American Sociological Review最新文献_第8页

Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium 价值观与不平等:亲社会工作与大学工资溢价

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221089335

Nathan Wilmers, Letian Zhang

{"title":"Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium","authors":"Nathan Wilmers, Letian Zhang","doi":"10.1177/00031224221089335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221089335","url":null,"abstract":"Employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. In an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial employers often turn out to be no more generous with low-wage workers than are other employers. In this article, we argue that prosocial commitments in fact inadvertently reduce earnings inequality, but through a different channel than generosity. Building on research on job values, we hypothesize that college graduates are more willing than nongraduates to sacrifice pay for prosocial impact. When employers appeal to prosocial values, they can thus disproportionately reduce pay for higher-educated workers. We test this theory with data on online U.S. job postings. We find that prosocial jobs requiring a college degree post lower pay than do standard postings with exactly the same job requirements; prosocial jobs that do not require a college degree, however, pay no differently from other low-education jobs. This gap reduces the aggregate college wage premium by around 5 percent. We present a variety of supplementary evidence using labor market data, worker survey responses, and a vignette experiment with hiring managers. The findings reveal an unintended consequence of employers’ embrace of prosocial values: it offsets macro-level inequality.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"415 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46305551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Factors Affecting Public Opinion on the Denial of Healthcare to Transgender Persons 影响变性人得不到医疗保健的舆论因素

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221082233

Long Doan, Matthew K. Grace

{"title":"Factors Affecting Public Opinion on the Denial of Healthcare to Transgender Persons","authors":"Long Doan, Matthew K. Grace","doi":"10.1177/00031224221082233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221082233","url":null,"abstract":"Between one-fifth and a third of people who are transgender have been refused treatment by a medical provider due to their gender identity. Yet, we know little about the factors that shape public opinion on this issue. We present results from a nationally representative survey experiment (N = 4,876) that examines how common justifications issued by providers for the denial of healthcare, and the race and gender identity of the person being denied care, intersect to shape public opinion concerning the acceptability of treatment refusal. We find that religious objections are viewed as less acceptable compared to a medical justification, in this case, inadequate training. However, the difference between religious objections and inadequate training is larger when the person being denied healthcare is White or Asian than when the person is Black or Latinx. Analysis of open-ended responses indicates the modest effect of doctor’s rationale on attitudes toward treatment refusal with respect to Black and Latinx patients is partially attributable to a racialized, free-market logic. Respondents were more likely to advocate for a doctor’s fundamental right to refuse service when evaluating Black and Latinx patients compared to White patients. We discuss the implications of these findings for intersectional approaches to trans studies and future public opinion research.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"275 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47566973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Under the Radar: Visibility and the Effects of Discrimination Lawsuits in Small and Large Firms 雷达下：中小企业歧视诉讼的可见性和影响

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221077677

C. Knight, F. Dobbin, Alexandra Kalev

{"title":"Under the Radar: Visibility and the Effects of Discrimination Lawsuits in Small and Large Firms","authors":"C. Knight, F. Dobbin, Alexandra Kalev","doi":"10.1177/00031224221077677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221077677","url":null,"abstract":"Research on how discrimination lawsuits affect corporate diversity has yielded mixed results. Qualitative studies highlight the limited efficacy of lawsuits in the typical workplace, finding that litigation frequently elicits resistance and even retribution from employers. But quantitative studies find that lawsuits can increase workforce diversity. This article develops an account of managerial resistance and firm visibility to reconcile these divergent findings. First, we synthesize job autonomy and group conflict theories to account for resistance that occurs when dominant groups perceive non-dominant groups to be attempting to usurp managerial authority, in this case through litigation. Second, we integrate insights from organizational institutionalism, which suggests that highly visible firms seek to demonstrate compliance with legal and societal norms. Drawing on this theory, we predict that only large, visible firms will see increases in diversity following lawsuits, and, by the same token, that the most visible workplaces of those large firms, their headquarters, will see the greatest changes. We test our hypotheses with data on litigation and workforce composition from a diverse set of 632 firms that were sued by the EEOC between 1997 and 2006. This study shows that understanding the consequences of lawsuits across firms, and across organizations within them, is key to tackling workplace discrimination.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"175 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41941193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

From Bat Mitzvah to the Bar: Religious Habitus, Self-Concept, and Women’s Educational Outcomes 从成年礼到成年礼：宗教习惯、自我观念与女性教育成果

