Journal of Software-Evolution and Process最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Code Smells on Software Quality: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Zaineb Ameer,&nbsp;Muhammad Yaseen,&nbsp;Gohar Rahman,&nbsp;Umar Farooq Khattak,&nbsp;Sikandar Ali,&nbsp;Ahmed Alkhayyat,&nbsp;Samariddin Makhmudov,&nbsp;Mirjalol Ashurov","doi":"10.1002/smr.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smr.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Context</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Code smells are issues in the code that can damage the code quality and adversely impact software quality attributes. The real effect of code smells on software development remains a subject of ongoing research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The main purpose of this study is to analyze and uncover the previous studies on how different code smells affect software quality. This study targets the most common factors of code smell.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides a systematic review on the code smells. SLR Protocol is designed and executed accordingly.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a result of SLR, data were extracted from 42 research papers and as a result, a total of 11 code smells were identified. Identified code smells were analyzed based on their impact on different factors such as factors that are caused by these code smells such as why code smells are developed in software systems, how code smells generate other code smells, and which code smells still need to be addressed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provided a systematic examination into the observation of code smells and their impacts on software development. The most affected factors from code smells are addressed in this research. The purpose of this research is to provide software developers and engineers with a complete understanding of code smells via SLR. Each study defines specific code smells and examines their effects on particular aspects of the code in previous research. The basic context to seeing the code smell is to find the nature and reliance of the code smell. In light of existing studies, a common issue identified by software professionals is that code smells have a significant impact on software quality, thereby degrading the overall quality of software products.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotics Meets Software Engineering: A First Look at the Robotics Discussions on StackOverflow","authors":"Hisham Kidwai,&nbsp;Danika Passler Bates,&nbsp;Sujana Islam Suhi,&nbsp;Md Nahidul Islam Opu,&nbsp;James E. Young,&nbsp;Shaiful Chowdhury","doi":"10.1002/smr.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smr.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Robots can greatly enhance human capabilities, yet their development presents a range of challenges. This collaborative study, conducted by a team of software engineering and robotics researchers, seeks to identify the challenges encountered by robot developers by analyzing questions posted on StackOverflow. We created a filtered dataset of 500 robotics-related questions and examined their characteristics, comparing them with randomly selected questions from the platform. Our findings indicate that the small size of the robotics community limits the visibility of these questions, resulting in fewer responses. While the number of robotics questions has been steadily increasing, they remain less popular than the average question and answer on StackOverflow. This underscores the importance of research that focuses on the challenges faced by robotics practitioners. Consequently, we conducted a thematic analysis of the 500 robotics questions to uncover common inquiry patterns. We identified 11 major themes, with questions about robot movement being the most frequent. Our analysis of yearly trends revealed that certain themes, such as <i>Specifications</i>, were prominent from 2009 to 2014 but have since diminished in relevance. In contrast, themes like <i>Moving</i>, <i>Actuator</i>, and <i>Remote</i> have consistently dominated discussions over the years. These findings suggest that challenges in robotics may vary over time. Notably, the majority of robotics questions are framed as <i>How</i> questions, rather than <i>Why</i> or <i>What</i> questions, revealing the lack of enough resources for the practitioners. These insights can help guide researchers and educators in developing effective and timely educational materials for robotics practitioners.</p>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smr.70100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Effectiveness of COSMIC Method for Sizing Chatbots' Requirements: A Comparative Analysis","authors":"Rahma Becha,&nbsp;Asma Sellami,&nbsp;Nadia Bouassida,&nbsp;Ali Idri","doi":"10.1002/smr.70110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smr.