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Nonresident Fathers and the Economic Precarity of Their Children 非居民父亲及其子女的经济不稳定
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119348
Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Margaret M. C. Thomas, Alexandra Haralampoudis, Huiying Jin
{"title":"Nonresident Fathers and the Economic Precarity of Their Children","authors":"Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Margaret M. C. Thomas, Alexandra Haralampoudis, Huiying Jin","doi":"10.1177/00027162221119348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221119348","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between nonresident fathers and their children’s economic precarity. We use a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of children in large U.S. cities and consider a comprehensive set of measures of the involvement of nonresident fathers in their lives. We evaluate both voluntary and involuntary (court-ordered child support) involvement of fathers, and we look at material hardship and income-to-poverty ratio as measures of children’s economic precarity. We find that only high levels of formal child support have a protective effect on children’s economic well-being, while fathers’ voluntary involvement (experienced by 70 percent of children) has a more consistent protective effect. Overall, policies to reduce children’s economic precarity need to focus on improving nonresident fathers’ ability to be involved with and contribute to their children, as well as on direct assistance to custodial mother families.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"78 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44296987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ethno-Racial Variation in Single Motherhood Prevalences and Penalties for Child Poverty in the United States, 1995–2018 1995-2018年美国单亲母亲患病率和儿童贫困惩罚的种族差异
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120759
Regina S. Baker
{"title":"Ethno-Racial Variation in Single Motherhood Prevalences and Penalties for Child Poverty in the United States, 1995–2018","authors":"Regina S. Baker","doi":"10.1177/00027162221120759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221120759","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical studies link high racial inequality in U.S. child poverty to the higher prevalence of single motherhood among certain racial groups. But a growing literature is demonstrating how the impact of single parenthood and family structure on children varies by racial group, including evidence that Black children experience smaller single motherhood “penalties” for some outcomes, like education. I use Luxembourg Income Study data for the United States from 1995 to 2018 to further investigations of ethno-racial variation in single motherhood penalties for child poverty. I provide a descriptive portrait of the levels and trends of children living in single-mother households and of the poverty penalties associated with children living in such households. I also show that, on average, Black children experience smaller penalties from single motherhood and Latino children experience larger penalties, both compared to White children. I conclude with discussion of potential reasons for this variation and future directions for research.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"20 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45057556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Immigration Policies and the Risks of Single Parenthood for Migrant Women 移民政策和移民妇女单亲家庭的风险
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221124409
Isabel Shutes
{"title":"Immigration Policies and the Risks of Single Parenthood for Migrant Women","authors":"Isabel Shutes","doi":"10.1177/00027162221124409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221124409","url":null,"abstract":"In high-income countries, both single parents and migrants face elevated risks of living in poverty, but research has paid little attention to the intersection of single parent and migrant status. I examine the ways in which immigration policies make migrants dependent either on the labor market or on their families as a spouse or partner and how these dependencies present risks to migrant women who are single parents. I draw on qualitative data on migrant women’s experiences in the first five years after migration to the UK, which include their transitions to single parenthood, to explore how their legal status affects the risks that they experience. Those risks concern exclusion from access to social protection and permanent legal residence, where access is contingent on the ability to maintain a relationship to the market as a worker or to the family through marriage or a stable partnership.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"149 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Making Parental Leave Policies Work for Single Mothers: Lessons from Europe 为单身母亲制定产假政策:来自欧洲的经验教训
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221134445
A. Bártová, Adeline Otto, W. Van Lancker
{"title":"Making Parental Leave Policies Work for Single Mothers: Lessons from Europe","authors":"A. Bártová, Adeline Otto, W. Van Lancker","doi":"10.1177/00027162221134445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221134445","url":null,"abstract":"It is well documented that national parental leave policies encourage parents’ employment. Research on parental leave, though, has generally failed to draw lessons on how leave policy affects the employment and economic well-being of single parents. We examine the extent to which parental leave policies support the employment of single mothers with children under six years old across twenty-seven European countries, showing that single mothers are more likely to work and to work longer hours if they are eligible for parental leave. For single mothers who were not working before childbirth, eligibility for generous leave benefits and longer parental leave are associated with better employment outcomes after childbirth. We argue that while parental leave sustains employment for working single mothers, it might also facilitate entry into employment for nonworking mothers.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"129 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41334512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Income Support Policies for Single Parents in Europe and the United States: What Works Best? 欧美单亲家庭收入支持政策:哪些最有效?
