IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12259497

Sophia Chae, Victor Agadjanian

{"title":"Polygyny and Fertility: Continuity or Change in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Sophia Chae, Victor Agadjanian","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12259497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12259497","url":null,"abstract":"This study revisits the polygyny‒fertility relationship in sub-Saharan Africa amid significant sociodemographic transformations, including declines in both fertility rates and the prevalence of polygyny. Using data from multiple rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys across 23 African countries, we examine the contribution of polygyny to reductions in the total fertility rate (TFR), explore how the polygyny‒fertility relationship has evolved over time, and assess changes in the total number of children ever born, number of recent births, ideal fertility, and the desire for another child by polygyny status. Our findings show that the decline in polygyny has substantially contributed to reductions in TFR. While realized fertility-measured by children ever born and recent births-has declined for all married women, reductions have been greater among women in monogamous unions. Fertility preferences, including ideal fertility and the desire for another child, have decreased only among women in monogamous unions, while remaining stable for those in polygynous unions. Additionally, except for children ever born, we find minimal variation in fertility outcomes by wife's rank within polygynous unions. Taken together, these results underscore the complex influence of marriage systems on fertility and highlight the distinct fertility patterns of women in monogamous versus polygynous unions.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of Widowhood Lifespan and Its Gender and Educational Inequalities in Finland Over Three Decades. 芬兰30年来寡妇寿命的演变及其性别和教育不平等。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12269717

Margherita Moretti, Kaarina Korhonen, Alyson van Raalte, Timothy Riffe, Pekka Martikainen

{"title":"Evolution of Widowhood Lifespan and Its Gender and Educational Inequalities in Finland Over Three Decades.","authors":"Margherita Moretti, Kaarina Korhonen, Alyson van Raalte, Timothy Riffe, Pekka Martikainen","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12269717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12269717","url":null,"abstract":"Widowhood is a disruptive life event, and in aging societies, increased numbers of individuals are potentially exposed to it. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the demography of widowhood. Using total population data with information on marital and cohabiting unions, discrete-time event-history analysis, and incidence-based multistate life tables, we analyze lifetime risk of widowhood, mean age at becoming widowed, widowhood expectancy, and variation in years spent widowed, and also document gender and educational differences in these metrics over the last three decades in Finland. Our results show that, over time, individuals are less likely to experience widowhood, and when they do, it occurs at older ages. Compared with men, women have higher widowhood risk and widowhood expectancy (duration) and a lower mean age at widowhood. Widowhood expectancy for women declined from 8 to 6 years between 1988 and 2018, whereas for men it stagnated at around 2 years. Low-educated women faced more widowhood years than the highly educated, while the opposite held for men. In showing decreased risks, delayed onset, and shorter widowhood expectancy, particularly among women, our results suggest that the current older population may experience reduced exposure to the psychosocial and financial challenges of widowhood, with potentially reduced caregiving burden on families and the state.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cumulative Effect of Retirement on Mortality. 退休对死亡率的累积效应。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12246732

Shiro Furuya

引用次数: 0

Do Immigrants Experience Morbidity and Disability Disadvantages at Older Ages? A Research Note. 移民在老年时是否会经历疾病和残疾劣势？研究笔记。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12269777

