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Trends in the Developmental Gradient in Mothers' Parenting Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019.
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11774972
Melody Ge Gao
{"title":"Trends in the Developmental Gradient in Mothers' Parenting Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019.","authors":"Melody Ge Gao","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11774972","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11774972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Educational disparities in mothers' parenting time have implications for socioeconomic inequality in children's resources and later life attainment. The reproduction of inequality could be more consequential if educational disparities are most pronounced at child ages when a specific parenting need is more developmentally important. Following recent findings suggesting a general reduction in the educational gradient in mothers' overall parenting time, this study aims to determine if this convergence extends to the developmental gradient in parenting. Using the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2019 (N = 34,232), this study finds that educational disparities in mothers' parenting time have narrowed in accordance with the developmental gradient. Economic, cultural, and demographic changes that might contribute to the narrowing trends are discussed. These findings offer an updated understanding of educational gaps in maternal parenting strategies, with potential impacts on the intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantage.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"159-181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prenatal Care, Son Preference, and the Sex Ratio at Birth.
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11798263
Rebeca Echavarri, Francisco Beltrán Tapia
{"title":"Prenatal Care, Son Preference, and the Sex Ratio at Birth.","authors":"Rebeca Echavarri, Francisco Beltrán Tapia","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11798263","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11798263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Spain jumped abruptly in the late 1970s and temporarily reached values of more than 109 boys per 100 girls in the early 1980s. This article shows that health care system expansion increased the likelihood of male births in Spain between 1975 and 1995. By facilitating the delivery of preterm and dystocic babies and improving overall maternal conditions, these developments increased the survival chances of male fetuses, who are biologically weaker than females. However, biological factors alone cannot explain the biased SRB. Our analysis shows that the availability of prenatal sex determination technologies and a strong son preference nurtured by the Francoist dictatorship fostered gender-biased behaviors that resulted in an excessively high SRB. The lack of evidence on sex-specific abortions suggests that women took better care of themselves when carrying a son. The spread of gender-egalitarian values brought about by the end of the dictatorship and the transition to democracy undermined son preference and returned the SRB to normal levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"211-236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Smoke's Enduring Legacy: Bridging Early-Life Smoking Exposures and Later-Life Epigenetic Age Acceleration. 烟雾的永久遗产:早期吸烟暴露与晚年表观遗传年龄加速之间的联系。
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11790645
Daniel Ramirez, Elena Povedano, Aitor García, Michael Lund
{"title":"Smoke's Enduring Legacy: Bridging Early-Life Smoking Exposures and Later-Life Epigenetic Age Acceleration.","authors":"Daniel Ramirez, Elena Povedano, Aitor García, Michael Lund","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11790645","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11790645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current literature states that early-life exposure to smoking produces adverse health outcomes in later life, primarily as a result of subsequent engagements with firsthand smoking. The implications of prior research are that smoking cessation can reduce health risk in later life to levels comparable to the risk of those who have never smoked. However, recent evidence suggests that smoking exposure during childhood can have independent and permanent negative effects on health-in particular, on epigenetic aging. This investigation examines whether the effect of early-life firsthand smoking on epigenetic aging is more consistent with (1) a sensitive periods model, which is characterized by independent effects due to early firsthand exposures; or (2) a cumulative risks model, which is typified by persistent smoking. The findings support both models. Smoking during childhood can have long-lasting effects on epigenetic aging, regardless of subsequent engagements. Our evidence suggests that adult cessation can be effective but that the epigenetic age acceleration in later life is largely due to early firsthand smoking itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"113-135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Government Restrictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Depressive Symptoms Following Widowhood. COVID-19 大流行期间的政府限制与丧偶后的抑郁症状。
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11790737
Zachary Van Winkle, Bartholomew Konechni
