Mmwr Surveillance Summaries最新文献

{"title":"Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2023.","authors":"Katherine A Fowler, Saskia Vos, Kara Tsukerman, Kameron J Sheats, Carter J Betz, Kaitlin Forsberg","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7507a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7507a1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Problem/condition: </strong>In 2023, approximately 23,000 persons died of homicide and 49,000 persons died of suicide in the United States, according to the National Vital Statistics System. This report summarizes data from CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) on violent deaths and suicides that occurred in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2023.</p><p><strong>Period covered: </strong>2023.</p><p><strong>Description of system: </strong>NVDRS collects data from death certificates, coroner and medical examiner records, and law enforcement reports. This report includes data collected from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Forty-seven states had statewide data, three additional states had data from counties representing a subset of their population (31 California counties, representing 74.1% of its population; 38 Florida counties, representing 59.3% of its population; and 13 Texas counties, representing 62.9% of its population), and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico had jurisdiction-wide data. NVDRS collates information for each death and links deaths that are related (e.g., multiple homicides, homicide followed by suicide, or multiple suicides) into a single incident.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For 2023, NVDRS collected information on 70,133 fatal incidents involving 72,093 deaths. The deaths recorded in NVDRS accounted for 91.6% of all homicides, legal intervention deaths, suicides, unintentional firearm injury deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent in the United States in 2023. In addition, information was collected for 671 fatal incidents involving 730 deaths in Puerto Rico. Data for Puerto Rico were analyzed separately.Of the 72,093 deaths that occurred in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the majority (62.4%) were suicides, followed by homicides (28.5%), deaths of undetermined intent that might be due to violence (6.9%), legal intervention deaths (1.5%) (i.e., deaths caused by law enforcement and other persons with legal authority to use deadly force acting in the line of duty, excluding legal executions), and unintentional firearm injury deaths (<1.0%). Of the 730 deaths reported for Puerto Rico, 66.4% were homicides and 32.9% were suicides.Demographic patterns and circumstances varied by manner of death. In the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the suicide rate was higher for males than for females (23.5 versus 6.1 per 100,000 population). The suicide rate for males was highest for those aged ≥85 years (53.0), whereas for females, the suicide rate was highest for those aged 45-54 years (8.8). In addition, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons had the highest suicide rates among all racial and ethnic groups (22.7). Among both males and females, the most common method of injury for suicide was a firearm. Among all suicide decedents for whom circumstances were known, suicide was most often preceded by an intimate p","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 7","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13629530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of Death Among Stillbirths and Children Aged <5 Years in Africa and South Asia - Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance, Seven Countries, 2016-2024.","authors":"Zachary J Madewell, Ziyaad Dangor, Portia C Mutevedzi, Siobhan L Johnstone, Sanjay G Lala, Shabir A Madhi, Sithembiso Velaphi, Nega Assefa, Meron Kebede, Lola Madrid, Dadi Marami, J Anthony G Scott, George Aol, Kitiezo Aggrey Igunza, Hellen Muttai, Peter Nyamthimba Onyango, Peter O Otieno, Quique Bassat, Marcelino Garrine, Milton Kincardett, Inácio Mandomando, Ariel Nhacolo, Jane Juma, Adama Mamby Keita, Karen L Kotloff, Samba O Sow, Milagritos D Tapia, Afsana Afrin, Shams El Arifeen, Rajib Biswas, Emily S Gurley, Mohammad Zahid Hossain, Soter Ameh, Ima-Abasi Bassey, Erick Kaluma, Dickens Kowuor, Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu, Julu Bhatnagar, Dianna M Blau, Kevin R Clarke, Maureen H Diaz, Michelle Dynes, Jennifer Kasten, Roosecelis B Martines, Lesley McGee, Diane F Morof, Elizabeth O'Mara Sage, Pratima L Raghunathan, Jana Ritter, Wun-Ju Shieh, Allan W Taylor, Srinivasan Velusamy, Jennifer R Verani, Ashutosh Wadhwa, Jessica L Waller, Jonas Winchell, Jacob S Witherbee, Mary-Claire Worrell, Victor Akelo, Jeffrey P Koplan, Robert F Breiman, Cynthia G Whitney","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7506a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7506a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest rates of stillbirths and rates of death among children aged &lt;5 years, with many countries in those regions unlikely to meet the 2030 goal of ending preventable deaths among newborns and children aged &lt;5 years. Conventional mortality surveillance (determining cause of death through interviews with