Rhizosphere最新文献

{"title":"Impacts of soil environment on the growth and quality of Cynanchum auriculatum mediated by rhizosphere microorganisms","authors":"Junjie Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Fei ,&nbsp;Yinzhi Wu ,&nbsp;Wenqing Wu ,&nbsp;Min Tang ,&nbsp;Wenda Xue ,&nbsp;Xudong Qian ,&nbsp;Daoguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth and quality of <em>Cynanchum auriculatum</em> is profoundly influenced by the soil environment, where multi-year cultivation leading to a reduction in growth potential and an increased susceptibility to diseases. Despite these impacts, there is a lack of comprehensive reports on how the soil environment specifically affects the growth and quality of <em>C. auriculatum</em>. In this study, we collected rhizosphere soil and root samples of <em>C. auriculatum</em>. We determined the soil composition, carbon metabolic capacity, and potential functions using metagenomic techniques, and analyzed the chemical constituents in the roots. We found that microbial metabolic capacity for phenolic acid carbon sources declined significantly in <em>C. auriculatum</em> rhizosphere soils from the third-year compared to the second-year. As planting years increased, the diversity of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community decreased. <em>Bradyrhizobium</em> and <em>Lysobacter</em> were identified as the dominant bacterial genera in the rhizosphere soil of <em>C. auriculatum</em>. The soil environmental factors influencing changes in bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere soil were identified as total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase. These factors influenced the function of metabolic genes in rhizosphere microorganisms, leading to a decrease in metabolic activity and a disruption in the dynamic balance of microorganisms. Our research can provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the rhizosphere soil environment, optimizing management practices, and increasing the productivity and quality of <em>C. auriculatum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature and host plant ecotype drive nitrogen fixation, but not nodule rhizobia community composition, in hairy vetch","authors":"Rebecca Fudge ,&nbsp;Paula Gardner ,&nbsp;R. Ford Denison ,&nbsp;Liana T Burghardt ,&nbsp;Julie Grossman","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hairy vetch (<em>Vicia villosa</em> Roth) is a commonly grown cover crop throughout the U.S., which can contribute nitrogen for subsequent cash crops through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in association with <em>Rhizobium leguminosarum</em> biovar <em>viciae</em> (Rlv) bacteria. Hairy vetch is one of the few cover crops sufficiently cold-tolerant to over-winter in the Upper Midwestern U.S. However, nitrogen contributions by hairy vetch vary across locations, potentially due to cold impacts on the legume/rhizobia symbiosis. The traditional route to improve BNF in legumes involves selecting superior rhizobia strains to create more effective inoculants to apply at planting, but inoculants often fail to compete and survive in agricultural soils. Instead, this study tested the effects of temperature and host plant ecotype on hairy vetch BNF and Rlv community composition in nodules, with the goal of potentially identifying vetch ecotypes able to select beneficial Rlv strains from the soil community. Four hairy vetch ecotypes trapped Rlv from three Minnesota soils, at warm or cold temperatures. Vetch ecotype was a key driver of BNF and nodule formation under warm and cold conditions. However, temperature and plant ecotype did not drive Rlv community composition in nodules, and Rlv community composition did not affect plant productivity. Taken together, these results suggest that the best strategy to improve BNF at low temperatures in hairy vetch likely depends on breeding for improved biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation in host plants, rather than focusing on host plant selection of beneficial rhizobia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101077"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acidic compost tea reduces fungal diversity but improves community structure and P availability in calcareous cotton fields","authors":"Liyang Cheng ,&nbsp;Tong Luo ,&nbsp;Tao Min ,&nbsp;Junhua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acidic compost tea (CT) can provide nutrients for cotton in calcareous (alkaline) soil and improve soil properties; however, the responses of fungi to rhizosphere nutrient conditions and physicochemical properties remain unclear. In this study, the responses of phosphorus (P) morphology and fungal community structure and function to CT in cotton rhizosphere soil were examined. The results indicated that the contents of water P, NaHCO₃-P, and NaOH-P in rhizosphere soil as well as the absorption and accumulation of nutrients by cotton were significantly increased following CT application. The diversity of rhizosphere fungi