Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache最新文献

{"title":"Investigating changes of functional brain networks in painful temporomandibular disorders: a resting-state fMRI study.","authors":"Yujiao Jiang, Xin Li, Mengqi Liu, Zhiye Chen","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.006","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD), particularly pain-related TMD (TMDp), are closely associated with social and psychological factors. However, the neuromechanisms of pain of TMDp are still currently unclear. This study aimed to investigate the altered topological properties of the brain network in the TMDp patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and to explore the association between these parameters and emotional and clinical variables of TMDp.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 41 TMDp patients and 33 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (NCs) were recruited, and rs-fMRI data were obtained from a 3.0T MR scanner. The topological properties of brain functional networks were calculated based on the rs-fMRI data and were compared between two groups to investigate the altered topological characteristics in TMDp. The correlation analysis was also performed between the abnormal topological characteristics and the clinical variables in TMDp patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TMDp patients presented significantly decreased clustering coefficient (Cp) and decreased local efficiency (Eloc) when sparsity threshold was 0.05 and 0.06 compared with NCs (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the Eloc values when sparsity threshold was 0.06 were positively correlated with depressive (<i>r</i> = 0.319, <i>p</i> = 0.042) and anxious (<i>r</i> = 0.348, <i>p</i> = 0.026) variables in TMDp patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study demonstrated the abnormal topological changes of the brain network were observed in TMDp, which could be helpful in understanding the neuromechanisms of pain of TMDp. The topological properties of the brain network based on rs-fMRI could be considered as a new simple tool to monitor the dysfunction network of the brain in TMDp.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of prolotherapy in temporomandibular joint disorders with hypertonic dextrose and Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN).","authors":"Jin-Won Choi, Young-Kyun Kim, Pil-Young Yun, Jeong-Kui Ku","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2025.062","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2025.062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of prolotherapy using hypertonic dextrose and polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) who did not respond to conventional treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective chart review of 66 patients diagnosed with TMD was conducted. Patients underwent prolotherapy between March and December 2024 and were classified into soft-tissue-related and bone-related TMD groups. Treatment involved injections of hypertonic dextrose or PDRN targeting anatomical structures within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Pain and function were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and maximum mouth opening (MMO). Additional parameters, including joint sounds and jaw displacement (S deviation or L deflection), were analyzed. Outcomes were measured at baseline, after each prolotherapy session, and during the final follow-up. Statistical analyses included paired <i>t</i>-tests, McNemar's tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and regression modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prolotherapy was administered an average of 2.3 times per patient. The baseline VAS score decreased from 4.34 ± 2.12 to 1.00 ± 1.58 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and MMO improved from 31.0 ± 8.7 mm to 40.8 ± 4.55 mm (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Joint sounds, jaw displacement, and deflection also showed significant reductions. Comparative analysis of prolotherapy agents revealed no statistically significant differences between the PDRN and dextrose groups, although both demonstrated significant improvements in MMO and VAS scores. Among patients with baseline joint sounds, 23 individuals experienced complete resolution of sounds, along with significant reductions in jaw displacement (69.6% to 13.0%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and deflection (52.2% to 8.7%, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prolotherapy is an effective intervention for improving pain and jaw function in TMD patients. Both hypertonic dextrose and PDRN demonstrated significant clinical improvements on TMD prolotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management strategies for burning mouth syndrome: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Federica Canfora, Noemi Coppola, Elena Calabria, Niccolò Giuseppe Armogida, Michele Davide Mignogna, Gianrico Spagnuolo, Daniela Adamo","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.001","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a persistent burning or dysesthetic sensation in the oral cavity without an identifiable organic cause. The management of BMS has evolved beyond symptom relief to focus on achieving full functional recovery (FFR), which encompasses restoring patients to their usual activities without restrictions, addressing both physical and psychological dimensions. Key pharmacological treatments such as clonazepam and capsaicin are explored in detail, alongside the potential of newer agents like various classes of antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, vortioxetine) and antiepileptics showing promise in addressing the multifactorial nature of BMS. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are highlighted for their potential to complement pharmacological treatments. These interventions aim to modify pain perception, reduce psychological burdens, and enhance overall quality of life. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, stress management techniques, improved sleep hygiene, and regular physical activity, are essential components of a holistic treatment plan that addresses modifiable risk factors affecting brain health. The integration of telemedicine and digital health resources is proposed to enhance patient management and accessibility to multidisciplinary care. This review provides a comprehensive update on all available therapeutic approaches for BMS, encompassing pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacotherapeutic interventions, and lifestyle optimization strategies, offering a holistic perspective on managing this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between temporomandibular disorders and somatization: a narrative review.","authors":"Qing Xue, Hongyu Ming, Yi Huang, Xin Xiong","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.004","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common orofacial pain conditions with multifactorial etiologies. Somatization refers to the manifestation of psychological distress as physical symptoms in the absence of clear medical causes. A growing body of clinical research has recently shown