family members or caregivers [i.e., verbal autopsy] and vital registration) in areas with high mortality often lacks laboratory confirmation of causes and incompletely identifies maternal contributors and comorbid conditions, providing information that is insufficiently specific to guide prevention efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;December 2016-December 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network generates standardized, laboratory-confirmed data on causes and preventability of deaths among neonates, infants, and children aged &lt;5 years and stillbirths in areas with high mortality. During 2016-2024, CHAMPS operated in seven countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and South Africa) through population-defined catchment areas. Eligibility required residence in a CHAMPS catchment area for ≥4 months before death or, for children aged &lt;4 months, since birth. Deaths were investigated using a standardized postmortem approach that included minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), laboratory investigations (conventional and molecular microbiology and histopathology), interviews with family members or caregivers (i.e., verbal autopsy), and pediatric and maternal clinical record abstraction. Multidisciplinary determination of cause-of-death (DeCoDe) panels integrated evidence to assign causes (including multiple causes per death) and assess preventability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2016-2024, a total of 18,784 eligible deaths were identified; families consented to CHAMPS enrollment for 15,612 (83.1%) of these deaths. MITS was completed for 9,415 deaths and DeCoDe was completed for 8,500 (90.3% of MITS-investigated deaths); a total of 3,199 (37.6%) were stillbirths; 3,230 (38.0%) were neonatal deaths; and 2,071 (24.4%) were deaths of infants (aged 28 days to &lt;12 months) and children (aged ≥12 to &lt;60 months). Stillbirths were predominantly attributed to perinatal asphyxia or hypoxia (79.1%), often with maternal hypertensive disorders, placental abnormalities, chorioamnionitis, and other medical conditions (e.g., diabetes). Neonatal deaths involved preterm complications (39.7%); asphyxia or hypoxia (37.7%), which often is linked to maternal and intrapartum care; and sepsis (36.5%), commonly resulting from infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Among infants and children, leading causes of death included lower respiratory infections (37.4%), sepsis (36.9%), malnutrition (27.3%), malaria (22.1%), and diarrheal disease ","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 6","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13564208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Surveillance for Invasive Mold Disease - Four Hospitals, Atlanta, Georgia, 2020-2024.","authors":"Elizabeth T Sajewski, Carolyn Mackey, Stepy Thomas, Kyle Winston, Dana Goodenough, Alison M Binder, Andrea Cool, Donika Grandberry, Mitsuru Toda, Lalitha Gade, Anastasia P Litvintseva, Shawn R Lockhart, Luisa F López, Krupali Patel, Saarang Gopinath, Bruno C Rediguieri, Brian Min, Natalie S Nunnally, Cordel Phillips, D Joseph Sexton, Brian Jester, Eddie Mata, Hannah Zenas, Monica M Farley, Stephanie M Pouch, Lucy S Witt, Nora T Oliver, Jeremy A W Gold","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7505a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7505a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Invasive mold diseases (IMDs) are rare, life-threatening infections that primarily affect persons with immunocompromising conditions. The most common molds associated with IMDs are Aspergillus spp., Mucorales (e.g., Mucor spp., Rhizomucor spp., and Rhizopus spp.), Fusarium spp., and Scedosporium spp. IMDs can affect the lungs, sinuses, skin, central nervous system, or multiple body sites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2020-2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;IMD is not a nationally notifiable condition. CDC conducts active, laboratory-based IMD surveillance through the Georgia Emerging Infections Program at three laboratories that serve four Atlanta, Georgia, hospitals: two academic hospitals and their associated outpatient clinics, one federal hospital, and one community hospital. Identifying and classifying IMD cases is challenging because 1) symptoms often are nonspecific and 2) the presence of mold growth in clinical cultures might indicate infection, colonization, or laboratory contamination.Potential IMD cases were identified through a review of records from laboratories serving the hospitals included in this surveillance system to identify patients who received positive results from mold cultures or Aspergillus galactomannan tests, which detect the presence of galactomannan, a compound found in Aspergillus fungi, in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens. Potential cases in these patients were classified as proven or probable cases using established National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (MSG) criteria that consider laboratory findings (e.g., histopathologic evidence of angioinvasive mold infection or a fungal culture from a normally sterile body site), clinical or radiologic features supporting IMD classification (e.g., chest computed tomography or bronchoscopy results