Universe最新文献_第6页

Measuring a Mass: The Puzzling History of an Elusive Particle 测量质量难以捉摸的粒子的扑朔迷离的历史

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080317

Elisabetta Di Grezia, Salvatore Esposito, Adele Naddeo

{"title":"Measuring a Mass: The Puzzling History of an Elusive Particle","authors":"Elisabetta Di Grezia, Salvatore Esposito, Adele Naddeo","doi":"10.3390/universe10080317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080317","url":null,"abstract":"Since Pauli’s hypothesis of their existence in 1930, neutrinos never ceased to bring into play novel ideas and to add new pieces of physics in the whole picture of fundamental interactions. They are only weakly interacting and, at odds with Standard Model’s predictions, have a mass less than one millionth of the electron mass, which makes the investigation of their properties very challenging. The issue of the measurement of neutrino’s rest mass gained a wider and wider consensus since its discovery through neutrino oscillations in 1998. Various neutrino sources are available for experiments, ranging from nuclear collisions of cosmic rays in the Earth atmosphere and supernova explosions to neutrino beams produced by accelerators and power reactors. These suggest different approaches to the experimental detection and measurement of the absolute value of the neutrino mass. In this paper, we retrace the intriguing story of this endeavor, focusing mainly on direct mass determination methods. The puzzling issue of the nature of massive neutrinos is addressed as well with explicit reference to the phenomenon of double beta-decay as a viable experimental tool to discriminate between Dirac’s and Majorana’s nature.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with AXIS AXIS 时域和多信使科学的前景

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080316

Riccardo Arcodia, Franz E. Bauer, S. Bradley Cenko, Kristen C. Dage, Daryl Haggard, Wynn C. G. Ho, Erin Kara, Michael Koss, Tingting Liu, Labani Mallick, Michela Negro, Pragati Pradhan, J. Quirola-Vásquez, Mark T. Reynolds, Claudio Ricci, Richard E. Rothschild, Navin Sridhar, Eleonora Troja, Yuhan Yao

{"title":"Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with AXIS","authors":"Riccardo Arcodia, Franz E. Bauer, S. Bradley Cenko, Kristen C. Dage, Daryl Haggard, Wynn C. G. Ho, Erin Kara, Michael Koss, Tingting Liu, Labani Mallick, Michela Negro, Pragati Pradhan, J. Quirola-Vásquez, Mark T. Reynolds, Claudio Ricci, Richard E. Rothschild, Navin Sridhar, Eleonora Troja, Yuhan Yao","doi":"10.3390/universe10080316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080316","url":null,"abstract":"The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) promises revolutionary science in the X-ray and multi-messenger time domain. AXIS will leverage excellent spatial resolution (<1.5 arcsec), sensitivity (80× that of Swift), and a large collecting area (5–10× that of Chandra) across a 24-arcmin diameter field of view at soft X-ray energies (0.3–10.0 keV) to discover and characterize a wide range of X-ray transients from supernova-shock breakouts to tidal disruption events to highly variable supermassive black holes. The observatory’s ability to localize and monitor faint X-ray sources opens up new opportunities to hunt for counterparts to distant binary neutron star mergers, fast radio bursts, and exotic phenomena like fast X-ray transients. AXIS will offer a response time of <2 h to community alerts, enabling studies of gravitational wave sources, high-energy neutrino emitters, X-ray binaries, magnetars, and other targets of opportunity. This white paper highlights some of the discovery science that will be driven by AXIS in this burgeoning field of time domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. This White Paper is part of a series commissioned for the AXIS Probe Concept Mission; additional AXIS White Papers can be found at the AXIS website.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Solar Energetic Particles Propagation under 3D Corotating Interaction Regions with Different Characteristic Parameters 具有不同特征参数的三维定向相互作用区域下的太阳能量粒子传播

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080315

Yuji Zhu, Fang Shen

{"title":"Solar Energetic Particles Propagation under 3D Corotating Interaction Regions with Different Characteristic Parameters","authors":"Yuji Zhu, Fang Shen","doi":"10.3390/universe10080315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080315","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are bursts of high-energy particles that originate from the Sun and can last for hours or even days. The aim of this study is to understand how the characteristics of energetic particles ware affected by the characteristic parameters of corotating interaction regions (CIRs). In particular, the particle intensity distribution with time and space in CIRs with different characteristics were studied. The propagation and acceleration of particles were described by the focused transport equation (FTE). We used a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to simulate the background solar wind with CIRs. By changing the inner boundary conditions, we constructed CIRs with different solar wind speeds, angles between the polar axis and rotation axis, and the azimuthal widths of the fast streams. Particles were impulsively injected at the inner boundary of the MHD model. We then studied the particle propagation and compression acceleration in different background solar wind. The results showed that the CIR widths are related to the solar wind speed, tilt angles, and the azimuthal widths of the fast stream. The acceleration of particles in the reverse and forward compression regions are mainly influenced by the solar wind speed difference and the slow solar wind speed, respectively. Particles with lower energy (sub-MeV) are more sensitive to the solar wind speed difference and the tilt angle. The particle intensity variation with time and the radial distance is mainly influenced by the solar wind speed. The longitudinal distribution of particle intensity is affected by the solar wind speed, tilt angles, and the azimuthal widths of the fast stream.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Calibration of Polarization Data for Vector Magnetographs at the Huairou Solar Observing Station over the Past Four Decades 过去四十年怀柔太阳观测站矢量磁强计极化数据的校准

