provided to validate the superiority and effectiveness of the developed scheme.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3049-3059"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boqun Wang;Chenhui Qin;Ruiyang Qiu;Jianbin Qiu;Xiang-Gui Guo;Jian-Liang Wang
{"title":"LFE-Based Composite Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear Systems: An Offline Policy-Iteration Zero-Sum Game Approach","authors":"Boqun Wang;Chenhui Qin;Ruiyang Qiu;Jianbin Qiu;Xiang-Gui Guo;Jian-Liang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3656072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3656072","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the composite fault-tolerant control problem for nonlinear systems subject to both multiplicative actuator faults and bias actuator faults, using an offline policy-iteration zero-sum game approach. First, the multiplicative and bias faults are consolidated into a lumped fault, based on which, a novel lumped fault estimator (LFE) is devised. This LFE is designed to estimate the lumped fault while ensuring that the estimation error remains bounded, and the fault estimate is utilized as the first component of the control input. Compared to existing game-theoretic fault-tolerant schemes that assume worst case fault scenarios, the proposed approach significantly reduces conservatism. This is achieved by incorporating the negative fault estimates into the control input and framing the remaining control input and the lumped fault estimation error as the two players in a game. By introducing a tailored value function, the task of resolving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) equation is recast as a relaxed optimization problem subject to nonlinear inequality constraints. Then, leveraging the policy-iteration technique in conjunction with the sum of squares (SOSs) constraint inequality, the relaxed optimization problem is broken down into a series of tractable semi-infinite programming tasks, which facilitates the offline solution of the aforementioned second component of the control input. The above two components make up the composite fault-tolerant control law. Lastly, simulation results on a single-joint manipulator validate the effectiveness and superiority of the developed composite fault-tolerant scheme.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3163-3173"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Agent Flexible Job Shop Scheduling by Deep Learning on Graphs With Evolutionary Neural Topology","authors":"Qiaoyun Wang;Shudong Sun","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659237","url":null,"abstract":"Increased competition in the market has formed a novel production model of multivariety and small batch to satisfy the demand of different users for personalized products. Since each user pursues different objectives, a multi-agent system is integrated into the novel production model to balance the satisfaction between diverse users and improve the overall benefit of the model. Multi-agent flexible job shop scheduling problem (MAFJSP) is researched in this article, with objectives including total tardiness (TTD) of user agents and delivery time balancing (DTB) of the job shop agent. Deep learning on graphs with evolutionary neural topology (GDL-ENT) is devised to address the MAFJSP. A heterogeneous graph is designed to carefully represent the environment information containing the operation, machine, and user agents, while a heterogeneous attention network (HAN) is employed to hierarchically extract state features according to user agents. Meanwhile, the automatic generation of the structure and hyperparameters for the neural network in deep learning on graphs is achieved by the evolutionary neural topology search method. The performance and generalization of the GDL-ENT, as well as the influence of main components in the GDL-ENT, are analyzed on the randomly generated test suite, public benchmark instances, and the real-world dataset, respectively. The GDL-ENT has superior competitiveness compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms for solving the MAFJSP from experiment results.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3420-3432"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Li;Ding Zhu;Lijuan Zha;Jinliang Liu;Engang Tian
{"title":"Dynamic Learning-Based Optimal Sliding Mode Control for Fuzzy Singularly Perturbed Systems With FDI Attacks and Communication Constraints","authors":"Yan Li;Ding Zhu;Lijuan Zha;Jinliang Liu;Engang Tian","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655429","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the sliding mode control (SMC) issue for Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model-based singularly perturbed systems (SPSs) with bandwidth-limited and cyberattack-threatened communication. First, to ease the communication constraints on system performance, a novel dynamic event-triggering mechanism (DETM) is designed to reduce the transmission of redundant data adaptively; moreover, considering that the network bandwidth is now generally divided into multiple channels, a multichannel-oriented weighted try-once-discard (MWTOD) protocol is proposed to realize collision-free data transmission over multiple communication channels at event-triggering instants. Then, focusing on false data injection (FDI) attacks, which are a type of commonly encountered security threat, a secure observer-assisted sliding mode controller with undetermined gain matrices is presented. Subsequently, by constructing an augmented T–S fuzzy SPS model, the sufficient conditions for the stability with guaranteed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$H_{infty }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> performance of the system and the reachability of the sliding surface are analyzed, which is accompanied by the derivation of the observer and controller gains. To improve the control performance, a dynamic learning-based adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm is further devised with the aim to minimize the sliding domain. Simulations are finally conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed SMC strategy.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3150-3162"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhijie Lin;Zhaoshui He;Hao Liang;Wenqing Su;Beihai Tan;Ji Tan