suggestive of fungal disease, sinonasal signs, or central nervous system imaging results), and host factors that predispose patients to IMD (e.g., recent history of neutropenia, hematologic malignancy, transplantation receipt, and use of certain immunosuppressive medications). Potential cases that did not meet the laboratory, clinical, and host-factor criteria for MSG-proven or MSG-probable cases could be categorized as surveillance cases if treating clinicians diagnosed IMD in a patient and initiated treatment with antifungal therapy effective against mold or if the patient died within 3 days of specimen collection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2020-2024, a total of 968 unique patients with potential IMD were identified across four Atlanta hospitals and their associated outpatient clinics. Of those, 449 (46%) were classified as having IMD, including 89 (20%) MSG-proven, 142 (32%) MSG-probable, and 218 (49%) surveillance cases. Among patients with IMD, 58 (13%) had a current or recent COVID-19 diagnosis. Information on bed count was available for three of th","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 5","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance for Candida auris - United States, 2022-2024.","authors":"Jeremy A W Gold, Anna D Baker, Kaitlin Benedict, Kaitlin Forsberg, Jessica E Laury, Ria R Ghai, Danielle A Rankin, Maroya Spalding Walters, Shawn R Lockhart, Sophie Jones, Meghan Lyman","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7504a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7504a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Candida auris is an emerging yeast that is frequently resistant to antifungal drugs. C. auris can cause invasive infections associated with high mortality and can colonize patients asymptomatically, which facilitates transmission in health care settings. Since it was first reported in the United States in 2016, C. auris has been identified in multiple states, with increasing numbers of cases reported annually. Monitoring national trends in cases identified through clinical testing and screening for colonization is critical to guide infection prevention and control efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2022-2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;State and jurisdictional health departments voluntarily report clinical and screening C. auris cases to CDC using standardized case definitions of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Clinical cases are defined as detection of C. auris from specimens collected for diagnostic purposes; screening cases are defined as detection from colonization screening swabs. Cases were reported to CDC through the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) or Data Collation and Integration for Public Health Event Response (DCIPHER) platforms. Data included patient age and sex, case type, specimen type (for clinical cases), health care facility type, Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network geographic region, and specimen collection date. Analyses were descriptive and limited to cases with specimens collected during 2022-2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2022-2024, a total of 13,507 clinical C. auris cases were reported to CDC, increasing from 2,882 in 2022 to 4,428 in 2023 and 6,197 in 2024, with smaller annual percentage increases over time (53.7% from 2022 to 2023 and 39.9% from 2023 to 2024). Most clinical cases occurred among adults aged ≥45 years (87.8%) and among males (61.0%). The most common specimen types among all clinical cases were urine (31.5%) and blood (30.2%); by year, the proportion of blood as the specimen type was 34.4% in 2022, 30.2% in 2023, and 25.6% in 2024. Most clinical cases were identified through specimens collected in acute care hospitals (76.6%) and long-term acute care hospitals (17.8%).During the same period, a total of 27,853 screening cases were reported to CDC, increasing from 6,226 in 2022 to 9,195 in 2023 and 12,432 in 2024. Screening cases most frequently occurred among adults aged ≥45 years (90.0%) and males (57.9%). Among cases with known facility type, the proportion of specimens collected in acute care hospitals increased from 24.7% in 2022 to 50.7% in 2024, whereas the proportion of specimens collected in long-term acute care hospitals decreased from 56.1% to 35.7% during the same period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation: &lt;/strong&gt;The number of clinical and screening C. auris cases reported to CDC increased during 2022-2024, indicating ongoing transmission in U.S. health care settings. Although","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 4","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148363084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Marine Toxins - Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, United States, 2011-2023.","authors":"Cassie M Hartley, Son T Hoang, Virginia A Roberts, Anna N Chard","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7503a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7503a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Marine toxins cause most of the noninfectious outbreaks reported to CDC's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) each year. Certain marine toxins are