Clinical Psychology Review最新文献

{"title":"Systematic review of the safety of mindfulness-based interventions for psychosis","authors":"Bethany O'Brien-Venus ,&nbsp;Lyn Ellett ,&nbsp;Susanna Burgess-Barr ,&nbsp;Paul Chadwick","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Harmful outcomes of psychological interventions are under-researched, including in mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) for psychosis. This systematic review summarizes reporting and prevalence of 8 harm indices (death, adverse events, hospitalisation, study drop out, noncompletion of therapy, side effects of therapy, symptom deterioration and crisis service use) in Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) of MBIs for psychosis. Meta-analyses of risk differences were also calculated for each harm index. The review included 39 studies, with a total <em>n</em> of 2684 participants across studies. The percentage of studies reporting on each index of harm, and the prevalence of harm, varied greatly across each index. 0% of studies reported on side effects of interventions compared to 92% of studies reporting on study dropout. Meta-analyses of risk differences (RD) found a higher risk of hospitalisation (RD (95% CI) = −0.136 (−0.23 to −0.05), <em>p</em> = 0.003) and crisis service use (RD (95% CI) = −0.160 (−0.299, −0.024), <em>p</em> = 0.02) in control arms compared to intervention arms, and no significant difference in adverse events, death, symptom deterioration, noncompletion of therapy, drop out and side effects of therapy. Overall, reporting of harm was inconsistent across studies and the quality of data collection and reporting varied. MBIs for psychosis appear to be safe and may reduce the risk of hospitalisation and use of crisis services. However, the absence of thorough reporting on harm precludes a balanced analysis of benefits versus harms. Future research into the effectiveness of MBIs should consistently operationalise, monitor and report data on harm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102445"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141135645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-substance use disorder couples: An integrative review and proposed theoretical model","authors":"Louisa Kane,&nbsp;Donald H. Baucom,&nbsp;Stacey B. Daughters","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Committed romantic relationships between two individuals with Substance Use Disorder (or dual-SUD couples) are prevalent. Dual-SUD couples have poor treatment engagement and outcomes. Research has established a reciprocal link between relationship dynamics (e.g., conflict, intimacy) and substance use. Thus, the couple's relationship presents a distinct social context for both partner's substance use. Dual-SUD couples face unique challenges due to substance use being a shared behavior that may serve as a rewarding source of compatibility, closeness, and short-term relationship satisfaction despite it being at the cost of other alternative sources of substance-free reinforcement. Yet, treatment options for these couples are scarce. Dual-maladaptive health behaviors (e.g., dual-substance use) are challenging to treat; however, theory and preliminary research suggests that transformation of couple's joint motivation toward adaptive health behavior change may result in a more satisfying relationship and improved treatment outcomes for both individuals. The current paper reviews the extant literature on dual-SUD couples from theoretical, empirical, and treatment research and proposes an expanded paradigm regarding how we understand dual-SUD couples with the aim of informing basic research and treatment development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102447"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141089026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which battering interventions work? An updated Meta-analytic review of intimate partner violence treatment outcome research","authors":"Julia C. Babcock,&nbsp;Matthew W. Gallagher,&nbsp;Angela Richardson,&nbsp;D. Andrew Godfrey,&nbsp;Victoria E. Reeves,&nbsp;Johan D'Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This meta-analytic review is an update to the first meta-analysis of battering interventions (<span>Babcock et al., 2004</span>) and includes 59 studies that evaluated treatment efficacy for domestically violent men and women. The outcome literature of controlled quasi-experimental and experimental studies was reviewed to test the relative impact of Duluth, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and novel types of treatment on subsequent recidivism of violence. The first model examines studies comparing interventions to no treatment control conditions. The second model compares novel interventions to treatment as usual (i.e., the Duluth curriculum). Study design and type of treatment were tested as moderators in both models. Consistent with previous meta-analyses, effect sizes were in the small range, smaller in true experiments as compared to quasi-experimental designs when recidivism was based on partner or police reports. However, new experiments comparing novel treatments to the Duluth curriculum reveal effect sizes comparable to when comparing novel interventions to an untreated comparison group. Novel interventions, including <em>Acceptance and Commitment