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080314

Jiangtao Su, Haiqing Xu, Suo Liu, Jiaben Lin, Hui Wang, Yongliang Song, Xianyong Bai, Shangbin Yang, Jie Chen, Xiaofan Wang, Yingzi Sun, Xiao Yang, Yuanyong Deng

{"title":"Calibration of Polarization Data for Vector Magnetographs at the Huairou Solar Observing Station over the Past Four Decades","authors":"Jiangtao Su, Haiqing Xu, Suo Liu, Jiaben Lin, Hui Wang, Yongliang Song, Xianyong Bai, Shangbin Yang, Jie Chen, Xiaofan Wang, Yingzi Sun, Xiao Yang, Yuanyong Deng","doi":"10.3390/universe10080314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080314","url":null,"abstract":"The Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS) has conducted solar vector magnetic field observations for 40 years and developed multiple vector magnetographs (including one space magnetic field observation instrument). Using these accumulated magnetic field observation data, HSOS has achieved significant progress in solar physics research, including important advancements in the helicity sign rule of solar active regions, the helicity characteristics of strong and weak magnetic fields in active regions, the chromospheric magnetic field characteristics of the Sun, the evolution of magnetic fields in active regions, and the extraction of magnetic field characteristics for flare precursors. However, due to historical reasons, the calibration of vector magnetic field data in HSOS are not standardized. Therefore, this paper summarizes past historical experiences and introduces the standardized calibration procedure for vector magnetic field processing in detail. These calibration procedures are the basic steps of the calibration process for the space vector magnetograph (Full-Disk Vector MagnetoGraph, abbreviated as FMG) observation data, and are also applicable to the calibration of other instrument observation data at HSOS. They mainly include basic processing of polarization data and in-depth processing of vector magnetic fields. We believe that such calibration processing of the historical data collected by HSOS over the past 40 years will help us to accurately measure and analyze the solar magnetic field, further revealing the laws of solar activity and its impact on the Earth’s environment.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141872901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stellar Flares, Superflares, and Coronal Mass Ejections—Entering the Big Data Era 恒星耀斑、超级耀斑和日冕物质抛射--进入大数据时代

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080313

Krisztián Vida, Zsolt Kővári, Martin Leitzinger, Petra Odert, Katalin Oláh, Bálint Seli, Levente Kriskovics, Robert Greimel, Anna Mária Görgei

引用次数: 0

The Algorithm of the Two Neutron Monitors for the Analysis of the Rigidity Spectrum Variations of Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity Flux in Solar Cycle 24 两个中子监测器分析太阳周期 24 中银河宇宙射线强度通量刚性谱变化的算法

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080311

Krzysztof Iskra, Marek Siluszyk, Witold Wozniak

{"title":"The Algorithm of the Two Neutron Monitors for the Analysis of the Rigidity Spectrum Variations of Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity Flux in Solar Cycle 24","authors":"Krzysztof Iskra, Marek Siluszyk, Witold Wozniak","doi":"10.3390/universe10080311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080311","url":null,"abstract":"The method of the two neutron monitors was used to analyze the parameters of the rigidity spectrum variations (RSV) of galactic cosmic ray intensity (GCR) flux in solar cycle 24 based on the data from the global network of neutron monitors. This method is an alternative to the least squares method when there are few monitors working stably in a given period, and their use in the least squares method is impossible. Analyses of the changes in exponent γ in the RSV of GCR flux from 2009 to 2019 were studied. The soft RSV (γ = 1.2–1.3) of the GCR flux around the maximum epoch and the hard RSV (γ = 0.6–0.9) around the minimum epoch of solar activity (SA) is the general feature of GCR modulation in the GeV energy scale (5, 50), to which neutron monitors were found to correspond. Therefore, various values of the RSV γ in the considered period show that during the decrease and increase period of SA, the essential changes in the large-scale structure of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) fluctuations/turbulence take place. The exponent γ of the RSV of the GCR flux can be considered a significant parameter to investigate the long-period changes in the GCR flux.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Axion-like Particle Effects on Photon Polarization in High-Energy Astrophysics 类轴心粒子对高能天体物理学中光子偏振的影响