{"title":"Government Restrictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Depressive Symptoms Following Widowhood.","authors":"Zachary Van Winkle, Bartholomew Konechni","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11790737","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11790737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spousal loss is associated with an immediate increase in depressive symptoms. However, the consequences of widowhood for symptoms of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic have remained largely unexplored. In this study, we use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and fixed-effects regression modeling to address three research questions. First, how have depressive symptoms changed over time in 10 European countries for older adults by marital status and spousal death timing? Second, do the surviving spouses of persons who died during the pandemic face greater increases in depressive symptoms compared with adults widowed before the pandemic? Third, to what extent did the strictness of government restrictions moderate the pandemic widowhood penalty for symptoms of depression? We find that depressive symptoms increased dramatically for those widowed during the pandemic compared with widowed adults before the pandemic. In addition, the pandemic widowhood penalty does not apply to all those who lost their partners during the pandemic; it applies only to those who lost their partner when governments were enforcing stay-at-home orders. Our findings support the notion that the COVID-19 pandemic and stringent government restrictions exacerbated risk factors and hindered protective factors that affect older adults' resilience to spousal death.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"137-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children. 儿童中的非居民父母财富。
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11790542
Jake Hays, Paula Fomby
{"title":"Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children.","authors":"Jake Hays, Paula Fomby","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11790542","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11790542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wealth matters for children's well-being. However, most research has considered only the wealth held in children's resident households, even though more than one quarter of U.S. children have a parent living elsewhere. We provide the first national estimates of nonresident parent wealth among children who ever lived with both parents in a shared household. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1984-2021)-whose survey design enables us to produce unbiased estimates with respect to factors that condition access to nonresident parents-to describe the characteristics of nonresident parent wealth, children's potential access to it, and its contribution to educational attainment. We find that nonresident parent wealth varies substantially and that the rank-rank correlation between nonresident and resident parent wealth is roughly .3. Nonresident parent wealth is positively predictive of more frequent parent-child contact, more consistent and higher value child support payments, and children's bachelor's degree attainment, suggesting that it is related to multiple domains of parenting and child well-being. The findings demonstrate that accounting for the spread of resources across households, but within a family system, is critical to understanding broader patterns of inequality in American family life.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"263-289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health.
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11792975
Ethan J Raker
{"title":"Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health.","authors":"Ethan J Raker","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11792975","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11792975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change and population settlement patterns are altering the severity and spatial dimensions of flooding. Despite associational evidence linking flood exposure to population health in the United States, few studies have used counterfactual strategies to address confounding or examined how sociospatial determinations of risk, such as floodplain delineation, affect well-being. Using the case of Hurricane Harvey, I leverage novel, repeated cross-sectional health survey data from Houston immediately predisaster (N = 2,540) and six to nine months postdisaster (N = 2,798), linked to local flood inundation and floodplain data. Difference-in-differences models show that the probability of psychological distress and fair/poor health increased significantly in the flooded treatment group, with mixed evidence on unhealthy mental health days and no change in unhealthy physical health days. Triple-difference estimators further reveal buffered mental health adversity for those in flooded areas with high floodplain areal coverage relative to little or no floodplains. Descriptive analyses of mechanisms suggest that floodplain coverage did not differentiate individual-level disaster exposure but increased the likelihood of disaster preparedness and evacuation. This article offers insights into the climate-health nexus empirically by using a causal framework to improve credibility and conceptually by demonstrating how an underexamined dimension of vulnerability-sociospatial risk determinations-can stratify population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"61-85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research Note: New Estimates of Immigrants' Self-employment From Linked Tax Records.