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221076487

Ilana M. Horwitz, Kaylee T. Matheny, Krystal Laryea, Landon Schnabel

{"title":"From Bat Mitzvah to the Bar: Religious Habitus, Self-Concept, and Women’s Educational Outcomes","authors":"Ilana M. Horwitz, Kaylee T. Matheny, Krystal Laryea, Landon Schnabel","doi":"10.1177/00031224221076487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221076487","url":null,"abstract":"This study considers the role of religious habitus and self-concept in educational stratification. We follow 3,238 adolescents for 13 years by linking the National Study of Youth and Religion to the National Student Clearinghouse. Survey data reveal that girls with a Jewish upbringing have two distinct postsecondary patterns compared to girls with a non-Jewish upbringing, even after controlling for social origins: (1) they are 23 percentage points more likely to graduate college, and (2) they graduate from much more selective colleges. We then analyze 107 interviews with 33 girls from comparable social origins interviewed repeatedly between adolescence and emerging adulthood. Girls raised by Jewish parents articulate a self-concept marked by ambitious career goals and an eagerness to have new experiences. For these girls, elite higher education and graduate school are central to attaining self-concept congruence. In contrast, girls raised by non-Jewish parents tend to prioritize motherhood and have humbler employment aims. For them, graduating from college, regardless of its prestige, is sufficient for self-concept congruence. We conclude that religious subculture is a key factor in educational stratification, and divergent paths to self-concept congruence can help explain why educational outcomes vary by religion in gendered ways.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"336 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46297716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Intersecting the Academic Gender Gap: The Education of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual America 跨越学术性别差距：美国女同性恋、男同性恋和双性恋者的教育

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-20 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221075776

Joel Mittleman

{"title":"Intersecting the Academic Gender Gap: The Education of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual America","authors":"Joel Mittleman","doi":"10.1177/00031224221075776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221075776","url":null,"abstract":"Although gender is central to contemporary accounts of educational stratification, sexuality has been largely invisible as a population-level axis of academic inequality. Taking advantage of major recent data expansions, the current study establishes sexuality as a core dimension of educational stratification in the United States. First, I analyze lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults’ college completion rates: overall, by race/ethnicity, and by birth cohort. Then, using new data from the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009, I analyze LGB students’ performance on a full range of achievement and attainment measures. Across analyses, I reveal two demographic facts. First, women’s rising academic advantages are largely confined to straight women: although lesbian women historically outpaced straight women, in contemporary cohorts, lesbian and bisexual women face significant academic disadvantages. Second, boys’ well-documented underperformance obscures one group with remarkably high levels of school success: gay boys. Given these facts, I propose that marginalization from hegemonic gender norms has important—but asymmetric—impacts on men’s and women’s academic success. To illustrate this point, I apply what I call a “gender predictive” approach, using supervised machine learning methods to uncover patterns of inequality otherwise obscured by the binary sex/gender measures typically available in population research.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"303 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47122122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Criminalizing Poverty: The Consequences of Court Fees in a Randomized Experiment 将贫困定罪:随机实验中法院费用的后果

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-20 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221075783

D. Pager, Rebecca Goldstein, Helen Ho, B. Western

{"title":"Criminalizing Poverty: The Consequences of Court Fees in a Randomized Experiment","authors":"D. Pager, Rebecca Goldstein, Helen Ho, B. Western","doi":"10.1177/00031224221075783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221075783","url":null,"abstract":"Court-related fines and fees are widely levied on criminal defendants who are frequently poor and have little capacity to pay. Such financial obligations may produce a criminalization of poverty, where later court involvement results not from crime but from an inability to meet the financial burdens of the legal process. We test this hypothesis using a randomized controlled trial of court-related fee relief for misdemeanor defendants in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma. We find that relief from fees does not affect new criminal charges, convictions, or jail bookings after 12 months. However, control respondents were subject to debt collection efforts at significantly higher rates that involved new warrants, additional court debt, tax refund garnishment, and referral to a private debt collector. Despite significant efforts at debt collection among those in the control group, payments to the court totaled less than 5 percent of outstanding debt. The evidence indicates that court debt charged to indigent defendants neither caused nor deterred new crime, and the government obtained little financial benefit. Yet, fines and fees contributed to a criminalization of low-income defendants, placing them at risk of ongoing court involvement through new warrants and debt collection.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"529 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49229462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Bloodlines: National Border Crossings and Antisemitism in Weimar Germany 血统:魏玛德国的国家边境过境和反犹主义