produced by algae that accumulate in aquatic animals through the food chain, whereas others appear as a result of improper food storage and are therefore preventable. Overgrowths of toxin-producing algae (harmful algal blooms) have occurred on both U.S. coasts; the historical geographic range for some species (e.g., Gambierdiscus in tropical and subtropical regions) have expanded. Marine toxins that cause foodborne illness are tasteless, odorless, resistant to cooking or freezing, and can produce a complex variety of gastrointestinal, neurologic, and neuropsychologic symptoms. Among persons with severe illness resulting from ingestion of marine toxins, cardiovascular and respiratory manifestations can result in hospitalization and death. Analyzing these outbreaks provides insight into their incidence, severity, and key characteristics, which can be used to guide food safety and foodborne illness prevention efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2011-2023.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;Via FDOSS, CDC collects data on foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, and territorial health departments in the United States. Foodborne disease outbreaks are defined as two or more cases of similar illness associated with a common food exposure; outbreak etiologies and food sources can be reported as confirmed or suspected. Since 2009, health departments have voluntarily reported foodborne disease outbreaks to FDOSS through CDC's web-based National Outbreak Reporting System.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2011-2023, a total of 402 foodborne disease outbreaks caused by marine toxins were reported to FDOSS. These outbreaks resulted in 1,280 illnesses, 96 hospitalizations, and one death. The national rate of these reported outbreaks was 1.2 outbreaks per 1 million population. Outbreaks were reported by 32 states; Washington, DC; and Puerto Rico. Hawaii (25.3 outbreaks per 1 million population), Puerto Rico (16.5), Florida (6.3), and Alaska (5.4) had the highest reported rates. A food source was identified in 396 (99%) outbreaks, of which 379 (96%) implicated fish. Among 313 outbreak investigations in which the food importation status was known, 219 (70%) of the implicated foods were not imported. Of the 377 outbreaks in which a single location of food preparation was identified, private homes were reported in 193 (51%) outbreaks and sit-down dining restaurants were reported in 130 (34%) outbreaks.Nearly all outbreak reports (95%) implicated scombroid toxin (192 outbreaks, 597 illnesses, and six hospitalizations) or ciguatoxin (189 outbreaks, 619 illnesses, and 67 hospitalizations). For the 192 scombroid toxin outbreaks, the jurisdictions reporting the highest number of outbreaks were New York (43 [22%]), Florida (38 [20%]), C","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 3","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13326085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148266886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brucellosis Surveillance - United States, 2010-2024.","authors":"Nekole S Locke, Katherine M DeBord, Rebekah V Tiller, Robyn A Stoddard, Elke Saile, Vit Kraushaar, Guillermo Adame, Connie Austin, Joel Ackelsberg, Alexandra Newman, Grishma Kharod, Marta Guerra, Rita M Traxler, Meredith Parrado, William A Bower, Caitlin M Cossaboom, Dawn Blackburn, Alex R Hoffmaster, Zachary Weiner, Maria E Negron","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7502a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7502a1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Problem/condition: </strong>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the Brucella genus, and humans can acquire the disease from infected animals or their by-products. This report on U.S. brucellosis cases is the first since the adoption of the 2010 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists' (CSTE) brucellosis case definition.</p><p><strong>Period covered: </strong>2010-2024.</p><p><strong>Description of system: </strong>Data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), information from supplemental case report forms (CRFs), and data from analyses of clinical specimen testing by CDC during 2010-2024 were analyzed. The 2010 CSTE brucellosis case definition was used to determine case status using supplemental CRFs submitted for cases reported through NNDSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 2010-2024, a total of 1,796 confirmed and probable cases of brucellosis were reported to CDC through NNDSS. A total of 878 of 1,796 (49%) cases also had a supplemental CRF submitted. Of these, 503 (57%) cases met the 2010 CSTE brucellosis confirmed or probable case definition on the basis of clinical and laboratory data submitted on the supplemental CRF; 383 cases (76%) were confirmed and 120 (24%) were probable. Among persons with brucellosis cases meeting the CSTE definition, 308 (61%) reported any travel, and of those, 245 (80%) reported only international travel during the 6 months before symptom onset. The most frequently reported exposures among persons with international travel were consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or undercooked meat (n = 195 [73%]). Among persons without international travel, the most frequently reported exposures were animal contact (n = 116 [62%]), particularly skinning and slaughtering wild animals (n = 47 [41%]) and hunting wild animals (n = 46 [40%]).