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the modern digital era, chatbots have emerged as vital AI-powered systems owing to their usefulness and time savings, increasing companies' interest in developing or integrating these AI systems. Proper evaluation of chatbots requirements plays a critical role in managing their development projects and improving their quality and adoption. Although chatbots can be evaluated using the COSMIC FSM method, previous studies have mainly focused on intuitively evaluating the quality requirements of chatbots, often overlooking standardized assessments. In this paper, we report the results of applying COSMIC—ISO 19761 to chatbot requirements through the BotCFP tool. We selected 41 chatbots from web and mobile stores. The selected chatbots were ranked according to their relative COSMIC sizes and the scores obtained from a quality assessment questionnaire. We compared functional size rankings with functionality score rankings, then examined the relationship between chatbots' functional sizes and average users' ratings, alongside the correlation between mobile chatbot downloads and web chatbot visits. The results showed that 68.7% of the chatbots have similar ranking in both functional size and functionality score. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the functional size of the chatbots and their average users' ratings, mobile downloads, and web visits. The analysis of the results shows the effectiveness of the COSMIC FSM in assessing the chatbot requirements of the application layer. Our investigation highlights the need to extend COSMIC to support in-depth evaluation of chatbots and AI-based systems at the AI layer in future work.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptions Can Be Nested: An Exploratory Study on Nested Exceptions in Java Crashes","authors":"Shaoting Liu,&nbsp;Haiyan Xu,&nbsp;Qi Xin,&nbsp;Jifeng Xuan","doi":"10.1002/smr.70099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smr.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Crash reports can be used to reproduce a crash scenario and to localize a fault. A nested exception report is a type of crash report with two or more exceptions, where one exception is triggered by another. The complexity of nested exception reports has primarily hindered the research progress of fault localization and crash reproduction. In this paper, we conduct an exploratory study on nested exceptions in Java programs by answering five research questions for the root cause of nested exceptions, including the data scale of nested exceptions, the concerns on nested exceptions, the correlated factors on concerns, the crash scenario of nested exceptions, and the simplification of nested exceptions. To support our study, we collect a dataset of crash reports with nested exceptions, called JCauseCrash dataset, which contains 1368 nested exception reports from 26 Java projects. Our study mainly shows five empirical results on the root cause of nested exceptions in Java programs. Our findings are listed as follows: (1) From the crash reports under evaluation, there are 1368 nested exception reports in the 26 Java projects, accounting for 30.80% of the crash reports (1368/3437); (2) programmers concern on nested exception reports more than non-nested ones; (3) the number of comments in nested exception reports correlates with the lifecycle of crash reports; (4) a parameterized constructor with an object of <span>Throwable</span> and the use of <span>throw</span> keyword highly correlates with the number of nested exception reports; and (5) without modifying the semantics of source code, programmers can simplify complex nested exception reports by eliminating a parameterized constructor with an object of <span>Throwable</span> class in the line of throwing an exception.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards More Trustworthy Online Examinations: Formal Modeling and Verification Using CPNs","authors":"Wenbo Zhou,&nbsp;Yiyuan Wang,&nbsp;Minghao Yin","doi":"10.1002/smr.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smr.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Online examinations are among the most effective ways to evaluate students' learning outcomes. The reliable design of online examination systems is crucial to ensuring the correctness of examination procedures. While existing approaches focus on isolated aspects (for example, state-level verification via UPPAAL or secure data transmission via cryptography), they lack the capability for comprehensive verification of the entire examination workflow. To address this gap, we use colored Petri nets (CPNs), which enable end-to-end modeling of concurrent processes and data-token interactions. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive CPN-based framework to model the entire online examination workflow. We formalize eight critical properties (e.g., correct total score) using ASK-CTL and verify them through state-space exploration and scenario simulation in CPN Tools. The verification results demonstrate that the model satisfies all eight properties, with no deadlocks or property violations found among 62,292 state-space nodes. This work provides a formal verification framework for designing trustworthy online examination systems, reducing risks of logical errors and security vulnerabilities in real-world implementations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Communication-Related Process Loss in Agile Teams: A Case Study on Common Ground and Role-Based Interaction","authors":"Jacqueline Vitacco,&nbsp;Thomas Bosshard","doi":"10.1002/smr.