American Sociological Review最新文献_第3页

The Stigma of Diseases: Unequal Burden, Uneven Decline 疾病的耻辱:不平等的负担，不均衡的下降

1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231197436

Rachel Kahn Best, Alina Arseniev-Koehler

{"title":"The Stigma of Diseases: Unequal Burden, Uneven Decline","authors":"Rachel Kahn Best, Alina Arseniev-Koehler","doi":"10.1177/00031224231197436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231197436","url":null,"abstract":"Why are some diseases more stigmatized than others? And, has disease stigma declined over time? Answers to these questions have been hampered by a lack of comparable, longitudinal data. Using word embedding methods, we analyze 4.7 million news articles to create new measures of stigma for 106 health conditions from 1980 to 2018. Using mixed-effects regressions, we find that behavioral health conditions and preventable diseases attract the strongest connotations of immorality and negative personality traits, and infectious diseases are most marked by disgust. These results lend new empirical support to theories that norm enforcement and contagion avoidance drive disease stigma. Challenging existing theories, we find no evidence for a link between medicalization and stigma, and inconclusive evidence on the relationship between advocacy and stigma. Finally, we find that stigma has declined dramatically over time, but only for chronic physical illnesses. In the past four decades, disease stigma has transformed from a sea of negative connotations surrounding most diseases into two primary conduits of meaning: infectious diseases spark disgust, and behavioral health conditions cue negative stereotypes. These results show that cultural meanings are especially durable when they are anchored by interests, and that cultural changes intertwine in ways that only become visible through large-scale research.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136248795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Inequality Below the Poverty Line since 1967: The Role of the U.S. Welfare State 1967年以来的贫困线以下的不平等:美国福利国家的作用

1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231194019

Zachary Parolin, Matthew Desmond, Christopher Wimer

{"title":"Inequality Below the Poverty Line since 1967: The Role of the U.S. Welfare State","authors":"Zachary Parolin, Matthew Desmond, Christopher Wimer","doi":"10.1177/00031224231194019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231194019","url":null,"abstract":"Since the War on Poverty in the 1960s, the U.S. social safety net has shifted away from direct cash assistance for the lowest-income households and toward tax-based transfers targeted at working families with children. Previous research has assessed this shift by evaluating its effect on the national poverty rate. Doing so, however, overlooks how it may also have led to increased inequality among low-income households. We apply a decomposition framework to measure how changes in taxes/transfers and composition have affected trends in inequality below the poverty line from 1967 to 2019. Income inequality among the poorest households has been volatile since the 1960s, and changes to the American welfare state played a decisive role in expanding or reducing inequality below the poverty line. Unlike in previous decades, after the mid-1990s, the policies that most reduced poverty were also those that most increased inequality among the poor. These findings challenge standard theories regarding the effectiveness of income transfers in reducing poverty by revealing that recent state-led antipoverty efforts have placed the near poor and the deeply poor on divergent paths.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135435057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Polyoccupationalism: Expertise Stretch and Status Stretch in the Postindustrial Era 多职业主义:后工业时代的专长延伸与地位延伸

1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231190942

Léonie Hénaut, Jennifer C. Lena, Fabien Accominotti

{"title":"Polyoccupationalism: Expertise Stretch and Status Stretch in the Postindustrial Era","authors":"Léonie Hénaut, Jennifer C. Lena, Fabien Accominotti","doi":"10.1177/00031224231190942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231190942","url":null,"abstract":"Past research has posited that occupations are distinct and exclusive communities of workers and used single-entry questions in surveys to measure occupational self-identification. Our study challenges that view by reporting the existence of polyoccupationalism, or workers’ simultaneous identification with multiple occupations. We predict this phenomenon co-occurs with postindustrial forms of work organization and that its expression varies with workers’ position in the occupational structure. Using a survey on creative workers that uniquely allowed respondents to identify with multiple occupations, we find individuals report higher levels of polyoccupationalism when their work is more contract- and project-based, net of other individual and occupational attributes. We further show that polyoccupationalism takes different forms at the top and the bottom of the occupational hierarchy: whereas the polyoccupationalism of high-status “entrepreneurs” stretches expertise—they identify with occupations that are similar in status but functionally distinct—that of lower-status “hustlers” stretches status—the occupations they report involve similar tasks but stand farther apart on the occupational status scale. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding workers’ occupational identities and the dynamics of occupational hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135979312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identity Theft, Trust Breaches, and the Production of Economic Insecurity 身份盗窃、信任破坏和经济不安全的产生