</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>The lack of adequate clinical or laboratory data led to the exclusion of nearly half of the supplemental CRFs from this analysis. However, the following recognized exposures to Brucella were identified in cases with adequate information: 1) consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or undercooked meat, particularly those produced outside the United States or meat from wild animals, and 2) animal contact, especially skinning and slaughtering of wild animals. Findings suggest ongoing public health messaging to reduce exposures from unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat, and to promote safe field dressing practices among hunters. For hunters and other persons who skin or slaughter wild animals, safe field dressing practices might help reduce infection risk.</p><p><strong>Public health action: </strong>Increasing brucellosis awareness among populations at risk for infection, health care providers, and public health officials will strengthen prevention and surveillance efforts and ultimately improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 2","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13229130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetanus Surveillance - United States, 2009-2023.","authors":"Michelle M Hughes, Avnika B Amin, Amy B Rubis","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7501a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7501a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Tetanus is a serious but vaccine-preventable disease caused by the toxin produced by germinated spores of Clostridium tetani bacteria. Despite substantial declines in incidence resulting from immunization, cases continue to occur, particularly among unvaccinated and undervaccinated populations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2009-2023.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System uses national surveillance to identify cases of tetanus using the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists' tetanus case definition. Tetanus cases identified through clinical diagnosis are reported to CDC by state health departments. Detailed tetanus-specific case information is requested, which includes tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine (TTCV) vaccination history, wound history, medical care before tetanus disease onset, and the clinical course of illness, including death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2009-2023, a total of 402 tetanus cases and 37 associated deaths were reported from 47 states and the District of Columbia, with a mean annual tetanus incidence of 0.08 cases and 0.008 deaths per 1 million population. More than half (62.2%) of all reported tetanus cases occurred in males. Incidence was higher among males than females for all persons aged &lt;65 years and higher among women than men for adults aged ≥80 years. Women aged ≥80 years had the highest overall tetanus incidence (0.27 cases per 1 million population). The overall case-fatality rate among persons with tetanus with known vital status was 12.4% (37 of 299), with deaths predominantly affecting older adults. A total of 45.0% of persons with tetanus who had a substantial wound sought medical care before disease onset. Among patients with wounds eligible for tetanus post-exposure prophylaxis, 2.3% received tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and 26% received TTCV per recommendations. Among persons whose vaccination history was known, a substantial proportion (43.9%) had not received any TTCV doses, highlighting substantial gaps in coverage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite being preventable through vaccination, tetanus continues to occur among persons of all age groups in the United States. Overall, males have higher incidence compared with females; the highest incidence is among older women. Approximately 1 in 10 persons who develop tetanus will die, with the highest mortality and case-fatality rates among older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public health action: &lt;/strong&gt;Multiple efforts might reduce the incidence of tetanus, including clinicians' assessing for and offering routine tetanus vaccination for children and decennial tetanus boosters for adults. In addition, persons with significant wounds should seek timely medical care, and clinicians should provide recommended wound care, including identifying tetanus-prone wounds and the need for and administration of TTCV and TIG. Because C.","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13094583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2022.","authors":"Kaitlin Forsberg, Kameron J Sheats, Janet M Blair, Brenda L Nguyen, Esther Amoakohene, Carter J Betz, Bridget H Lyons","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7405a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7405a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;In 2022, approximately 24,000 persons died of homicide and approximately 49,000 persons died of suicide in the United States, according to the National Vital Statistics System. This