a strong association between TMD and somatization. A substantial proportion of TMD patients exhibit moderate to high levels of somatic symptoms, leading to greater pain intensity, longer disease duration, and heightened psychological distress. The TMD-somatization relationship has been underpinned by complex pathophysiological interactions and the underlying mechanisms involved, including central sensitization (CS), potential biomarkers, nociplastic pain, neurobiological changes, and so on. Clinically, recognizing somatization in TMD patients is essential, as it can adversely affect treatment outcomes and necessitate a biopsychosocial management approach. In this narrative review, we summarize the clinical evidence of the TMD-somatization association, discuss the underlying mechanisms, explore management implications, and identify directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"42-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological management in orofacial pain: a retrospective, observational study of treatment decisions and contributing factors.","authors":"Diya Mundackal, Aleksandra Zumbrunn Wojczyńska, Mutlu Özcan, Nenad Lukic, Vera Colombo","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.009","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study evaluated how often pharmacological therapies were started, modified, or discontinued after a consultation in a sample of orofacial pain patients and identified potential factors associated with treatment choices in the pharmacological management of orofacial pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this study, patient files (N = 208) originating from the daily routine of the Orofacial Pain Unit, University of Zurich (January 2017-December 2022) were analysed. Demographics, lifestyle, pain characteristics, diagnosis, and pharmacological therapy pre- and post- consultation with an orofacial pain specialist were recorded. Changes in pharmacotherapy, pain perception, and therapeutic success were assessed. Descriptive statistics, paired McNemar and chi-square tests were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 208 patients were included in the study (64.4% females, mean age 45.9 years). The mean pain intensity was 6.93 for maximum pain and 4.62 for average pain. The most common pain locations were the face (64.3%), followed by the head (33.3%). At the initial consultation, 51.4% of patients were already using pharmacological therapy. The most common pre-diagnosis medications were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (44.9%), antidepressants with pain-modulating properties (9.3%), and magnesium (7.5%). After consultation, myofascial orofacial pain was the most common diagnosis (50.5%). The prescription of medications increased significantly to 74.5% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Topical NSAIDs (64.0%) and magnesium supplements (40.0%) were the most prescribed. A significant relationship between therapy changes and diagnosis was observed, particularly for myofascial pain (<i>p</i> = 0.024) and temporomandibular joint disorders (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Therapy outcomes were positive for 67.0% of the observed patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age, psychological distress, and pain location significantly influenced pharmacological management of orofacial pain. Pharmacological therapy differed between before and after consultation at the Orofacial Pain Unit. Accurate diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment can significantly improve therapy success.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of Hounsffeld unit to differentiate idiopathic condylar resorption: a preliminary study.","authors":"Kazuki Takata, Keiichiro Watanabe, Shinetsetseg Ser-Od, Od Bayarsaikhan, Naoki Maeda, Susumu Abe, Eiji Tanaka","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.005","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Hounsfield unit (HU) is a quantitative scale used to describe radiodensity in computed tomography (CT) scans. Since idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) and temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) involve destruction of bone and cartilage in the mandibular condyle, we hypothesized that HU values might be used to differentiate between the two conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of HU values in the differential diagnosis of ICR and TMJOA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve TMJOA and 9 ICR patients, and 11 healthy subjects were recruited as the TMJOA, ICR, and control groups, respectively. CT scans were performed, and HU values were measured in the region of interest (ROI) with 5 mm thickness along the Z-axis from superior condylar surfaces. HU distributions were then analyzed for each ROI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Control and TMJOA patients were significantly older than those in the ICR group. Median HU values of the mandibular condyle did not differ significantly among the three groups. All groups showed a unimodal HU distribution peaking at 250-450 HU, while ICR condyles exhibited a tendency to have an additional peak at 1350-1500 HU. Compared to the control group, the HU distribution of the TMJOA and ICR condyles was significantly lower at 250-450 HU. After age adjustment, significant intergroup differences in the voxel ratio were noted at each HU level at 250-300, 300-350, 400-450, 1400-1450, and 1800-1850 HU. However, no significant differences in HU values were observed between the ICR and TMJOA groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HU values and distributions of the mandibular condyle may be used to differentiate between the control group and the ICR and TMJOA groups. Further studies with a sufficient sample size are needed to confirm whether HU values and distribution could become important indicators for distinguishing between the TMJOA and ICR condyles.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral nerve blocks for primary and secondary headache disorders: review of current evidence and a practical approach.","authors":"Sophie McGough, Linford Fernandes, Luis Idrovo","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.002","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Headache is prevalent, disabling, and a frequent neurological referral in the healthcare system. Clinic-based procedures have evolved in recent years to play an important role in headache medicine, with growing evidence on the safety, tolerability and efficacy of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs). Despite novel headache therapies, PNBs are still widely used in headache services to treat primary and secondary headache disorders, including cluster headache and other trigemino-autonomic cephalalgias, migraine, occipital neuralgia, and other less frequent headache disorders. We aim to provide an update of the current evidence and a practical approach for delivering the most common PNBs used in clinical practice. We aim to describe PNBs indications, contraindications, injection locations and techniques, drug constituents, and potential pitfalls.