Physical Communication最新文献

Semantic communications for urban spectrum map construction based on gated-AE 基于门控声发射的城市频谱图构建语义通信

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102709

Leibing Yan, Tingting Li, Pengshan Ren

{"title":"Semantic communications for urban spectrum map construction based on gated-AE","authors":"Leibing Yan, Tingting Li, Pengshan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In urban environments, the allocation and management of spectrum resources face significant challenges due to building obstructions and the high density of transmitting devices. Spectrum maps, as a tool for visualizing spectrum usage, hold substantial value in urban wireless networks. However, existing methods for spectrum maps transmission and construction encounter difficulties due to dynamic and complex environmental conditions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a semantic communication approach for urban spectrum map completion based on the gated-autoencoder (AE). By integrating semantic communication, we extract semantic information to optimize the transmission efficiency of spectrum maps. Moreover, vector quantization (VQ) techniques are employed to compress the data effectively and enhance system robustness. The gated-AE is utilized to complete the spectrum maps, improving completion accuracy in complex urban environments. Experimental results indicate that in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments, the proposed method outperforms traditional AE-based approaches by achieving a 25% improvement in spectrogram completion accuracy with a compression ratio of 64:1. These advancements underscore its significant potential for application in urban wireless communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-resolution distributed array DOA estimation based on phase offset recovery between subarrays 基于子阵列间相位偏移恢复的高分辨率分布式阵列DOA估计

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102708

Hongyuan Gao , Zhiwei Zhang , Qinglin Zhu , Jige Chuai

{"title":"High-resolution distributed array DOA estimation based on phase offset recovery between subarrays","authors":"Hongyuan Gao , Zhiwei Zhang , Qinglin Zhu , Jige Chuai","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In widely existing dynamic scenes, position errors exist between subarrays of the distributed array, and the phase offset between subarrays caused by position errors seriously affects the method performance. However, on the one hand, the existing direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods in distributed array have low phase offset recovery accuracy between subarrays with fewer snapshot numbers and smaller target azimuthal spacing, which in turn fails to effectively improve the DOA estimation accuracy. On the other hand, the spectral peak search and gradient descent are limited by parameter settings such as step size, initial value, or scan interval, which leads to low accuracy of azimuthal estimation. Consequently, in this work, a novel phase offset recovery method between subarrays is proposed. The proposed method constructs an objective function according to the cost function of the blind source separation (BSS) method and designs a quantum coronavirus herd immunity optimizer (QCHIO) to solve this objective function, which achieves the phase offset recovery. Then another objective function is constructed according to the recovered phase offset and the nonlinear least squares (NLS) idea. And this function is solved through QCHIO, which improves the accuracy of the distributed array direction finding method. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method has higher phase offset recovery and DOA estimation accuracy compared to the comparison methods with fewer snapshot numbers and smaller target azimuthal spacing, and it does not require parameter settings such as the initial value or searching step size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UAV-driven task offloading and wireless power transfer: a fusion of lyapunov optimization and reinforcement learning in edge computing 无人机驱动的任务卸载和无线电力传输：边缘计算中lyapunov优化和强化学习的融合

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102719

XianHao Shen, JingWen Nie, Ling Gu

{"title":"UAV-driven task offloading and wireless power transfer: a fusion of lyapunov optimization and reinforcement learning in edge computing","authors":"XianHao Shen, JingWen Nie, Ling Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the flexible mobility and extensive service coverage of Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), UAV-assisted edge computing is increasingly emerging as a promising technology. The computational resources and battery capacity of ground Internet of Things Devices (IoTD) are often insufficient to support high-speed and stable local computing. Additionally, complex environmental conditions and electromagnetic interference severely impact the channel quality between servers and edge devices. In view of the above circumstances, this paper investigates a service architecture where aerial UAV provide task offloading and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) to ground IoTD under time-varying wireless channel conditions. The entire system is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and Lyapunov optimization theory is utilized to establish a reasonable objective function to maintain the stability of the system's task queue. A Lyapunov Optimized Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (LyTD3) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm aims to optimize task offloading and WPT decisions while maintaining the stability of the system’s task queue and achieving better system utility. We have verified the convergence of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that the algorithm model can make reasonable decisions on task offloading and WPT after training. Comparative experiments further validate the superiority of the LyTD3 algorithm, demonstrating that it outperforms other optimization methods in terms of performance and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can IRS assist PLS for indoor VLC? IRS能否协助PLS进行室内VLC？