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231189895

Jordan Brensinger

{"title":"Identity Theft, Trust Breaches, and the Production of Economic Insecurity","authors":"Jordan Brensinger","doi":"10.1177/00031224231189895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231189895","url":null,"abstract":"Across various domains of social life, organizational reliance on personal data and exposure to unanticipated financial hardship have transformed Americans’ life chances and access to opportunities. This article examines an area where they intersect: the hardship caused by breakdowns in information systems. I focus on the case of identity theft, showing how that event—experienced by tens of millions of Americans annually—contributes to economic insecurity. To do so, I first develop a theory of insecurity that links feelings of precariousness to breaches of trust at three levels: interpersonal, organizational, and systemic. Drawing on an original qualitative study of identity theft resolution, I find that most victims worried about their financial lives because they could no longer count on certain people, organizations, or systems. Beneath this commonality, race and class informed feelings of insecurity and associated coping strategies following identity theft. Low-income people and people of color tended to direct suspicion at personal networks and report ending relationships and informal assistance. In contrast, middle- and upper-income and White individuals disproportionately blamed organizations and demanded their protection. These findings—along with the trust-based theory that helped make them visible—have important implications for the study of insecurity, inequality, and trust in the information age.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"844 - 871"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45217885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ASR Editorial Transition ASR编辑转型

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231195121

引用次数: 0

Pathways of Global Cultural Diffusion: Mass Media and People’s Moral Declarations about Men’s Violence against Women 全球文化传播的路径:大众传媒和人们关于男性对女性暴力的道德宣言

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231184576

Jeffrey Swindle

{"title":"Pathways of Global Cultural Diffusion: Mass Media and People’s Moral Declarations about Men’s Violence against Women","authors":"Jeffrey Swindle","doi":"10.1177/00031224231184576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231184576","url":null,"abstract":"Current theories of global cultural diffusion outline abstract mechanisms through which cultural scripts spread across the world. To reveal how scripts reach individuals, one must identify the specific pathways of diffusion. I examine the case of how scripts about gender relations and violence are diffused through mass media to people in Malawi. Using a mixed-methods approach, I find that international development organizations work with Malawian journalists to produce an array of content denouncing the practice of men abusing women. Entertainment media companies, however, disseminate content portraying patriarchal gender stereotypes. I show that mass media content critical of men’s violence of women is positively associated with people’s stated rejection of this practice, whereas individuals’ exposure to content mixed with patriarchal scripts is not. Notably, a one-standard-deviation increase in the number of newspaper articles critically covering men’s abuse toward women in the 30 days leading up to a person’s unique survey interview date is associated with a 3.2 (women) or 2.1 (men) percentage-point increase in the probability of respondents stating that they condemn such violence. Broadly, the results outline a multifaceted portrait of global cultural diffusion, with liberal and patriarchal scripts simultaneously reaching individual people.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"742 - 779"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42641122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The Corner, the Crew, and the Digital Street: Multiplex Networks of Gang Online-Offline Conflict Dynamics in the Digital Age 角落，船员和数字街道:数字时代帮派线上-线下冲突动态的多重网络