Therapy</em> and <em>Circles of Pea</em>ce had the largest effect sizes when put head-to-head with Duluth control groups. Future research directions include testing moderators and mechanisms of change of the battering interventions that work. Implications for evidence-based practice in criminal justice include broader implementation and continued testing of these novel interventions with demonstrated efficacy in stopping intimate partner violence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102437"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141046640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the modified dot-probe task: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of alternate attention bias modification tasks across domains","authors":"Tessa Rooney ,&nbsp;Louise Sharpe ,&nbsp;Jemma Todd ,&nbsp;Stefan Carlo Michalski ,&nbsp;Dimitri Van Ryckeghem ,&nbsp;Geert Crombez ,&nbsp;Ben Colagiuri","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Attention biases towards disease-relevant cues have been implicated in numerous disorders and health conditions, such as anxiety, cancer, drug-use disorders, and chronic pain. Attention bias modification (ABM) has shown that changing attention biases can change related emotional processes. ABM most commonly uses a modified dot-probe task, which has received increasing criticism regarding its reliability and inconsistent findings. The purpose of the present review was thus to systematically review and meta-analyse alternative tasks used in ABM research. We sought to examine whether alternative tasks significantly changed attention biases and emotional outcomes, and critically examined whether relevant sample, task and intervention characteristics moderated each of these effect sizes. Seventy-four (completer <em>n</em> = 15,294) study level comparisons were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, alternative ABM designs had a medium effect on changing biases (<em>g</em> = 0.488), and a small, but significant effect on improving clinical outcomes (<em>g</em> = 0.117). We found this effect to be significantly larger for studies which successfully changed biases compared to those that did not. Across all tasks, it appeared that targeting engagement biases results in the largest change to attention biases. Importantly, we found tasks incorporating gaze-contingency – encouraging engagement with non-biased stimuli – show the most promise for improving emotional outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102436"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824000576/pdfft?md5=b3617f5ee11d00c47921116fd096fc4b&pid=1-s2.0-S0272735824000576-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-lagged panel models in psychotherapy process and mechanisms of change research: Methodological challenges and advances","authors":"Fredrik Falkenström","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, there has been increasing interest in utilizing time-lagged panel models to study mechanisms of change in psychotherapy. These models offer valuable insights into the dynamic relationships between variables over time and offer stronger causal inference capabilities than cross-sectional analyses. Therefore, they are well-suited for modeling the intricate relationships between mechanisms of change and outcomes in psychotherapy studies, which are typically beyond experimental control. However, their complexity, coupled with the fact that detailed explanations are often embedded in dense statistical or econometric texts, poses challenges. This paper provides a background on cross-lagged panel models and delves deeper into explaining the issues of 1) dynamic panel bias, 2) long-run effects, and 3) testing whether different treatments work by different mechanisms. Using data from a psychotherapy study on treatment of adolescent depression, I demonstrate how these issues manifest in real data. In conclusion, I recommend using structural equation modeling to circumvent dynamic panel bias, reporting long-run effects to reveal the long-term impact of sustained therapeutic work on mechanisms of change, and carefully considering whether mediation, moderation, or a combination of both, best describes differential effects of mechanisms between treatments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102435"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824000564/pdfft?md5=d58d13529a3a79a69ed0e70ab5c231b4&pid=1-s2.0-S0272735824000564-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of loving-kindness interventions on positive and negative mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Julia Petrovic ,&nbsp;Jessica Mettler ,&nbsp;Sohyun Cho ,&nbsp;Nancy L. Heath","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Loving-kindness meditations involve sending feelings of kindness and care to a series of people including oneself, loved ones, strangers, and all beings. Loving-kindness interventions (LKIs), which include knowledge and/or practice related to loving-kindness, have been gaining attention as a potential intervention for improving mental health in adults. This meta-analysis synthesized the effects of LKIs on both positive (i.e., mindfulness, compassion, positive affect) and negative (i.e., negative affect, psychological symptoms) indices of mental health across comparison types (i.e., passive control, active