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102703

Maaz Haider , Amena Ejaz Aziz , Rashid Iqbal

{"title":"Can IRS assist PLS for indoor VLC?","authors":"Maaz Haider , Amena Ejaz Aziz , Rashid Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secure communication is important for both wired and wireless systems, necessitating continuous development and enhancement of existing strategies. Among emerging technologies, Visible Light Communication (VLC) has gained prominence, particularly in indoor environments, because of its ability to provide high data rates and unlicensed spectrum. Unlike traditional Radio Frequency (RF) and infrared-laser technologies, VLC offers inherent security benefits, as light signals are confined within physical boundaries, minimizing the risk of external interception. This makes VLC not only a cost-effective and energy-efficient option but also a viable solution for secure communication in controlled environments. Building upon these advantages, the integration of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) into VLC systems introduces a new dimension of flexibility and control. By dynamically adjusting the direction and intensity of light, IRS technology can further enhance the indoor security and efficiency of VLC setups. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current approaches that utilize IRS to strengthen Physical Layer Security (PLS) within indoor VLC networks. The findings highlight the potential of combining VLC and IRS technologies to create robust, adaptive and secure indoor communication solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spectrum prediction: Boosting D2D communications in CRNs using POMDP 频谱预测：利用POMDP增强crn中的D2D通信

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102704

Anal Paul , Subhranginee Das , Santi P. Maity

{"title":"Spectrum prediction: Boosting D2D communications in CRNs using POMDP","authors":"Anal Paul , Subhranginee Das , Santi P. Maity","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a novel spectrum prediction (SP) framework that leverages a Partial Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) and reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance energy efficiency (EE) in Cognitive Radio (CR) -based Device-to-Device (D2D) communications. Unlike conventional spectrum sensing (SS), which is both energy- and time-consuming, our approach predicts the state of primary user (PU) channels and adopts a hybrid transmission strategy that seamlessly integrates interweave, underlay, and overlay modes. A policy iteration-based RL algorithm enables secondary users (SUs) to dynamically update their transmission strategies based on historical observations and belief states. Furthermore, a dedicated reward function maximizes throughput while minimizing energy consumption under stringent constraints such as data rate, interference thresholds, and PU cooperation requirements. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing ML/RL-based works in EE optimization by <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>40</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>34</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>86</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UAV-assisted integrated sensing, communication and wireless-powered communication systems: Joint optimization of trajectory and beamforming 无人机辅助集成传感、通信和无线动力通信系统：轨迹和波束形成的联合优化

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102705

Yifei Wang , Fahui Wu , Yu Xu , Dingcheng Yang , Lin Xiao , Huabing Lu , Liping Jin

{"title":"UAV-assisted integrated sensing, communication and wireless-powered communication systems: Joint optimization of trajectory and beamforming","authors":"Yifei Wang , Fahui Wu , Yu Xu , Dingcheng Yang , Lin Xiao , Huabing Lu , Liping Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted integrated sensing and wireless power communication (ISWPC) system. The UAV employs dual-functional beam transmission: sensing beam for downlink target detection and simultaneous wireless power transfer to ground users, and communication beam for downlink transmission of both user-uploaded data and radar-processed sensing information to the ground data center. Energy users harvest radio frequency energy from both beams to power their uplink information transmission to the UAV. We formulate a joint trajectory and beamforming optimization problem that maximizes two key metrics, radar mutual information and user data throughput for communication performance, under cross-modal interference constraints and energy causality requirements with finite weighted energy consumption. The non-convex problem is solved through a two-layer optimization framework combining semidefinite relaxation and successive convex approximation. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in overall system performance compared to baseline schemes, validating the effectiveness of the proposed co-optimization framework for ISWPC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Secrecy rate enhancement in MIMO Networks in the presence of MIMO-capable eavesdropper using a hybrid optimization approach 使用混合优化方法提高MIMO网络中具有MIMO能力的窃听者的保密率

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102701

Md. Samiur Rahman , Mohammad Tawhid Kawser , Maisha Mahbub Rimi

{"title":"Secrecy rate enhancement in MIMO Networks in the presence of MIMO-capable eavesdropper using a hybrid optimization approach","authors":"Md. Samiur Rahman , Mohammad Tawhid Kawser , Maisha Mahbub Rimi","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the problem of secrecy rate optimization in Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) wiretap systems has been investigated under a scenario where even the passive eavesdropper has MIMO capability. To solve the optimization problem, an advanced hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm named Hybrid PSOCSA is proposed, that incorporates the combination of two adaptive swarm intelligence meta-heuristics; Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with global search proficiency and Chameleon Swarm Algorithm (CSA) which includes the adaptive exploration–exploitation mechanism. The Proposed algorithm maintains a population of particles that exploit the best-known solution while also escaping from local optima which in turn helps to speed up the convergence for a global optimum solution. Simulation results show how the Hybrid PSOCSA consistently achieves superior performance compared to other standalone state-of-the-art algorithms for a variety of MIMO configurations — traditional (4 × 4 and 8 × 8) and Massive MIMO (16 × 16, 32 × 32, 64 × 64), as well as a realistic 5G setting with 128 × 128 antennas and a range of eavesdropper antenna arrays up to 64, providing maximized secrecy rates with reduced computational complexity and smaller standard deviations indicating faster convergence and robustness. Moreover, the developed system model is designed with several practical factors, such as; antenna correlation, Doppler effect, interference power from neighboring cells, and imperfect Channel State Information (CSI), which represent the security challenges in real-world secure communications. The numerical results exhibit the generality of the Hybrid PSOCSA to secure and enhance the diversity and robustness of next-generation wireless systems in terms of security and overhead efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A robust adaptive approach to unscented Kalman filtering for improved 2D passive target tracking system for complex environments 复杂环境下改进二维被动目标跟踪系统的无气味卡尔曼滤波鲁棒自适应方法