{"title":"Conic Hull Fitting-Based Dictionary Matrix Learning for Nonnegative Matrix Factorization","authors":"Zhijie Lin;Zhaoshui He;Hao Liang;Wenqing Su;Beihai Tan;Ji Tan","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3655184","url":null,"abstract":"Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful tool for signal processing and machine learning. Geometrically, it can be interpreted as the problem of finding a conic hull, which contains a cloud of data points and is embedded in the positive orthant. The separability assumption posits that the conic hull can be spanned by a small subset of the columns of the input data matrix. This assumption is equivalent to the 1-sparse condition. Many extreme-rays-based NMF methods are essentially based on the 1-sparse condition. However, the separability assumption or 1-sparse condition may not always be guaranteed for real applications. By analyzing the mathematical connection between the extreme-rays representation and the half-hyperplanes representation of a conic hull, we propose three novel NMF algorithms (i.e., HICHF, EnhancedHICHF, and ExtendedHICHF) based on the half-hyperplane identification. These algorithms can be efficiently implemented via eigenvalue decomposition (EVD). In contrast to the conventional extreme-rays-based NMF methods, the proposed methods can achieve better performance for the nonseparable NMF problems, where the 1-sparse condition is not well satisfied. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms are simple, yet efficient and more robust. Experiments on both synthetic data and real-world parts-based learning data, such as hyperspectral unmixing and facial parts learning, verify that the proposed algorithms considerably outperform the state-of-the-art algorithms.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"2942-2956"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Event-Triggered Adaptive Neural Asymptotic Control for Hydraulic Active Suspension Units in Emergency Rescue Vehicles","authors":"Yingjie Deng;Yalu Qin;Dingxuan Zhao;Tao Ni","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3658609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3658609","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses issues such as vehicle body instability, vibration, and model uncertainties in active suspension systems (ASSs) when vehicles traverse rough terrain, proposing an event-triggered adaptive neural asymptotic control (ETANAC) method with prescribed performance for the active suspension unit (ASU). The proposed method consists of prescribed performance control (PPC), adaptive neural backstepping asymptotic control, event-triggered control (ETC), Nussbaum technique, and the ASU model. The PPC method can rapidly adjust the vehicle body displacement to a stable state. The adaptive neural asymptotic control method with prescribed performance effectively reduces the amplitude of body vibration displacement and acceleration, ensuring that the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero. This method addresses the challenge of coordinating vehicle body displacement control and ride comfort. ETC can reduce the actuator triggering frequency. The Nussbaum technique addresses the issue of unknown control direction in the ASU. This article uses Barbalat’s lemma and Lyapunov methods to analyze the stability of the proposed method, proving the asymptotic convergence of all tracking errors. Finally, numerical simulation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3286-3298"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Event-Triggered Lag Consensus for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With or Without External Disturbances","authors":"Jin-Liang Wang;Jian-Qiao Wang;Xue-Ke Li;Tingwen Huang","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659239","url":null,"abstract":"This article, respectively, tackles two types of lag consensus problems for a class of nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) suffering external disturbances. Based on a nodes-based adaptive event-triggered control (ETC) protocol, the lag consensus can be realized for MASs by utilizing Barbalat’s lemma and inequality techniques. By employing the nodes-based adaptive ETC method, lag <inline-formula> <tex-math>$H_{infty } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> consensus is also addressed for MASs. Furthermore, we also prove the facts that MASs with and without external disturbances under the nodes-based adaptive ETC schemes don’t exhibit Zeno behavior. In addition, two edge-based adaptive ETC strategies are also developed to deal with two kinds of lag consensus problems of MASs. Finally, the effectiveness of the devised nodes- and edges-based adaptive ETC protocols is demonstrated via two numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3433-3444"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed Fixed-Time Resilient Consensus Control of Nonlinear Uncertain Multiagent Systems Under Sign-Switching Deception Attacks","authors":"Mengze Yu;Wei Wang;Jiaqi Yan;Yuzhang Peng","doi":"10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2026.3659274","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies distributed resilient consensus for nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) under sensor and actuator deception attacks. The agents are modeled as high-order strict-feedback dynamics with unknown parameters and external disturbances. Sensor attacks introduce time-varying uncertainties into system dynamics, while actuator attacks may change control magnitudes or even reverse the actual control direction, thereby turning a negative-feedback loop into a destabilizing positive-feedback one. Different from existing results, we consider a more realistic and challenging scenario, where control directions experience an infinite number of switches. To address these challenges, we develop a novel backstepping-based resilient controller. Time-varying uncertainties caused by sensor deception are counteracted by nonlinear damping terms. For actuator malicious sign reversals, each agent generates a direction signal and uses performance-triggered switching to identify the real-time control direction, ensuring the closed-loop system frequently recovers a negative-feedback structure. A two-phase control structure with fixed-time control and barrier Lyapunov functions ensures consensus accuracy. We prove that if the minimum switching frequency of direction signals exceeds twice the maximum switching frequency of actuator attacks, all closed-loop signals are globally bounded and consensus errors converge to an arbitrarily small residual set within a fixed time. Simulations verify the effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":48915,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems","volume":"56 5","pages":"3299-3314"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}