report summarizes data from CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) on suicides, homicides, legal intervention deaths, unintentional firearm injury deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent that occurred in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2022. Results are reported by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, method of injury, type of location where the injury occurred, circumstances of injury, and other selected characteristics. In contrast to the 2021 NVDRS report, which collected data from a subset of states and included suicide data for persons aged ≥10 years, this report includes data from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and includes suicide data for all ages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2022.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;NVDRS collects data from death certificates, coroner and medical examiner reports, and law enforcement reports. This report includes data collected for violent deaths and suicides that occurred in 2022. Data were collected from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A total of 47 states had statewide data, three states had data from counties representing a subset of their population (32 California counties, representing 68% of its population; 32 Florida counties, representing 70% of its population; and 13 Texas counties, representing 63% of its population), and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico had jurisdiction-wide data. NVDRS collates information for each death and links deaths that are related (e.g., multiple homicides, homicide followed by suicide, or multiple suicides) into a single incident.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;For 2022, NVDRS collected information on 72,127 fatal incidents involving 74,148 deaths that occurred in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. In addition, data were collected for 727 fatal incidents involving 809 deaths in Puerto Rico, which were analyzed separately. Of the 74,148 deaths that occurred in 50 states and the District of Columbia, the majority (60.6%) were suicides, followed by homicides (30.2%), deaths of undetermined intent (7.1%), legal intervention deaths (1.4%) (i.e., deaths caused by law enforcement and other persons with legal authority to use deadly force acting in the line of duty, excluding legal executions, without denoting the lawfulness or legality of the circumstances surrounding the death), and unintentional firearm injury deaths (&lt;1.0%). Of the 809 deaths that occurred in Puerto Rico, 73.9% were homicides and 23.5% were suicides.Demographic patterns and circumstances varied by manner of death. In the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the suicide rate was higher for males than for females (23.7 versus 6.1 per 100,000 population)","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"74 5","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":49.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12172374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia - 10 Sites, United States, 2017-2021.","authors":"Emily N Jenkins, Jeremy A W Gold, Kaitlin Benedict, Shawn R Lockhart, Elizabeth L Berkow, Tamia Dixon, Shanita L Shack, Lucy S Witt, Lee H Harrison, Shannon Seopaul, Maria A Correa, Megan Fitzsimons, Yalda Jabarkhyl, Devra Barter, Christopher A Czaja, Helen Johnston, Tiffanie Markus, William Schaffner, Annastasia Gross, Ruth Lynfield, Laura Tourdot, Joelle Nadle, Jeremy Roland, Gabriela Escutia, Alexia Y Zhang, Anita Gellert, Christine Hurley, Brenda L Tesini, Erin C Phipps, Sarah Shrum Davis, Meghan Lyman","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7404a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7404a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;Candidemia, a bloodstream infection caused by Candida spp., is a common cause of health care-associated bloodstream infections in the United States. Candidemia is associated with substantial health care costs, morbidity, and mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2017-2021.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaboration among CDC, state health departments, and academic partners, was used to conduct active, population-based laboratory surveillance for candidemia at city or county sites located in 10 states (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, and Tennessee), representing a combined population of approximately 21.5 million persons, or 7% of the U.S. population in 2019. Connecticut began reporting cases on January 1, 2019, and conducts statewide surveillance. Although candidemia is not a nationally notifiable condition, cases of Candida auris infection are nationally notifiable, and cases of candidemia caused by C. auris could be included in both national case counts and EIP surveillance. A culture-confirmed candidemia case is defined as a positive blood culture for any Candida sp. from a resident in the surveillance catchment area. Subsequent positive blood cultures for Candida within 30 days of the initial positive culture (index date) in the same patient are considered part of the same case. Clinical laboratories serving each catchment area report candidemia cases, and trained surveillance officers abstract information from