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102711

Manav Kumar , Sharifuddin Mondal

{"title":"A robust adaptive approach to unscented Kalman filtering for improved 2D passive target tracking system for complex environments","authors":"Manav Kumar , Sharifuddin Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the estimation performance of a robust adaptive unscented Kalman filter (RAUKF) for 2-dimensional target tracking in passive systems is evaluated to deal with the different uncertain noise and disturbances associated with the systems. The proposed robust adaptive approach relies on the covariance matching method, in which the forgetting factor is integrated with the weighted combination of present and previous estimation information to regulate the noise covariances. The robustness of the filtering approach is introduced by using an adaptive threshold value rather than a fixed one. In this respect, the necessity of noise covariance regulation is determined according to a statistical hypothesis assessment, where the value of the adaptive threshold is obtained from the innovation sequence of measurement quantities. Different real-world scenarios, such as outliers in the measurement model, varying noise covariances, non-Gaussian noise distributions, and Gaussian mixture models, are considered for evaluating the estimation performance of the proposed filtering approach. The estimation operation is determined by obtaining the root mean square error (RMSE) with 500 Monte Carlo (MC) runs. In addition, statistical evaluations such as the mean and standard deviation of estimation errors are also presented to show their effectiveness. Simulation results have shown that the proposed robust adaptive approach outperforms the conventional and adaptive unscented Kalman filters in the investigated scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning optimization positioning algorithm based on UWB/IMU fusion in complex indoor environments 复杂室内环境下基于UWB/IMU融合的深度学习优化定位算法

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102702

Zhou Zhaoxia , Xu Zhongwei , Xia Jingbo

{"title":"Deep learning optimization positioning algorithm based on UWB/IMU fusion in complex indoor environments","authors":"Zhou Zhaoxia , Xu Zhongwei , Xia Jingbo","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of high-precision positioning systems, the demand for accurate positioning in complex indoor environments is growing. In complex indoor environments, single indoor positioning technologies such as ultra-wideband(UWB), light detection and ranging(LiDAR), wireless network technology(Wi-Fi), and Bluetooth(BLE) are easily affected by environmental factors such as indoor multipath effects and non-line-of-sight(NLOS), resulting in reduced positioning accuracy. In order to address these limitations, the fusion of two or more ranging sensors is usually used to overcome the limitations of a single positioning method, but multi-source data often introduces nonlinear errors and dynamic drifts during the integration process, which restricts the further improvement of its positioning performance. In this study, we proposed an optimization algorithm(CNN-LSTM-DEKF) that integrates convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks (CNN-LSTM) and embeds a distributed extended Kalman filter(DEKF) to improve the positioning performance of UWB/IMU fusion systems in complex indoor environments. The algorithm makes full use of CNN to extract spatial features, LSTM to model time series dependencies, and combines DEKF to achieve dynamic suppression of sensor noise and state estimation optimization. Experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error(MAE) of the proposed algorithm in a typical office environment are reduced to 0.205 m and 0.192 m respectively, and it exhibits better stability and robustness in non-line-of-sight scenarios, verifying its feasibility and superiority in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing spectral efficiency in sub-connected hybrid beamforming systems via beam pattern design 通过波束方向设计提高子连接混合波束形成系统的频谱效率

IF 2 4区计算机科学

Physical Communication Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102700

Neeta Jha, Amrita Mishra, Jyotsna Bapat, Debabrata Das

{"title":"Enhancing spectral efficiency in sub-connected hybrid beamforming systems via beam pattern design","authors":"Neeta Jha, Amrita Mishra, Jyotsna Bapat, Debabrata Das","doi":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phycom.2025.102700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fifth-generation systems with a sub-connected (SC) hybrid beamforming architecture are highly beneficial due to their low complexity and high energy efficiency. The fixed number of antenna elements per subarray renders array gain per data stream limited for SC architecture. Enhancing beamforming gain in this architecture is a challenging problem. This work introduces a novel hybrid precoder designed to enhance spectral efficiency in a multi-user SC hybrid beamforming system by leveraging spatial information about users. An initial beam training approach is employed to gather users’ spatial information, which is further used to form user batches. Each batch is assigned a single coarse steering angle and can have multiple refined steering angles. These angles are used to design the analog and digital beamforming vectors for the proposed hybrid precoder. Users within the same batch employ beam pattern multiplication to efficiently utilize a higher number of antenna elements per data stream, leading to enhanced beamforming gains. The analytical beamforming gain in the presence of user batches has been derived and a relationship between spatial location, user batch formation, and achievable beamforming gain is established. It is observed that the average beamforming gain is maximized when the number of antenna elements per subarray approaches the total number of radio frequency chains. Simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in beamforming gain and validate the superiority of the proposed design over the conventional SC approach in terms of high beamforming gain and improved spectral efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48707,"journal":{"name":"Physical Communication","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 102700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0