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211071145

R. Braun

{"title":"Bloodlines: National Border Crossings and Antisemitism in Weimar Germany","authors":"R. Braun","doi":"10.1177/00031224211071145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211071145","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that national border crossings act as focal points for xenophobia. Two mechanisms converge to produce this pattern. First, when the nation-state is under pressure, border crossings make cross-national differences salient, producing a perceived link between international forces and socioeconomic problems of vulnerable social classes. Second, border crossings come to symbolize international threats and attract aggressive nationalist mobilization by radical movements who frame ethnic outsiders as an international evil. In this distinct spatial landscape, ethnic outsiders become scapegoats for broader social problems among individuals losing social status. I develop my argument through the study of local variation in antisemitism in Weimar Germany before the Holocaust. Statistical analysis of Jewish bogeymen and an in-depth exploration of local reports on antisemitism reveal how pluralism in the Weimar Republic started eroding among members of the lower-middle class living at the margins of the state. In doing so, I draw attention to the spatial sources of xenophobia and demonstrate that borders between nations activate borders within nations, shedding new light on the complicated relationship between pluralism and state formation.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"202 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46882653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Public Investments and Class Gaps in Parents' Developmental Expenditures. 公共投资和父母发展支出的阶级差距。

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211069975

Margot I Jackson, Daniel Schneider

{"title":"Public Investments and Class Gaps in Parents' Developmental Expenditures.","authors":"Margot I Jackson, Daniel Schneider","doi":"10.1177/00031224211069975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211069975","url":null,"abstract":"Families and governments are the primary sources of investment in children, providing access to basic resources and other developmental opportunities. Recent research identifies significant class gaps in parental investments that contribute to high levels of inequality by family income and education. State-level public investments in children and families have the potential to reduce class inequality in children's developmental environments by affecting parents' behavior. Using newly assembled administrative data from 1998-2014, linked to household-level data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we examine how public sector investment in income support, health and education is associated with the private expenditures of low and high-SES parents on developmental items for children. Are class gaps in parental investments in children narrower in contexts of higher public investment for children and families? We find that more generous public spending for children and families is associated with significantly narrower class gaps in private parental investments. Moreover, we find that equalization is driven by bottom up increases in low-SES households' developmental spending in response to the progressive state investments of income support and health, and by top down decreases in high-SES households' developmental spending in response to the universal state investment of public education.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"105-142"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9974177/pdf/nihms-1824504.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10860166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence. 代际社会流动的异质效应：改进的方法和新证据

IF 7.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211052028

Liying Luo

{"title":"Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence.","authors":"Liying Luo","doi":"10.1177/00031224211052028","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00031224211052028","url":null,"abstract":"Intergenerational social mobility has immense implications for individuals' well-being, attitudes, and behaviors. However, previous methods may be unreliable for estimating heterogeneous mobility effects, especially in the presence of moderate- or large-scale intergenerational mobility. We propose an improved method, called the \"mobility contrast model\" (MCM). Using simulation evidence, we demonstrated that the MCM is more flexible and reliable for estimating and testing heterogeneous mobility effects, and the results are robust to the scale of intergenerational mobility. We revisited the debate about the effect of mobility on fertility and analyzed data from the 1962 Occupational Changes in a Generation Study (OCG-1) and more recent data from the 1974 through 2018 General Social Survey (GSS) using both previous models and the MCM. The MCM suggested a small association between fertility and occupational mobility in the GSS data but substantial and heterogeneous educational mobility effects on fertility in the OCG-1 and the GSS. Such effects were difficult to pinpoint using previous methods because mobility effects of different magnitudes and opposite directions among mobility groups may cancel out. The new method can be extended to investigate the effect of intergenerational mobility across multiple generations and other research areas including immigrant assimilation and heterogamy.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"143-173"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9850847/pdf/nihms-1849299.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10598907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Another Person’s Peril: Peanut Allergy, Risk Perceptions, and Responsible Sociality 另一个人的危险:花生过敏，风险感知，和负责任的社会

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211067773

Michaela DeSoucey, M. Waggoner

{"title":"Another Person’s Peril: Peanut Allergy, Risk Perceptions, and Responsible Sociality","authors":"Michaela DeSoucey, M. Waggoner","doi":"10.1177/00031224211067773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211067773","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines perceptions of health risk when some individuals within a shared space are in heightened danger but anyone, including unaffected others, can be a vector of risk. Using the case of peanut allergy and drawing on qualitative content analysis of the public comments submitted in response to an unsuccessful 2010 U.S. Department of Transportation proposal to prohibit peanuts on airplanes, we analyze contention over the boundaries of responsibility for mitigating exposure to risk. We find three key dimensions of proximity to risk (material, social, and situational) characterizing ardent claims both for and against policy enactment. These proximity concerns underlay commenters’ sensemaking about fear, trust, rights, moral obligations, and liberty in the act of sharing space with others, while allowing them to stake positions on what we call “responsible sociality”—an ethic of discernible empathy for proximate others and of consideration for public benefit in social and communal settings. We conclude by discussing the insights our case affords several other areas of scholarship attentive to the intractable yet timely question of “for whom do we care?”","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"50 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47899827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6