Facets最新文献

{"title":"Baseline composition, quantity, and condition of bycatch in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence spring and summer American lobster fisheries","authors":"S. Boudreau, Patricia H. Hanley","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0227","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence American lobster ( Homarus americanus) fishery on species bycatch is currently unknown. The composition of the incidental catch, both nonharvestable lobster (by fisheries regulations) and nonlobster species, was systematically collected over the 2015 spring and summer fishing seasons. A total of 51 948 (7147 were nonlobster taxa) individual organisms weighing 13 987.60 kg (1223.91 kg of nonlobster taxa) were captured as bycatch during 73 fishing trips. By weight per trip, the most common lobster bycatch were undersized male and females, and the highest nonlobster species catch were Atlantic rock crab ( Cancer irroratus). A semiquantitative assessment of injury and vitality was applied to bycatch as a proxy for discard mortality. The majority of the individuals assessed for visible injury were deemed uninjured (98% both fish and invertebrates); however, postrelease mortality was not measured. A smaller study in 2019 corroborated the 2015 catches and supported current assumptions that the passive gear type, the low diversity of bycatch, and the rapid hand-sorting of the trap minimize the impact of the lobster fishery on incidentally captured taxa. Further scientific monitoring is recommended to better account for all sources of mortality in stock assessments and rebuilding plans.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43596811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snow, ponds, trees, and frogs: how environmental processes mediate climate change impacts on four subarctic terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems","authors":"M. Morison, N. Casson, S. Mamet, J. Davenport, T. Livingston, L. Fishback, H. White, A. Windsor","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0163","url":null,"abstract":"Amplified warming in subarctic regions is having measurable impacts on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem processes. At the boundary of the discontinuous and continuous permafrost zones, and at the northern extent of the boreal forest, the Hudson Bay Lowlands has experienced, and is projected to continue to experience dramatic rates of climate change in the coming decades. In this review, we explore the impacts of climate change on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in the Hudson Bay Lowlands and other environmental processes that mediate these impacts. We surveyed published literature from the region to identify climate indicators associated with impacts on snowpacks, ponds, vegetation, and wood frogs. These climate indicators were calculated using statistically downscaled climate projections, and the potential impacts on ecosystem processes are discussed. While there is a strong trend towards longer and warmer summers, associated changes in the vegetation community mean that snowpacks are not necessarily decreasing, which is important for freshwater ponds dependent on snowmelt recharge. A clear throughline is that the impacts on these ecosystem processes are complex, interconnected, and nonlinear. This review provides a framework for understanding the ways in which climate change has and will affect subarctic regions.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45525991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How might climate change impact water safety and boil water advisories in Canada?","authors":"Sara Moghaddam-Ghadimi, Audrey Tam, U. T. Khan, Stephanie L. Gora","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0223","url":null,"abstract":"A boil water advisory (BWA) informs the public that there is an increased level of risk associated with their water and that they should boil it before consuming. Studies show that small communities in Canada are particularly likely to experience repeat and long-term BWAs. Climate change has led to changes in precipitation and temperature patterns, leading to region-specific impacts such as increased frequency, severity, or variance in floods, forest fires, droughts, freezing rain, and sea water intrusion. Academic and non-academic “grey” literature was reviewed to establish the most likely impacts of climate change on water treatment and infrastructure. Anonymized data from public drinking water systems in Canada was analyzed to determine the most common causes of BWAs between 2005 and 2020. Most BWAs reported were related to breakdowns/malfunctions along the distribution, though inadequate disinfection residual and turbidity or coliforms in the treated water were also common. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the data showed seasonal trends in some of these parameters. The results of this study suggest that increased precipitation, flooding, permafrost degradation, and forest fires are likely to have significant impacts on water safety in Canada. Climate change effects are expected to worsen many current water challenges. Climate change will disproportionately impact small, rural, and remote water utilities. Water distribution systems are the main source of water safety risk in Canada. Groundwater-supplied systems experience a disproportionate number of BWAs. Seasonal trends in BWA reasons provide opportunities for targeted mitigation.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48309758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shorebirds exhibit niche partitioning on multiple dimensions at a small staging site on the Northumberland Strait, New Brunswick, Canada","authors":"Sara C. Bellefontaine, D. Hamilton","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0230","url":null,"abstract":"Animal populations take advantage of environmental heterogeneity to partition themselves into microhabitat niches. Such partitioning plays an important role in regulating interspecific competition and community structure by allowing multiple species to coexist. Atlantic Canada has many small coastal staging sites that host southbound migrant shorebirds. However, most shorebird studies in the region have been focused on larger sites in the Bay of Fundy, resulting in limited knowledge about staging ecology at these small sites, which often host more diverse shorebird assemblages. We examined niche partitioning by shorebirds on the Northumberland Strait, New Brunswick, Canada, to better understand how small coastal staging sites support diverse shorebird populations. We found evidence of partitioning on three niche dimensions: space, foraging behaviour, and diet. Most species specialized in at least one dimension, with foraging constraints based on bill morphology and habitat access based on species size likely driving segregation. Environmental heterogeneity at sites on the Northumberland Strait created multiple dimensions for segregation and fulfilled the niche requirements of diverse shorebird species during migratory staging. These findings broaden our understanding of staging ecology of multispecies flocks and suggest that conservation of small coastal sites is important for success of migratory shorebirds in Atlantic Canada.