Hui Zheng, Wei-Hsin Yu

{"title":"Do Immigrants Experience Morbidity and Disability Disadvantages at Older Ages? A Research Note.","authors":"Hui Zheng, Wei-Hsin Yu","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12269777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12269777","url":null,"abstract":"Prior studies show that Hispanic and Black immigrants are more susceptible to disabilities and chronic diseases in their later years than U.S.-born Whites, despite their health advantage at younger ages. Such studies often rely on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which disproportionately includes immigrants who arrived decades ago. The shortage of research on immigrants of other ethnoracial groups further makes it unclear whether the old-age declines in health advantages among Hispanic and Black immigrants are generalizable. Using the up-to-date HRS and National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, this study compares the prevalences of chronic diseases, functional limitations, and activity limitations between U.S.-born Whites and immigrants of various ethnoracial identities across datasets. We find that Hispanic and Black immigrants in the HRS exhibit significantly greater disability disadvantages at older ages in relation to native-born Whites than those in the NHIS. Older White and Asian immigrants encounter no health disadvantages regardless of data source. We demonstrate that the especially low socioeconomic status of Hispanic immigrants in the HRS, along with the two surveys' different measurements of activity limitations, partly contributes to the discrepancies between the surveys. We suggest that the HRS design is conducive to undersampling of immigrants arriving more recently, leading to its immigrants' unique socioeconomic profiles. This study underscores the need for scholars of immigration and health to be cautious about dataset-specific nuances.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in Black and White Life Expectancy Across State Policy Groups, 1990-2019: A Research Note. 1990-2019年各州政策组黑人和白人预期寿命的变化：一项研究说明。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12260835

Anneliese N Luck

{"title":"Variation in Black and White Life Expectancy Across State Policy Groups, 1990-2019: A Research Note.","authors":"Anneliese N Luck","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12260835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12260835","url":null,"abstract":"This research note examines the U.S. policy landscape of longevity by documenting life expectancy trends between 1990 and 2019 among Black and White men and women across state policy contexts, grouped by policy liberalism trajectories over the last 60 years. I estimate age group and cause-of-death contributions to the growth of the liberal state life expectancy advantage, which culminated in 2018-2019 to between 2.5 and 3.8 years. Notably, by 2018-2019, Black life expectancy, particularly among women, in liberal policy environments had surpassed or equaled White life expectancy in certain conservative contexts. Although clear policy gradients emerge for White populations, Black life expectancy appears to be less patterned across policy environments, with advantage concentrated in the most liberal states. The growth of the liberal advantage was driven primarily by improvements at younger ages (<50) and in HIV/AIDs and homicides among Black, particularly male, populations; in late adulthood (50-74) and in cancers, circulatory diseases, and respiratory diseases among White populations; and at the oldest ages (75+) and in mental and nervous system disorders among women. Negative contributions of drug-related mortality, particularly among men, suggest that the drug epidemic undermined further growth of the liberal state advantage.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Growth and Diversity of Older Undocumented Immigrants in the United States. 美国老年无证移民的增长和多样性。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12253766

Jennifer Van Hook, Mara Getz Sheftel

{"title":"The Growth and Diversity of Older Undocumented Immigrants in the United States.","authors":"Jennifer Van Hook, Mara Getz Sheftel","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12253766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12253766","url":null,"abstract":"The undocumented immigrant population in the United States is aging and diversifying by origin group. However, research on aging among undocumented immigrants focuses on Mexicans and Central Americans, even as this population declines, and less is known about other groups. We analyze residual estimates of the undocumented population and the 2018‒2022 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to document trends in age at arrival, duration in undocumented status, and socioeconomic and health correlates for undocumented immigrants across 27 countries or regions. We find dramatic increases in the older undocumented population across all origin groups, especially among those from Asia, the Caribbean, Europe, Canada, and Oceania. Aging in place drives population aging among the largest groups-those from Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, and India-while both aging in place and increases in arrivals at older ages are responsible for population aging among those from other origins. Additionally, undocumented status for older immigrants from most origins is associated with significant socioeconomic disadvantage regardless of age at arrival, but especially for those who age in place. This finding foreshadows rising inequality by legal status among America's seniors as the most disadvantaged immigrant groups age in place in coming decades.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparing the Role of Selection in Early Adolescent Substance Use Disparities Related to Single-Mother Family Structures Across Three Affluent Countries. 比较选择在三个富裕国家与单亲母亲家庭结构相关的青少年早期物质使用差异中的作用。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12253547