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11773170
Christopher R Tamborini, Andrés Villarreal
{"title":"Research Note: New Estimates of Immigrants' Self-employment From Linked Tax Records.","authors":"Christopher R Tamborini, Andrés Villarreal","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11773170","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11773170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-employment plays a crucial role in immigrants' economic assimilation. Previous studies examining immigrants' self-employment relied on estimates obtained from national surveys, which could contain measurement error. In this research note, we compare estimates of immigrant men's self-employment obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS) with those from data linking respondents to their tax records. Our findings indicate that the CPS substantially underestimates the immigrant-native gap in self-employment. In some cases, the rate of self-employment for immigrants from administrative data is nearly double that obtained from survey data alone. Measurement error also appears to distort estimated differences in self-employment among immigrants by race, ethnicity, and national origin. The results highlight the greater importance of self-employment for the labor market integration of immigrant men than was previously known on the basis of survey data alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Make It or Break It? Pregnancy Scares and Romantic Relationship Dissolution. 成功还是失败?怀孕恐慌与恋爱关系破裂。
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11791010
Lauren Newmyer, Scott T Yabiku
{"title":"Make It or Break It? Pregnancy Scares and Romantic Relationship Dissolution.","authors":"Lauren Newmyer, Scott T Yabiku","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11791010","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11791010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Young adult romantic relationships have undergone significant changes in recent decades, resulting in such distinct demographic trends as rising rates of relationship dissolution. Union dissolution during young adulthood can influence future relationship stability, financial well-being, and health. Reproductive experiences are an important factor that can shape relationship stability. Much of past research, however, has focused on the impact of childbearing on relationship stability while less attention has been paid to other reproductive experiences that could also shape relationship stability, such as pregnancy scares. A pregnancy scare is when a woman suspects she has an undesired pregnancy but later discovers she is not pregnant. This experience might increase or decrease relationship stability. Drawing on data collected from young women in the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study, this analysis examines the association between pregnancy scares and union dissolution. Results suggest that pregnancy scares are negatively associated with union dissolution, and this relationship persists over time; however, this association varies by relationship type, with serious dating relationships experiencing the most protective benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"291-310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences of Restricting Access to Marriage for Young Immigrant Women in Denmark. 限制丹麦年轻移民妇女结婚的人口和社会经济后果》(The Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences of Restricting Access to Marriage for Young Immigrant Women in Denmark)。
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11791081
Bojana Cuzulan, Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen, Peter Fallesen
{"title":"The Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences of Restricting Access to Marriage for Young Immigrant Women in Denmark.","authors":"Bojana Cuzulan, Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen, Peter Fallesen","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11791081","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11791081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In July 2002, Danish reforms limited the marriage opportunities for all Danish and non-European Union (EU) citizens younger than 24 living in Denmark who wished (or whose parents wished for them) to marry someone from outside the EU. Before the reform, more than 80% of first- and second-generation immigrants from outside the EU married spouses from their parents' origin countries; the reform drastically changed their marriage market. We examine the policy's effects on subsequent marriage behavior, the transition to motherhood, human capital accumulation, and labor market activities using full-population administrative data on 578,380 Danish-born first- and second-generation non-EU immigrants born in 1972-1990 and a difference-in-differences design. We find that the policy delayed marriages among individuals with an immigrant background, extended premarital cohabitation, changed the composition of spouses, and delayed and decreased in-wedlock fertility. Finally, the duration of obtained formal education increased. Our results emphasize that reforms constraining access to external marriage markets can have lasting impacts on marriage demographics among immigrants.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"87-112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can Family Policies Enhance Fertility? An Ex Ante Evaluation Through Factorial Survey Experiments.
IF 3.6 1区 社会学
Demography Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11775048
Raffaele Guetto, Giammarco Alderotti, Daniele Vignoli
{"title":"Can Family Policies Enhance Fertility? An Ex Ante Evaluation Through Factorial Survey Experiments.","authors":"Raffaele Guetto, Giammarco Alderotti, Daniele Vignoli","doi":"10.1215/00703370-11775048","DOIUrl":"10.1215/00703370-11775048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the family policies-fertility nexus by assessing the potential impact of parental leaves, childcare services, and child benefits on fertility through a factorial survey experiment (FSE). We focus on Italy, where persistently low fertility rates are often linked to limited welfare support for families. We surveyed 4,022 respondents aged 20-44 and exposed them to various scenarios characterized by different family policy packages. We asked them to ascribe short-term fertility behavior to a fictitious couple under each scenario. Results show that each family-friendly policy envisioned positively impacts ascribed fertility. The availability of full-time, public childcare services seems more relevant than higher child benefits, whereas more generous and gender-equal parental leaves are perceived as less relevant. However, results suggest that only a consistent mix of financial benefits, parental leave schemes, and childcare provisions can boost fertility. In contrast, marginal changes in single policy levers are most likely ineffective. The FSE reveals that a couple's socioeconomic status is perceived as more important than family policies for fertility: ascribed fertility increases when both partners are employed and household income is high. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of our findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":"311-334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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