decreased; however, the species formed a more complex and stable community. Moreover, the relative abundance of oligotrophic species, such as <em>Basidiomycota</em>, decreased. Random forest distribution and Mantel tests revealed that the main driving factors in the compositional change of the fungal species were soil pH and the increasing proportion of labile P (water P and NaHCO₃-P) and moderately labile P (NaOH-P and HCl-P), which directly affected the abundance of species with varying nutrient modes. A structural equation model revealed that the primary factor for dry matter accumulation and yield increase in cotton was increased P availability. This study revealed the changes in P morphology and fungal community in rhizosphere soil in response to CT and factors contributing to these changes as well as evaluated the relationship between efficient utilization of P in calcareous soil and rhizosphere fungal microecology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Fe tolerance in Polygonum thunbergii naturally growing in mine pond at the reproduction stage","authors":"Mitsuki Yachi ,&nbsp;Keiko Yamaji ,&nbsp;Kohei Doyama ,&nbsp;Toshikatsu Haruma ,&nbsp;Xingyan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Polygonum thunbergii</em> Sieb. et Zucc., an annual herb, has been known to grow naturally at mine sites. This study examined the Fe tolerance mechanisms in <em>P. thunbergii</em> growing in a mine pond, considering carbon allocation to potential Fe-tolerance factors. Fe concentrations in <em>P. thunbergii</em> collected from June to October 2021, were high especially in live and dead adventitious roots. In the live adventitious roots, Fe detoxicants (phenolic compounds; gallic acid, procyanidin B2, procyanidin A2, and condensed tannins) and Fe localization in the epidermal cell walls could influence Fe tolerance. Fe accumulation in the dead adventitious roots could be related to Fe tolerance because metal accumulation in dead plant tissues is important to decrease Fe toxicity as exclusion site. In addition, the proportion of carbon used for phenolic compounds significantly increased in live adventitious roots at the flowering time in September. Significantly less carbon for Fe exclusion by dead adventitious roots was also detected at the flowering time. Our results suggest that in order to establish the next generation<em>, P. thunbergii</em> could enhance Fe tolerance at the reproduction stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crop rotations reduce pathogenic fungi compared to continuous cropping","authors":"Yanhui Dou ,&nbsp;Shuting Yu ,&nbsp;Song Liu ,&nbsp;Tingting Cui ,&nbsp;Rongyan Huang ,&nbsp;Yushu Wang ,&nbsp;Junqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Kefei Tan ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diverging from prior saline-alkali ecosystem studies, this investigation examines fungal communities in carbonate chernozem, a cold-temperate pedological system, under contrasting maize-soybean cropping regimes. Soil microbial communities are critically shaped by management practices, particularly crop rotation and continuous cropping, through their impacts on soil nutrients and pathogen dynamics. Although maize and soybean dominate Heilongjiang agriculture, fungal community responses to cropping systems in semi-arid carbonate chernozem soils remain understudied. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed rhizosphere fungal diversity, abundance, and composition across four systems: continuous soybean (CS), continuous maize (CM), soybean-maize-soybean rotation (RS), and maize-soybean-maize rotation (RM). The results indicated that crop rotation decreased fungal diversity and RM enhancing the abundance of various fungal genera compared to CM. Crop rotation altered the relative abundance of beneficial fungi, such as Humicola and Schizothecium, whereas continuous cropping increased pathogenic fungi such as Gibberella, Dactylonectria, and Neocosmospora. The results of Principal Coordination Analysis (PCoA) show that the composition of fungal communities varies significantly in different planting systems, emphasizing the unique structures influenced by these methods. Multifunctional fungi exhibited significant relationships with these soil properties, while pathogenic fungi such as Gibberella and Plectosphaerella were correlated with TN and SOC, respectively. Total nitrogen (TN) significantly affected fungal community structure, correlating strongly with continuous cropping, while crop rotation was correlated with available phosphorus (AP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and available nitrogen (AN). This study revealed the mechanisms by which cropping systems regulate functional microbial communities through soil nutrient alterations, providing actionable strategies for optimizing rotations to suppress pathogens and enhance soil resilience in temperate carbonate agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing nitrogen modification in the rhizosphere to alleviate ciprofloxacin