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and their association with oral behaviors, anxiety, and depression among medical and dental students in Brazil-a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Mayana Cristina Silva Dantas, Arthur Nascimento Queiroz, Camilla Silva da Costa Muniz Franco, Anna Luiza Delmondes de Lima, Rodrigo Antonio de Medeiros, Mateus Veppo Dos Santos","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2026.008","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2026.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal conditions that frequently affect the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints and often result in pain, dysfunction, and decreased quality of life. University students, particularly those in health-related fields, may be especially vulnerable to TMD owing to their elevated stress levels and the presence of oral parafunctional behaviors. Psychosocial factors such as anxiety and depression are recognized as important contributors to the onset and exacerbation of TMD symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 182 undergraduate students enrolled in medical and dental programmes at a private university in Brazil. The participants completed an online self-report questionnaire that included the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) Symptom Questionnaire, Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Associations among TMD symptoms, oral behaviors, anxiety, and depression were analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 78.6% of the participants reported TMD symptoms, with 38.5% experiencing both pain-related and joint-related symptoms. Oral behaviors were reported by 98.9% of the students, while symptoms of anxiety and depression were present in 74.7% and 65.4% of the sample, respectively. Significant associations were found between painful/joint TMD and higher levels of oral behaviors (<i>p</i> < 0.001), severe anxiety (<i>p</i> = 0.015), and moderately severe to severe depression (<i>p</i> = 0.016). Oral behaviors were more frequent in students in later semesters (<i>p</i> = 0.006) and were associated with anxiety (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and depression (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A strong correlation was observed between anxiety and depression (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirmed a high prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms among medical and dental students. Pain-related and joint-related TMD symptoms were significantly associated with high-frequency oral behaviors, as well as with moderate to severe levels of anxiety and depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Gasserian ganglion conventional radiofrequency ablation and peripheral nerve pulsed radiofrequency in trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Mesut Bakır, Gülçin Gazioğlu Türkyılmaz, Nurettin Teker, Kaan Yavuz, Bedri İlcan, Şebnem Rumeli","doi":"10.22514/jofph.2025.063","DOIUrl":"10.22514/jofph.2025.063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating neuropathic pain condition with profound quality of life impact. This study aims to compare the clinical outcomes of Gasserian ganglion conventional radiofrequency (CRF) and peripheral nerve pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) in patients with TN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 74 patients with TN who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) between January 2015 and June 2025 at a tertiary university pain clinic. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (Gasserian CRF, n = 37) and Group B (Peripheral PRF, n = 37). Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) were recorded at baseline and at 1st, 3rd, and 6th months after treatment. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale for those with documented records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups showed significant pain relief at the 1st month compared to baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.001 for both). But, Group A showed significantly greater pain relief at the 3rd (3.54 ± 2.21 <i>vs.</i> 5.51 ± 2.91; <i>p</i> = 0.0035) and 6th months (3.19 ± 1.97 <i>vs.</i> 6.08 ± 3.06; <i>p</i> = 0.0001) than Group B. Mean satisfaction scores were significantly higher in Group A (21.76 ± 5.30) compared to Group B (14.19 ± 8.78), with a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Likert scores correlated strongly with 6-month NRS values (Spearman's <i>ρ</i> = -0.91, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Linear regression also confirmed that lower pain scores at 6 months significantly predicted higher satisfaction (β = -2.75, <i>R</i>² = 0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gasserian CRF appears more effective than peripheral PRF to ensure long-term pain relief in TN, and this may contribute to a trend toward higher patient satisfaction. Despite its invasiveness, CRF remains a valuable option for TN management. These findings support individualized procedural selection based on patient profiles and therapeutic goals.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>The study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT07013500).</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"119-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain modulation profiles in temporomandibular disorders with migraine and fibromyalgia.","authors":"Pankaew Yakkaphan, Tara Renton","doi":"DOI","DOIUrl":"DOI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) frequently occur with other pain conditions, and existing research has yielded mixed results regarding the presence or absence of endogenous pain modulation (EPM). This study aimed to investigate EPM in TMD patients with comorbid migraine and fibromyalgia (FM) in the non-trigeminal innervated area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal summation (TS) were assessed in healthy controls (n = 30), TMD without comorbidity (n = 30), migraine (n = 30), TMD with migraine (n = 30), and TMD with migraine + FM (n = 19). Based on the TS and CPM responses, participants were categorized into pain modulation profiles (PMP, I-IV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In serial stimulation, patients with migraine, TMD + migraine, and TMDs + migraine + FM showed significantly reduced pain inhibition compared with controls (<i>p</i> = 0.003, <i>p</i> < 0.001, and <i>p</i> = 0.001, respectively), while TMD patients without comorbidity exhibited intact modulation. Increasing comorbidities were also linked to weaker CPM (single stimulation: <i>R</i> = -0.312, <i>p</i> < 0.001; serial stimulation: <i>R</i> = -0.344, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The PMP categorization demonstrated distinctions among the study population, although further subgroup analysis proved challenging.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TMD patients without comorbid pain exhibited intact EPM in non-painful areas. However, when these individuals experience comorbid pain conditions, their ability to modulate pain may be compromised due to the pain amplification and central sensitization associated with multiple comorbid pain conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache","volume":"40 1","pages":"138-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}