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080312

Giorgio Galanti

{"title":"Axion-like Particle Effects on Photon Polarization in High-Energy Astrophysics","authors":"Giorgio Galanti","doi":"10.3390/universe10080312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080312","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we present a self-contained introduction to axion-like particles (ALPs) with a particular focus on their effects on photon polarization: both theoretical and phenomenological aspects are discussed. We derive the photon survival probability in the presence of photon–ALP interaction, the corresponding final photon degree of linear polarization, and the polarization angle in a wide energy interval. The presented results can be tested by current and planned missions such as IXPE (already operative), eXTP, XL-Calibur, NGXP, XPP in the X-ray band and like COSI (approved to launch), e-ASTROGAM, and AMEGO in the high-energy range. Specifically, we describe ALP-induced polarization effects on several astrophysical sources, such as galaxy clusters, blazars, and gamma-ray bursts, and we discuss their real detectability. In particular, galaxy clusters appear as very good observational targets in this respect. Moreover, in the very-high-energy (VHE) band, we discuss a peculiar ALP signature in photon polarization, in principle capable of proving the ALP existence. Unfortunately, present technologies cannot detect photon polarization up to such high energies, but the observational capability of the latter ALP signature in the VHE band could represent an interesting challenge for the future. As a matter of fact, the aim of this review is to show new ways to make progress in the physics of ALPs, thanks to their effects on photon polarization, a topic that has aroused less interest in the past, but which is now timely with the advent of many new polarimetric missions.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and Associated MeV Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Protoplanetary System 原行星系统中的低能量宇宙射线和相关的 MeV 伽马射线发射

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080310

Xulei Sun, Shuying Zheng, Zhaodong Shi, Bing Liu, Ruizhi Yang

{"title":"Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and Associated MeV Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Protoplanetary System","authors":"Xulei Sun, Shuying Zheng, Zhaodong Shi, Bing Liu, Ruizhi Yang","doi":"10.3390/universe10080310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080310","url":null,"abstract":"Low-energy cosmic rays (LECRs) play a crucial role in the formation of planetary systems, and detecting and reconstructing the properties of early LECRs is essential for understanding the mechanisms of planetary system formation. Given that LECRs interact with the surrounding medium to produce nuclear de-excitation line emissions, which are gamma-ray emissions with energy mainly within 0.1–10 MeV and are unaffected by stellar wind modulation, these emissions can accurately reflect the properties of LECRs. This study introduces an innovative method for using gamma-ray emissions to infer LECR properties. We employed the Parker transport equation to simulate the propagation and spectral evolution of LECRs in a protoplanetary disk and calculated the characteristic gamma-ray emissions resulting from interactions between LECRs and disk material. These gamma-ray emissions encapsulate the spectral information of LECRs, providing a powerful tool to reconstruct the cosmic ray environment at that time. This method, supported by further theoretical developments and observations, will fundamentally enhance our understanding of the impact of CRs on the origin and evolution of planetary systems and address significant scientific questions regarding the cosmic ray environment at the origin of life.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Construction of Ground-State Solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii–Poisson System Using Genetic Algorithms 利用遗传算法构建格罗斯-皮塔耶夫斯基-泊松系统的地面状态解

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080309

Carlos Tena-Contreras, Iván Alvarez-Ríos, Francisco S. Guzmán

引用次数: 0

Measurements of Decoherence in Small Sea-Level Extensive Air Showers 测量小型海平面大范围气流中的退相干性

IF 2.9 4区物理与天体物理

Universe Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/universe10080308

Roger Clay

{"title":"Measurements of Decoherence in Small Sea-Level Extensive Air Showers","authors":"Roger Clay","doi":"10.3390/universe10080308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080308","url":null,"abstract":"A study is made of the progressive ‘decoherence’ of cosmic ray extensive air-shower particle-detector signals in small air showers through measurements of coincidence rates for pairs of detectors versus the detector separation. Measurements are made both when only the two separated detectors themselves trigger in coincidence, and when that coincidence trigger also requires the detection of a local air shower by a small external air-shower array. The addition of the explicit air-shower trigger ensures that the latter data correspond to showers of a larger particle size, and triggering by very localised shower cores is then unlikely. When including a shower trigger, the decoherence results appear substantially different in form. The coincidence rate between two detectors only can be approximated by a power-law variation with separation distance. When triggering involves an air-shower array, the variation becomes close to an exponential form with characteristic exponent distances varying systematically with increasing detector and air-shower size thresholds. A result is that one can see that small air showers will exhibit clear non-Poissonian density fluctuations near their cores, out to distances of ~5 m, or at shower energies below ~0.05 PeV. These ideas can be helpful in understanding the statistical properties of signals when using large detectors in air-shower arrays.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0