control, alternative treatment) and general sample types (i.e., community, university), and explored characteristics of LKIs that may impact their effectiveness (i.e., intervention format, intervention length, presence/absence of a live facilitator). Following a systematic review of six databases in November 2023, 23 randomized controlled studies met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Relative to passive control groups, LKIs had positive effects on mindfulness, compassion, positive affect, negative affect, and psychological symptoms; these effects were non-significant relative to active control groups and alternative therapeutic treatments. Notably, the effects of LKIs did not differ as a function of sample type, intervention format, intervention length, or the presence/absence of a live facilitator. Findings provide support for the effectiveness of LKIs relative to passive control conditions, as well as their potential comparability to alternative evidence-based therapeutic treatments, and provide insight into resource-effective approaches to the delivery of effective LKIs. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the impacts of LKIs relative to other interventions in the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102433"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824000540/pdfft?md5=59bdeeb4d17b610a925009b74f1128cf&pid=1-s2.0-S0272735824000540-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement tools for behaviours that challenge and behavioural function in people with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability","authors":"Lauren Shelley ,&nbsp;Chris Jones ,&nbsp;Effie Pearson ,&nbsp;Caroline Richards ,&nbsp;Hayley Crawford ,&nbsp;Arianna Paricos ,&nbsp;Courtney Greenhill ,&nbsp;Alixandra Woodhead ,&nbsp;Joanne Tarver ,&nbsp;Jane Waite","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Behaviours that challenge (BtC) are common in people with intellectual disability (ID) and associated with negative long-term outcomes. Reliable characterisation of BtC and behavioural function is integral to person-centred interventions. This systematic review and meta-analytic study quantitatively synthesised the evidence-base for the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability of measures of BtC and behavioural function in people with ID (PROSPERO: CRD42021239042). Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO and MEDLINE were searched from inception to March 2024. Retrieved records (<em>n</em> = 3691) were screened independently to identify studies assessing eligible measurement properties in people with ID. Data extracted from 83 studies, across 29 measures, were synthesised in a series of random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses assessed the influence of methodological quality and study-level characteristics on pooled estimates. COSMIN criteria were used to evaluate the measurement properties of each measure. Pooled estimates ranged across measures: internal consistency (0.41–0.97), inter-rater reliability (0.29–0.93) and test-retest reliability (0.52–0.98). The quantity and quality of evidence varied substantially across measures; evidence was frequently unavailable or limited to a single study. Based on current evidence, candidate measures with the most evidence for internal consistency and reliability are discussed; however, continued assessment of measurement properties in ID populations is a key priority.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102434"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824000552/pdfft?md5=a913aeee5d92ff07a7f7b0ebf2955a34&pid=1-s2.0-S0272735824000552-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140758843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Katie Aafjes-van Doorn ,&nbsp;Daniel S. Spina ,&nbsp;Sarah J. Horne ,&nbsp;Vera Békés","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The strength of the therapeutic alliance is widely understood to impact treatment outcomes, however, the alliance-outcome relationship in teletherapy has remained relatively unexamined. The aim of this meta-analysis is to systematically summarize the relationship between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy with adult patients conducted via videoconferencing or telephone.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a systematic search of the databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest Dissertation Databases, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed for studies published before June 26, 2023. We identified 31 studies with 34 independent samples (4862 participants).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The average weighted effect size was 0.15, <em>p</em> = .001, 95% CI [0.07, 0.24], <em>k</em> = 34.</p><p>reflecting a small effect of therapeutic alliance on mental health outcomes. There was significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes, which was driven by between-study diffe<u>r</u>ences in the alliance-outcome correlation. The alliance-outcome effect was larger when the alliance was measured late in treatment and when the outcome was measured from the patient's perspective.