medical charts for all cases. Corresponding isolates are sent to CDC for species confirmation and antifungal susceptibility testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 7,381 candidemia cases were identified during the surveillance period (2017-2021). The overall incidence was 7.4 cases per 100,000 population. Across age groups, sexes, racial and ethnic groups, and surveillance sites, incidence was generally stable or increased slightly from 2017 to 2021, with the lowest overall incidence in 2019 (6.8) and the highest in 2021 (7.9). In 2021, candidemia incidence was highest in patients aged ≥65 years (22.7) and infants (aged &lt;1 year) (8.0). Incidence was higher in males (8.7) compared with females (7.0) and higher in non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) patients (12.8) compared with non-Black patients (5.6). Incidence was highest in Maryland (14.5), followed by Tennessee (10.1) and Georgia (10.0); incidence was lowest in Oregon (4.8). Increases occurred in the percentage of cases classified as health care onset (52.2% in 2017 to 58.0% in 2021). Overall, among 7,381 cases (in 6,235 patients), 63.7% occurred in patients who had a central venous catheter, 80.7% involved recent systemic antibiotic receipt, and 9.0% occurred in patients who had a history of injection drug use. The percentage of cases with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test during the 90 days be","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"74 4","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":49.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enteric Disease Outbreaks Associated with Animal Contact - Animal Contact Outbreak Surveillance System, United States, 2009-2021.","authors":"Taylor Eisenstein, Marisa Wong, Grace Vahey, Ariana Perez Toepfer, Brigette Gleason, Katharine Benedict","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7403a1","DOIUrl":"10.15585/mmwr.ss7403a1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem/condition: &lt;/strong&gt;An estimated 450,000 enteric illnesses, 5,000 hospitalizations, and 76 deaths associated with animal contact occur each year in the United States. Enteric illnesses are diseases that affect the stomach or intestines and cause symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting, and are typically transmitted from animals to humans through the fecal-oral route. Humans might encounter animal feces or bodily fluids through contact with the animal itself, the animal's environment, or the animal's food or water. Although outbreak-associated illnesses account for a small subset of all enteric illnesses linked to animal contact, data obtained from outbreak surveillance offer insights into the underlying epidemiologic factors contributing to illnesses, including the pathogens, animals, pathogen-animal category pairs, and settings of outbreaks associated with animal contact.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Period covered: &lt;/strong&gt;2009-2021.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of system: &lt;/strong&gt;The Animal Contact Outbreak Surveillance System (ACOSS) was launched in 2009 in conjunction with the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS), a web-based platform that includes reports of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks as well as enteric disease outbreaks transmitted by contact with environmental sources, infected persons or animals, or unknown modes. ACOSS encompasses animal contact outbreaks that are reported to CDC through NORS. Local, state, and territorial health departments voluntarily report animal contact outbreaks, which are defined as two or more enteric illnesses associated with a common animal source. Outbreaks can involve single or multiple states; CDC staff typically report multistate outbreaks on behalf of state and territorial health departments. ACOSS defines an animal source as an animal (including domestic and wild animals); an animal's feces or bodily fluids (except milk and other fluids consumed as food, which are defined as foodborne sources); an animal's fur, hair, feathers, scales, or skin; an animal's food; or an animal's environment, which includes places in which it lives and roams.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During 2009-2021, a total of 557 animal contact outbreaks of enteric disease were reported in the United States through ACOSS, accounting for 14,377 illnesses, 2,656 hospitalizations, and 22 deaths. Exposures were reported in all 50 states, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. During the period there were 393 single-state outbreaks and 164 multistate outbreaks. Although multistate outbreaks comprised 29% of all outbreaks reported through ACOSS, they accounted for 80% of illnesses, 88% of hospitalizations, and 82% of deaths. Among 474 outbreaks with a confirmed single etiology, Salmonella was the most common cause of outbreaks (248 outbreaks [52%]); these outbreaks accounted for the most outbreak-associated illnesses (11,822 [85%]), hospitalizations (2,393 [91%]), and deaths (17 [77%]). Cryptosporidium (108 outbreaks [2","PeriodicalId":48549,"journal":{"name":"Mmwr Surveillance Summaries","volume":"74 3","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":96.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}