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45771787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of plastic pollution on atmospheric carbon dioxide","authors":"Natalia S. Gurgacz, Karin Kvale, Michael Eby, Andrew J. Weaver","doi":"10.1139/facets-2023-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2023-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Since the beginning of its large-scale production in the early 20th century, plastics have remained an important material in widespread use throughout modern society. Nevertheless, despite possessing many benefits, plastics are resistant to degradation and instead accumulate in the ocean and terrestrial sediments, thereby potentially affecting marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Plastics release CO 2 throughout their entire lifecycle; during the extraction of materials used in their production, through plastic–carbon leaching in the marine and terrestrial environment, and during their different end-of-life scenarios, which include recycling, landfill, and incineration. Here, we use the University of Victoria earth system climate model to quantity the effects on atmospheric CO 2 and the ocean carbon cycle by using upper-bound estimates of carbon emissions from marine plastic–carbon leaching or land-based incineration. Despite the suggestions of some, our results indicate that it has only a very minor influence and an insignificant effect on the earth's global climate system. This holds even if plastic contamination increases well beyond current levels. On the other hand, carbon emissions associated with plastic production and incineration have a greater impact on climate while still dwarfed by emissions associated with the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and other anthropogenic sources. Our results have important policy implications for ongoing United Nations Environment Programme Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution negotiations.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135053826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using transcriptomics to examine the physiological status of wild-caught walleye (Sander vitreus)","authors":"J. D. Jeffrey, M. Thorstensen, E. Enders, Jason R. Treberg, K. Jeffries","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0177","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, is Canada’s second largest commercial inland freshwater fishery, and concern over collapse of the walleye fishery is growing. Molecular techniques have been increasingly used to study responses of wild organisms to environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The present study used transcriptomics to examine the physiology of wild-caught walleye ( Sander vitreus (Mitchell, 1818)) across Lake Winnipeg using non-lethal techniques. Gill transcriptomes of walleye sampled from the north and south basins of Lake Winnipeg, and the channel connecting them, exhibited distinct profiles implicating regionally specific biological responses. North basin walleye exhibited transcriptomic responses indicative of exposure to environmental stressors. Transcriptomic patterns suggested a shift to increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism and up-regulation of hypoxia-sensitive genes in north basin fish, possibly representing exposure to low-oxygen conditions. Exposure to environmental stressors may also have driven increases in gene transcripts associated with proteasomal catabolism, DNA repair, molecular chaperones, and ion regulation. North basin fish also exhibited transcriptomic patterns indicative of gill remodeling via regulation of the mTOR pathway, cytoskeleton reorganization, and fatty acid synthesis. Our results highlight the complexity of examining wild fish across environmental gradients but also the potential use of molecular techniques in elucidating organismal sensitivity to local environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42230386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying ensemble ecosystem model projections to future-proof marine conservation planning in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean","authors":"A. Bryndum-Buchholz, J. Blanchard, M. Coll, Hubert Du Pontavice, J. Everett, J. Guiet, R. Heneghan, O. Maury, C. Novaglio, J. Palacios‐Abrantes, C. M. Petrik, D. Tittensor, H. Lotze","doi":"10.1139/facets-2023-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2023-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is altering marine ecosystems across the globe and is projected to do so for centuries to come. Marine conservation agencies can use short- and long-term projections of species-specific or ecosystem-level climate responses to inform marine conservation planning. Yet, integration of climate change adaptation, mitigation, and resilience into marine conservation planning is limited. We analysed future trajectories of climate change impacts on total consumer biomass and six key physical and biogeochemical drivers across the Northwest Atlantic Ocean to evaluate the consequences for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in Atlantic Canada. We identified climate change hotspots and refugia, where the environmental drivers are projected to change most or remain close to their current state, respectively, by mid- and end-century. We used standardized outputs from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project and the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Our analysis revealed that, currently, no existing marine conservation areas in Atlantic Canada overlap with identified climate refugia. Most (75%) established MPAs and more than one-third (39%) of the established OECMs lie within cumulative climate hotspots. Our results provide important long-term context for adaptation and future-proofing spatial marine conservation planning in Canada and the Northwest Atlantic region.