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Very few teletherapy treatment studies were identified that initially reported on alliance-outcome associations, underlining that this is an under-researched area. The association between alliance-teletherapy outcomes in this meta-analysis was small but significant, and somewhat weaker than the alliance-outcome associations reported for in-person treatments and other online interventions. This might indicate that there are other processes at play in teletherapy that explain variance of treatment outcomes, or that the therapist (and the relationship) has less influence on the treatment outcomes than in in-person therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102430"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140605271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic processes and clinical applications of mental imagery in worry: A systematic review","authors":"Lauren Stavropoulos ,&nbsp;David D.J. Cooper ,&nbsp;Sophie M. Champion ,&nbsp;Luke Keevers ,&nbsp;Jill M. Newby ,&nbsp;Jessica R. Grisham","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise existing research on the phenomenology of mental imagery among high worriers compared to healthy individuals, and to characterise the nature and effectiveness of existing imagery-related interventions in treatment of worry.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>PsycInfo, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Medline, Medline Epub, and PubMed were searched for studies examining the relationship between worry/GAD and mental imagery, or interventions using imagery in treatment of worry/GAD. We assessed study quality and used qualitative narrative synthesis to comprehensively map study results.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The search yielded 2589 abstracts that were assessed for eligibility independently by two authors. From this, 183 full texts were screened and 50 qualitatively synthesised. Twenty-seven reported an association between worry/GAD and an aspect of mental imagery. Here, overactive negative and worry imagery, and diminished positive future imagining, were associated with worry/GAD. Twenty-three studies reported an intervention. This literature suggested mixed findings regarding efficacy, including for imaginal exposure as an independent technique for GAD.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings support dysfunctional negative imagining and diminished positive prospective imagery in GAD. General imagining abilities remain intact, which is promising for efforts to utilise imagery in treatment. Further research is warranted to develop innovative clinical applications of imagery in treatment of GAD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102427"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735824000485/pdfft?md5=40242e025e94457dc3c0b63d2123e60a&pid=1-s2.0-S0272735824000485-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140605270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining domains of psychological flexibility and inflexibility as treatment mechanisms in acceptance and commitment therapy: A comprehensive systematic and meta-analytic review","authors":"Jenna A. Macri,&nbsp;Ronald D. Rogge","doi":"10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current systematic and meta-analytic review sought to integrate a growing number of studies examining dimensions of psychological flexibility as treatment mechanisms for Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Analyses of 77 records (67 unique studies; N_total = 9123 participants) from comprehensive searches of multiple databases suggested that ACT interventions led to reduced inflexibility (i.e., lowered global inflexibility, lack of present moment awareness, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, self-as-content, &amp; inaction) and increased flexibility (i.e., committed action/contact with values, global flexibility/acceptance, &amp; defusion). Those changes remained significant when ACT was compared with waitlist or active treatments and were significantly linked to corresponding drops in psychological distress, supporting their roles as ACT treatment mechanisms. Moderation analyses revealed that the use of student samples, exclusion of clinically symptomatic individuals, and comparisons of ACT with other active treatments weakened these effects whereas offering ACT as an individual therapy and excluding individuals in extreme crisis (i.e., with suicidal ideation) strengthened them. The meta-analytic findings and systematic review suggested specific recommendations for future clinical work and research on ACT mechanisms: (1) Evaluate both psychological flexibility and inflexibility as distinct treatment mechanisms, (2) Evaluate specific dimensions of psychological flexibility/inflexibility as mechanisms with multidimensional scales (CompACT, MPFI), (3) Broaden treatment outcomes to include forms of wellbeing (peace of mind, vitality, connectedness), (4) Assess mechanisms and outcomes repeatedly throughout treatment to model the process of therapeutic change, (5) Investigate non-specific factors (therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence) as mechanisms, and (6) Explore treatment mechanisms in effectiveness studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48458,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Psychology Review","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 102432"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}