Jared D Thorpe, Robert Crosnoe

{"title":"Comparing the Role of Selection in Early Adolescent Substance Use Disparities Related to Single-Mother Family Structures Across Three Affluent Countries.","authors":"Jared D Thorpe, Robert Crosnoe","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12253547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12253547","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the association between family structure and the onset of substance use by early adolescence (e.g., before age 14) in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, with a focus on the role of selection in this association. Leveraging nationally representative surveys, logistic regression models estimated this association while iteratively controlling for three sets of selection mechanisms and testing for differential robustness to unobserved traits. Results revealed higher substance use rates among early adolescents living with single mothers than among those living with married mothers; early adolescents living with cohabiting mothers fell between these two groups. In general, mothers' family formation histories and, especially, socioemotional adjustment emerged as key confounds attenuating these associations, whereas their socioeconomic histories more often suppressed substance use. Unobserved confounds also appeared to be at work. Such patterns were fairly consistent across countries, but some evidence suggests that single motherhood mattered more to early adolescent substance use (particularly alcohol) and was less selective in terms of observed and unobserved confounds in Australia, the country with the most policy buffers for families and youths facing hardship.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fertility Decline and Educational Progress Among African Women and Children. 非洲妇女和儿童的生育率下降和教育进步。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12250354

Tom Vogl

引用次数: 0

Temporary Employment and First Births: A Path Analysis of the Underlying Mechanisms Using Australian and German Panel Data. 临时就业和第一生育：利用澳大利亚和德国面板数据对潜在机制的路径分析。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12234731

Inga Laß, Irma Mooi-Reci, Martin Bujard, Mark Wooden

{"title":"Temporary Employment and First Births: A Path Analysis of the Underlying Mechanisms Using Australian and German Panel Data.","authors":"Inga Laß, Irma Mooi-Reci, Martin Bujard, Mark Wooden","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12234731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12234731","url":null,"abstract":"In many countries, temporary work (including fixed-term and casual employment contracts) is negatively associated with fertility. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. This study investigates several mediating pathways (wages, financial satisfaction, short tenure, and subjective job insecurity) through which temporary work influences the transition to first birth in two contrasting contexts: Australia and Germany. Event-history and path models are estimated using 19 years of data from both the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (n = 28,530) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (n = 31,608). Results show that casual work among women and men in Australia and fixed-term contracts among women in Germany are associated with a lower likelihood of first birth than permanent employment. Lower wages explain a significant proportion of these differences for both genders. The higher likelihood of being new in a job (in Germany) and higher perceived job insecurity (in Australia) are relevant mediators only among women, whereas the subjective financial situation was not a relevant mediator for any group. These findings suggest that a less favorable objective financial situation plays a crucial role in first-birth postponement by temporary workers, whereas perceived economic and employment uncertainty are not universally associated with first-birth decisions.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trends in Postsecondary Enrollment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Research Note. COVID-19大流行期间中学后入学趋势：一项研究说明。

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Demography Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-12246521

Patrick Denice, Kamma Andersen

{"title":"Trends in Postsecondary Enrollment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Research Note.","authors":"Patrick Denice, Kamma Andersen","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12246521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12246521","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted nearly every aspect of economic and social life in the United States, especially education. This research note draws on student-level administrative data from one U.S. state to describe how trends in postsecondary enrollment changed during the pandemic. First, students were less likely to enroll in postsecondary institutions following high school graduation during the pandemic, and these declines were most prominent among lower income, Hispanic, and Black students. Second, rates of sustained enrollment in both the immediate year following high school graduation and the next year fell more substantially among lower income, Hispanic, and Black students during the pandemic than they did among higher income and White students. Third, students made different decisions about where to enroll: higher income, White, and Asian students increased their enrollment in public four-year schools, decreased their enrollment in private four-year schools, and were more likely to attend college in-state, whereas lower income, Black, and Hispanic students experienced broad declines across institutional sectors and locations. These results paint a picture of growing socioeconomic and racial and ethnic inequalities in whether and where students pursued postsecondary education, highlighting the unequal barriers placed on traditionally underserved high school graduates during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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