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agile software development frameworks such as Scrum were designed around structured communication ceremonies intended to keep teams aligned. Yet the alignment fostered by ceremonies does not automatically translate into a shared understanding, leaving a gap that remains a major source of communication-related process inefficiency. This case study investigates how a lack of common ground undermines effective collaboration—a key driver of project success in Agile settings. Based on semi-structured interviews with experienced Agile team leaders, the study reveals that Agile ceremonies alone are indeed insufficient to ensure the knowledge sharing and common ground necessary for efficient collaboration. The findings highlight the need to distinguish communication purposes across stakeholder roles, introducing the concept of role-based communication interfaces as a means of strengthening shared understanding of objectives, requirements, and priorities. By viewing Agile teams as social systems, this study identifies targeted strategies to mitigate process loss through structured, purpose-driven communication frameworks. The study contributes to the understanding of how Agile practices can evolve to better address communication challenges, offering practical guidance for improving software development processes in real-world team environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smr.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSCSelector: Appropriate Program Slicing Criteria Selection Based on Parameter-Efficient Lightweight LLM","authors":"Jianming Chang,&nbsp;Lulu Wang,&nbsp;Zaixing Zhang,&nbsp;Mei Han,&nbsp;Jiahao Ren,&nbsp;Bixin Li","doi":"10.1002/smr.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Program slicing is widely used in downstream software engineering tasks, such as bug localization and code feature extraction in deep learning. For program slicing, existing research focuses on dependency analysis during slicing while lacking the selection of slicing criteria before slicing. As the starting point of dependency analysis, the slicing criterion directly determines the results of the program slicing application. However, existing criterion selection is only based on empirical judgment and lacks an effective slicing criterion selection method. In this paper, we propose PSCSelector, an appropriate Program Slicing Criterion Selection framework based on a popular lightweight LLM CodeBERT. PSCSelector first constructs the detailed substatement level system dependency graph to obtain the context of the slicing criterion. CodeBERT is then fine-tuned in a parameter-efficient way to jointly embed the slicing criterion context and the application texts to capture the appropriate criterion pattern. To validate the effectiveness of PSCSelector in downstream tasks, we choose bug localization as the example application and build the corresponding PSCSelector. In the experiment, we evaluate the effectiveness of PSCSelector in bug dataset Defects4J by calculating the number of searched bugs and the size of the search scope. The experimental results show that the PSCSelector-selected slicing criterion can effectively search 74% of bugs and reduce 69% of the original slice, which uses the bug-triggering statement as the slicing criterion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences With New SW Paradigms for Systems Software and Service Process Improvement and Innovation","authors":"Ricardo Colomo-Palacios,&nbsp;Richard Messnarz,&nbsp;Miklós Biró","doi":"10.1002/smr.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.70098","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This special issue comprises a selected set of high-quality and extended articles of the 31st Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement (EuroSPI) Conference, held in 2024 in Munich, Germany.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conferences were held in Dublin (Ireland) in 1994, in Vienna (Austria) in 1995, in Brighton (UK) in 1996, in Budapest (Hungary) in 1997, in Gothenburg (Sweden) in 1998, in Pori (Finland) in 1999, in Copenhagen (Denmark) in 2000, in Limerick (Ireland) in 2001, in Nuremberg (Germany) in 2002, in Graz (Austria) in 2003, in Trondheim (Norway) in 2004, in Budapest (Hungary) in 2005, in Joensuu (Finland) in 2006, in Potsdam (Germany) in 2007, in Dublin (Ireland) in 2008, in Alcala (Spain) in 2009, in Grenoble (France) in 2010, in Roskilde (Denmark) in 2011, in Vienna (Austria) in 2012, in Dundalk (Ireland) in 2013, in Luxembourg in 2014, in Ankara (Turkey) in 2015, in Graz (Austria) in 2016, in Ostrava (Czech Republic) in 2017, in Bilbao (Spain) in 2018, in Edinburgh (UK) in 2019, in Düsseldorf (Germany) in 2020, in Krems (Austria) in 2021, in Salzburg (Austria) in 2022, in Grenoble (France) in 2023, and in Munich (Germany) in 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI had a cooperation with the EU Blueprint for Batteries project ALBATTS (2020–2023) where leading European industry discussed and established a skills agenda to build a European battery production capability for the electrification of European e-mobility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI had a cooperation with the EU project FLAMENCO (2023–2024) where EuroSPI founded the innovation agent task force (later promoted to a persistent working group) to develop an ISO 560xx compliant innovation capability assessment and to experiment with AI and GenAI in innovation projects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI has a cooperation with the EU Blueprint project TRIREME (2024–2028, Digital &amp; Green Skills Towards Future of The Mobility Ecosystem) in which a Europe-wide Skills Hub for key job roles and qualifications for a future Green Mobility ecosystem are set up. Job roles supported by EuroSPI become integrated to the Skills Hub.