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231184268

Yuan Hsiao, John Leverso, A. Papachristos

{"title":"The Corner, the Crew, and the Digital Street: Multiplex Networks of Gang Online-Offline Conflict Dynamics in the Digital Age","authors":"Yuan Hsiao, John Leverso, A. Papachristos","doi":"10.1177/00031224231184268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231184268","url":null,"abstract":"Social media is increasingly intertwined into people’s lives, spurring questions about the relationships between online behavior and offline actions. We advance knowledge in conflict dynamics by using a multiplex network framework that conceptualizes online and offline gang relationships as co-constitutive networks—online and offline relationships often overlap and entangle in complex ways that influence behavior in both the virtual and real worlds. We propose a mixed-methods abductive approach for digital data that uses qualitative analyses to challenge and corroborate quantitative analyses of online gang conflict. Synthesizing data from Facebook posts by alleged gang members, maps of gang territory, and police records of offline shooting events, we show that online gang conflicts are not random attacks but targeted network relationships, and such online relationships are dependent on offline geographic relationships and shooting history relationships between gangs. Our mixed-methods approach further shows via qualitative analyses that the statistical network associations are based on cultural-specific language surrounding gang names and symbols, neighborhood streets, and prominent gang members. Our approach underscores how mixed-methods and qualitative approaches are essential in unpacking “big data” and computational methods in understanding the multiplex nature of group conflict.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"709 - 741"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41659680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taking the Time: The Implications of Workplace Assessment for Organizational Gender Inequality 花时间:工作场所评估对组织性别不平等的影响

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231184264

Laura K. Nelson, Alexandra Brewer, Anna S. Mueller, Daniel M. O’Connor, Arjun Dayal, V. Arora

{"title":"Taking the Time: The Implications of Workplace Assessment for Organizational Gender Inequality","authors":"Laura K. Nelson, Alexandra Brewer, Anna S. Mueller, Daniel M. O’Connor, Arjun Dayal, V. Arora","doi":"10.1177/00031224231184264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231184264","url":null,"abstract":"Gendered differences in workload distribution, in particular who spends time on low-promotability workplace tasks—tasks that are essential for organizations yet do not typically lead to promotions—contribute to persistent gender inequalities in workplaces. We examined how gender is implicated in the content, quality, and consequences of one low-promotability workplace task: assessment. By analyzing real-world behavioral data that include 33,456 in-the-moment numerical and textual evaluations of 359 resident physicians (subordinates) by 285 attending physicians (superordinates) in eight U.S. hospitals, and by combining qualitative methods and machine learning, we found that, compared to men, women attendings wrote more words in their comments to residents, used more job-related terms, and were more likely to provide helpful feedback, particularly when residents were struggling. Additionally, we found women residents were less likely to receive substantive evaluations, regardless of attending gender. Our findings suggest that workplace assessment is gendered in three ways: women (superordinates) spend more time on this low-promotability task, they are more cognitively engaged with assessment, and women (subordinates) are less likely to fully benefit from quality assessment. We conclude that workplaces would benefit from addressing pervasive inequalities hidden within workplace assessment, equalizing not only who provides this assessment work, but who does it well and equitably.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"627 - 655"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Standardizing Refuge: Pipelines and Pathways in the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program 标准化避难:美国难民重新安置计划的管道和途径

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231180891

Jake Watson

{"title":"Standardizing Refuge: Pipelines and Pathways in the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program","authors":"Jake Watson","doi":"10.1177/00031224231180891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231180891","url":null,"abstract":"How do bureaucracies pattern durable inequalities? Predominant approaches emphasize the role of administrative categories, which prioritize certain populations for valued resources based on broader regimes of human worth. This article extends this body of work by examining how categorical inequalities become embedded within administrative infrastructures and institutional pathways. I develop this argument through a case study of the United States’ refugee resettlement program. Drawing together previously unseen government statistics, expert interviews, and documentary analysis, I show that U.S. resettlement is organized through administrative pipelines that create path dependent imbalances in the distribution of scarce resettlement spaces. Social and political logics of immigrant worthiness are important, yet a full understanding of these imbalances requires attention to the tendency of pipelines to become self-reproducing. I identify three factors that account for this tendency: calculative rationales, administrative reactivity, and structured visibility. This three-part conceptualization of pipelines can be applied to other institutional contexts to study the origins, dynamics, and durability of social inequalities. My findings also demonstrate the analytically autonomous role of policy administration in shaping ethnoracial imbalances in immigrant selection.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"681 - 708"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis 通过多元分析理解收入流动的模式和趋势

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231180607

Per Engzell, C. Mood

引用次数: 3