and antibiotic-resistant bacteria accumulation in lettuce","authors":"Na Min ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Wu ,&nbsp;Chuan Jin ,&nbsp;Xin Hu ,&nbsp;Yuying Wang ,&nbsp;Miaozhen Cai ,&nbsp;Jianfang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating methods to minimize the absorption and accumulation of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) by crops is crucial for mitigating associated health risks. While nitrogen (N) management has proven effective in reducing plant uptake of pollutants, its potential to curb ARB accumulation remains underexplored. This study examined how two N addition methods—graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N)—on the accumulation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ARB in lettuce through pot experiments. Additionally, we analyzed shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community induced by these nitrogenous compounds. As expected, both g-C₃N₄ and NO₃⁻-N reduced CIP accumulation and the relative abundance of ARB in both lettuce tissues and the rhizosphere. g-C₃N₄ showed stronger suppression of ARB in plants than NO₃⁻-N, due to its low cytotoxicity and enhanced photoactivity. Specifically, g-C₃N₄ decreased the proportion of ARB from 23 % to 7 % (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), while NO₃⁻-N reduced it from 22.8 % to 16.7 %. The shared inhibitory effects of both nitrogenous compounds may stem from nitric oxide production via denitrification pathways, a process further supported by the ability of g-C₃N₄ to elevate soil NO₃⁻-N levels. Furthermore, both N treatments altered the rhizosphere bacterial community, reducing network complexity and recruiting distinct microbial populations. Phenotypic predictions corroborated the deactivation of ARB by these nitrogenous compounds. These findings underscore the promise of g-C₃N₄ as a nanoscale N fertilizer for mitigating soil-borne risks posed by CIP and resistant bacteria, offering a sustainable strategy for safer agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabarcoding reveals rhizosphere microbiome shifts between healthy and declining Quercus robur trees","authors":"Noelia López-García ,&nbsp;Carmen Romeralo ,&nbsp;Christian B. Andersen ,&nbsp;Jonas Rönnberg ,&nbsp;Laura J. Grenville-Briggs ,&nbsp;Johanna Witzell","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oak dieback affecting <em>Quercus robur</em> L. (pedunculate oak) in Northern Europe, is driven by a complex interaction of abiotic and biotic factors, such as pests, diseases, and environmental stress, including drought. To better understand the role of the soil microbiome in oak dieback, we analysed the diversity and composition of the microbial communities in the rhizospheres of declining and visibly healthy trees. We used metabarcoding to describe the microbiome and baiting (i.e., the use of plant tissues to act as baits) to isolate species of <em>Phytophthora</em>, a protist genus known for its contribution to the decline of oak trees. Our findings revealed significant differences in bacterial alpha diversity and fungal beta diversity between the rhizospheres of healthy and declining trees. Viable isolates of several species of <em>Phytophthora</em>, such as <em>Phytophthora plurivora, P</em>. <em>cactorum</em>, and <em>P</em>. <em>gonapodyides</em> were obtained using the baiting technique. The results underscore the stand level diversity of rhizosphere soil microbiota and support our initial idea that microbial communities vary with tree health conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101070"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological response of Angelica dahurica and its rhizosphere microorganisms to the treatment of Alternanthera philoxeroides extracts","authors":"Yongjie Huang ,&nbsp;Yufeng Huang ,&nbsp;Yuting Cai ,&nbsp;Xinmeng Li ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the allelopathic effects of <em>Alternanthera philoxeroides</em> extracts on <em>Angelica dahurica</em> seedlings and soil enzyme activity to provide insights into its field management. <em>Angelica Angelica</em> Seedlings were treated with root, stem and leaf extracts at different concentrations, and physiological, biochemical, and soil enzymatic responses were analyzed. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing was used to assess rhizosphere microbial diversity. Results showed that antioxidant enzyme (Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase) activity initially increased and then declined with rising extract concentration, with root extracts having the strongest inhibitory effect. Soil enzyme activity followed the order: root &gt; stem &gt; leaf, with soil enzymes soil β-glucosidase, soil Leucine Aminopeptidase and soil Alkaline phosphatase reaching peak levels at 80 g/L. Rhizosphere bacterial communities were dominated by <em>Proteobacteria</em>, <em>Acidobacteria</em>, <em>Bacteroides</em> and <em>Sphingomonas</em>. With increasing extract concentration, <em>Proteobacteria</em>, <em>Bacteroidetes</em>, and <em>Sphingomonas</em> increased, while <em>Acidobacteria</em> decreased. Principal component analysis revealed distinct shifts in bacterial community structure between treated and control samples. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the ecological adaptation of <em>Angelica dahurica</em> to <em>Alternanthera philoxeroides</em> invasion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of rhizosphere soil microecology on the content of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng","authors":"Zhefeng Xu ,&nbsp;Yuqiu Chen ,&nbsp;Jiahong Sui ,&nbsp;Yibing Wang ,&nbsp;Qinghe Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Changbao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rhizosphere soil micro-environment of ginseng has an impact on the content of ginsenosides, but the interaction between soil micro-environments on the accumulation of ginsenosides is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the content of ginsenosides and rhizosphere micro-environment in agricultural ginseng at different ages (2-year-old, 3-year-old, and 4-year-old). With the extension of cultivation time, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur, and available boron significantly decreased, with the fastest decrease in available potassium (from 120.44 mg/kg to 41.93 mg/kg). The activities of nitrate reductase, lipase, and cellulase were significantly reduced, with lipase showing the fastest decrease in activity (from 0.112 mL/g/d to 0.020 mL/g/d). The structure and internal connections of microbial communities were gradually simplifying, and the ecological niche attributed of microorganisms were gradually shifting towards autotrophic and adaptable to harsh environments. Ginsenosides (Ro, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rg3, TG) showed a significant accumulation trend, with the content of ginsenoside Ro increasing from 1.08 mg/g to 3.08 mg/g, making it the fastest accumulating ginsenoside. pH, available phosphorus, urease, and cellulase were the main predictive factors for ginsenoside accumulation and the dominant environmental factors regulating microbial communities. Compared to bacterial communities, fungal communities were more closely associated with the accumulation of ginsenosides. Comprehensive analysis indicated that the interaction between environmental factors (pH, available phosphorus, urease, cellulase) and rhizosphere fungal genera (<em>Tomentera</em>, <em>Ganoderma</em>, <em>Exophiala</em>) might be the main factor affecting the accumulation of ginsenosides. The results helped clarify the interaction mechanism of soil micro-environment in agricultural ginseng cultivation and promote high-quality ginseng cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution sampling for enhanced spatial analysis of microbial growth and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere","authors":"Negar Ghaderi ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Andrey Guber ,&nbsp;Sajedeh Khosrozadeh ,&nbsp;Vusal Guliyev ,&nbsp;Mika Tarkka ,&nbsp;Evgenia Blagodatskaya","doi":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rhisph.2025.101062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rhizosphere is a hotspot of microbial activity and enzymatic processes driven by concentration gradients of root exudates. Traditional methods based on destructive sampling often lack the sensitivity required to accurately reflect the spatial gradients of microbial activities within the rhizosphere. This is often identified by the discrepancies between microplate assays and zymography. We addressed this methodological gap through a comparative study of the spatial dynamics of enzymatic processes in the maize rhizosphere. Two genotypes of <em>Zea mays</em> L.: wild type and root hair defective <em>rth3</em> mutant were used to test the discrepancies between microplate assay and zymography. First, enzyme activity was mapped using zymography, followed by destructive sampling (&lt;1 mm, 1–2 mm, and &gt;2 mm) for microplate assay. In addition, we tested the microbial growth kinetics across spatial gradients (&lt;2 mm, &gt;2 mm, and non-rhizosphere soil). The 1 mm sampling revealed significant rhizosphere gradients in microplate assay, particularly for β-glucosidase, with a gradual decrease in V_max at 1–2 mm (up to 1.7 times) and &gt;2 mm (up to 4.5 times) compared to &lt;1 mm. The observed enzyme activity gradients correlated positively with active microbial biomass and CO₂ emission rates. Active biomass was up to 29 times greater at &lt;2 mm compared to &gt;2 mm. The lag-time before growth was 0.5 h shorter at &lt;2 mm than at &gt;2 mm. This study highlights the need for short-distance sampling techniques to accurately capture the spatial distribution of microbial growth and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48589,"journal":{"name":"Rhizosphere","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 101062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}