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47686911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating community science sampling for microplastics in shore sediments of large river watersheds","authors":"S. Forrest, Katherine I. Alambo, Larissa Holman, J. Vermaire","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0104","url":null,"abstract":"A community science project in the Ottawa River Watershed in Canada interacted with an existing volunteer base to collect sediment from 68 locations in the watershed over approximately 750 km. Ninety-one percent of the distributed kits were returned with 42 volunteers taking part in the project. After analysis, particle concentrations were relatively low compared to previous freshwater microplastic sediment research, with contributing factors including (but not limited to) the large size of the watershed, a lower population base compared to other researched freshwater watersheds, the relative size and discharge of the Ottawa River and the large seasonal fluxes experienced in the river basin. Utilising community science for sampling large freshwater watersheds demonstrated its advantages in the research, especially spatially. However, careful consideration to research design and implementation is essential for community science projects examining microplastics in freshwater sediments. Research teams should ensure they are responsible for strict quality assurance and quality control protocols, especially in the laboratory with sample preparation and processing. Nonetheless, community science is potentially an extremely useful approach for researchers to use for microplastic sampling projects over large spatial areas.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43819844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening health care in Canada post-COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"L. Rabeneck, Christine A. McCabe, M. Dobrow, A. Ruco, M. Andrew, Sabrina Wong, S. Straus, L. Paszat, L. Richardson, C. Simpson, Andrew S. Boozary","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0225","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this policy briefing is to examine our health care systems through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify how we can strengthen health care in Canada post-pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided compelling evidence that substantive changes to our health care systems are needed. Specifically, the pandemic has emphasized structural inequities on a broad scale within Canadian society. These include systemic racial and socioeconomic inequities that must be addressed broadly, including in the delivery of health care. We make recommendations about what we can do to emerge stronger from the pandemic. While these recommendations are not novel, how they are framed and contextualized differs because of the problems in our health care system that have been highlighted and exacerbated by the pandemic.The evidence is clear that socioeconomic circumstances, intergenerational trauma, adverse early life experiences, and educational opportunities are critical factors when it comes to health over the life course. Given the problems in the delivery of health care that the pandemic has revealed, we need a different approach. How health care was organized prior to the COVID-19 pandemic did not produce what people wanted and needed in terms of health care and outcomes. How do we emerge from COVID-19 with an effective, equitable, and resilient health care system for all Canadians? To address health inequities and emerge from the pandemic with strengthened health care in Canada, we must consider how Amartya Sen's capabilities framework on social well-being can be operationalized to achieve better health care and health outcomes. Specifically, we address the need to: strengthen primary care and improve access to primary care; utilize a community-embedded approach to care; and implement better integration across the care continuum, including integration between primary care and public health. Coherent governance and leadership that are charged with realizing benefits through collaboration will maximize outcomes and promote sustainability. Only when we provide access to high-quality culturally competent care that is centered around the individual and their needs will we be able to make true headway in addressing these long-standing health inequities.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41905182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canada's marine carbon sink: an early career perspective on the state of research and existing knowledge gaps","authors":"P. Duke, B. Richaud, R. Arruda, J. Länger, K. Schuler, P. Gooya, M.M.M. Ahmed, M.R. Miller, C.A. Braybrook, K. Kam, R. Piunno, Y. Sezginer, G. Nickoloff, A. C. Franco","doi":"10.1139/facets-2022-0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0214","url":null,"abstract":"Improving our understanding of how the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide is critical to climate change mitigation efforts. We, a group of early career ocean professionals working in Canada, summarize current research and identify steps forward to improve our understanding of the marine carbon sink in Canadian national and offshore waters. We have compiled an extensive collection of reported surface ocean air–sea carbon dioxide exchange values within each of Canada's three adjacent ocean basins. We review the current understanding of air–sea carbon fluxes and identify major challenges limiting our understanding in the Pacific, the Arctic, and the Atlantic Ocean. We focus on ways of reducing uncertainty to inform Canada's carbon stocktake, establish baselines for marine carbon dioxide removal projects, and support efforts to mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification. Future directions recommended by this group include investing in maturing and building capacity in the use of marine carbon sensors, improving ocean biogeochemical models fit-for-purpose in regional and ocean carbon dioxide removal applications, creating transparent and robust monitoring, verification, and reporting protocols for marine carbon dioxide removal, tailoring community-specific approaches to co-generate knowledge with First Nations, and advancing training opportunities for early career ocean professionals in marine carbon science and technology.","PeriodicalId":48511,"journal":{"name":"Facets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42857267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}