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI within ASA and TRIREME develops the new job role, training, assessment tool, and GenAI-based SmartSPI data analysis tool for innovation agents who in future support the implementation of ISO 560xx in the automotive ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI signed a full partner agreement with Automotive Skills Alliance (ASA) who is the pact for skills partners in the Eu Erasmus+ program.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EuroSPI has established the SPI Manifesto (SPI = Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement), a set of social media groups including a selection of presentations and key notes freely available on YouTube and access to job-role–based qualification through the European Certification and Qualification Association (www.ecqa.org).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A typical characterization of EuroSPI is reflected in a statement made by a company: “… the biggest value of EuroSPI lies in its function as a European knowledge and experience exchange mechanism for SPI a","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smr.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust AI-Driven Artifact Model Generation for Development Standards in Regulated Domains","authors":"Philipp Straub,&nbsp;Mustafa Bülbül,&nbsp;Robin Korfmann,&nbsp;Jürgen Münch,&nbsp;Marco Kuhrmann","doi":"10.1002/smr.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In regulated domains such as aerospace or automotive software, compliance with standards like ECSS and ISO/IEC 26262 is mandatory to ensure safety and reliability. Artifacts, such as process or product models, lay the foundation for planning and managing development projects, as well as for measurement and evaluation tasks. Manually extracting such artifacts from PDF-based standards is time-consuming and error-prone. To address this issue, we developed a large language model (LLM)-based approach for automatically generating artifact models from standards. However, the evolution of AI models constitutes a challenge, since the extraction results might differ when updating the LLM to a newer version. In this article, we present an enhanced approach that strengthens the artifact-generation process against such challenges. The approach generates machine-readable artifact models that allow for automated measurement systems, for example, for monitoring compliance and controlling complex projects. The performance of the artifact model generation was evaluated using the ECSS standards from the aerospace domain and resulted in an average completeness of 100.00% and an average precision of 71.33% of the generated models.</p>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smr.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Indicators of Developers' Sentiment Perceptions in Student Software Projects","authors":"Martin Obaidi,&nbsp;Marc Herrmann,&nbsp;Jendrik Martensen,&nbsp;Jil Klünder,&nbsp;Kurt Schneider","doi":"10.1002/smr.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Communication is a crucial social factor in the success of software projects, as positively or negatively perceived statements can influence how recipients feel and affect team collaboration through emotional contagion. Whether a developer perceives a written message as positive, negative, or neutral is likely shaped by multiple factors. In this paper, we investigate how mood traits and states, life circumstances, project phases, and group dynamics relate to the perception of text-based messages in software development. We conducted a four-round survey study with 81 students in team-based software projects. Across rounds, participants reported these factors and labeled 30 decontextualized statements for sentiment, including meta-data on labeling rationale and uncertainty. Our results show: (1) Sentiment perception is only moderately stable within individuals, and label changes concentrate on ambiguity-prone statements; (2) correlation-level signals are small and do not survive global multiple-testing correction; (3) in statement-level repeated-measures models (GEE), higher mood trait and reactivity are associated with more positive (and less neutral) labeling, while predictors of negative labeling are weaker and at most trend-level (e.g., task conflict); (4) we find no clear evidence of systematic project-phase effects. Overall, sentiment perception varies within persons and is strongly statement-dependent. Although our study was conducted in an academic setting, the observed variability and ambiguity effects suggest caution when interpreting sentiment analysis outputs and motivate future work with contextualized, in-project communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":48898,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Software-Evolution and Process","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smr.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}