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120448
Elise Aerts, I. Marx, Zachary Parolin
{"title":"Income Support Policies for Single Parents in Europe and the United States: What Works Best?","authors":"Elise Aerts, I. Marx, Zachary Parolin","doi":"10.1177/00027162221120448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221120448","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty rates among single parents vary considerably across countries, in part reflecting differences in the generosity and design of minimum income protections. We ask what the optimal ways are to target income support to single parents, if the prime objective of policy is to shelter those households from poverty. We map minimum income provisions for working and nonworking single-parent households across Europe and the United States, showing that three things matter for adequate minimum income protection. First, minimum wage levels matter, obviously for working single parents, but also for jobless ones since they effectively set the ‘glass ceiling’ for out-of-work benefits. Second, the overall generosity of the child benefit package is crucial to shelter both working and jobless single parents from poverty. Third, countries that employ a strategy of “targeting within universalism” (that is directing extra support to vulnerable groups such as single parents within the context of a universal benefit program) tend to do best.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"55 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47587791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Single Parents Competing in a Dual-Earner Society: Social Policy to Level the Playing Field 单亲父母在双重收入社会中的竞争：公平竞争的社会政策
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221122686
R. Nieuwenhuis
{"title":"Single Parents Competing in a Dual-Earner Society: Social Policy to Level the Playing Field","authors":"R. Nieuwenhuis","doi":"10.1177/00027162221122686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221122686","url":null,"abstract":"I examine the relative poverty risk among single-parent households in countries that have a large share of households with dual earners. Data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database are used to analyze eighteen OECD countries in the period 1984 to 2010. I find that single parents face higher relative income poverty risks in countries with a large share of dual-earner households and that this higher risk of poverty is related to higher standards of living in those countries: higher standards of living have raised poverty thresholds, and single-parent incomes are less likely to reach those higher poverty thresholds. I also find that this overall pattern varied across institutional contexts: a rise of dual-earner households puts single parents at a disadvantage only in countries that have relatively low public expenditures on childcare and relatively low income transfer policies.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"114 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49324429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Wealth (Disadvantage) of Single-Parent Households 单亲家庭的财富（劣势）
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221123448
Salvatore Morelli, B. Nolan, Juan C. Palomino, Philippe Van Kerm
{"title":"The Wealth (Disadvantage) of Single-Parent Households","authors":"Salvatore Morelli, B. Nolan, Juan C. Palomino, Philippe Van Kerm","doi":"10.1177/00027162221123448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221123448","url":null,"abstract":"Wealth is a buffer against economic shocks and the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. We investigate the wealth of single-parent households in six high-income countries that span a variety of institutional contexts and welfare regimes. Using household survey data, we show that single-parent households in all these countries are disadvantaged in the wealth they hold, compared to dual-parent households—more so in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States; and less so in Italy and, especially, Spain. We tease out major differences in types of wealth holdings in single- and dual-parent households. We find that the single-parent wealth deficit is not explained by differences in age or number of children but that it is influenced by education, income, homeownership, and receipt of intergenerational transfers. We discuss the policy implications of our findings, both in terms of how single parents are treated in social protection and taxation systems and, more broadly, in the supports they require if they are to overcome barriers to accumulating wealth.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"702 1","pages":"188 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45277790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Universal Surface Biotinylation: a simple, versatile and cost-effective sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq analysis. 通用表面生物素化：一种用于单细胞 RNA-seq 分析的简单、多用途且经济高效的样本复用方法。
2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac017
Michihiko Sugimoto, Yuhki Tada, Shigeyuki Shichino, Saeko Koyamatsu, Noriyuki Tsumaki, Kuniya Abe
{"title":"Universal Surface Biotinylation: a simple, versatile and cost-effective sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq analysis.","authors":"Michihiko Sugimoto, Yuhki Tada, Shigeyuki Shichino, Saeko Koyamatsu, Noriyuki Tsumaki, Kuniya Abe","doi":"10.1093/dnares/dsac017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/dnares/dsac017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in single-cell analysis technology have made it possible to analyse tens of thousands of cells at a time. In addition, sample multiplexing techniques, which allow the analysis of several types of samples in a single run, are very useful for reducing experimental costs and improving experimental accuracy. However, a problem with this technique is that antigens and antibodies for universal labelling of various cell types may not be fully available. To overcome this issue, we developed a universal labelling technique, Universal Surface Biotinylation (USB), which does not depend on specific cell surface proteins. By introducing biotin into the amine group of any cell surface protein, we have obtained good labelling results in all the cell types we have tested. Combining with DNA-tagged streptavidin, it is possible to label each cell sample with specific DNA 'hashtag'. Compared with the conventional cell hashing method, the USB procedure seemed to have no discernible adverse effect on the acquisition of the transcriptome in each cell, according to the model experiments using differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can be theoretically used for any type of cells, including cells to which the conventional cell hashing method has not been applied successfully.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"414 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9202638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86841457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wombat Roadkill Was Not Reduced by a Virtual Fence. Comment on Stannard et al. Can Virtual Fences Reduce Wombat Road Mortalities? Ecol. Eng. 2021, 172, 106414. 虚拟围栏并未减少袋熊的道路死亡。评论 Stannard 等人：《虚拟围栏能减少袋熊的公路死亡吗？Ecol.2021, 172, 106414.
IF 2.7 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101323
Graeme Coulson, Helena Bender
{"title":"Wombat Roadkill Was Not Reduced by a Virtual Fence. Comment on Stannard et al. Can Virtual Fences Reduce Wombat Road Mortalities? <i>Ecol. Eng.</i> 2021, <i>172</i>, 106414.","authors":"Graeme Coulson, Helena Bender","doi":"10.3390/ani12101323","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani12101323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The roadkill of wildlife is a global problem. Much has been written about deterring wildlife from roads, but, as of yet, there is no empirical support for deterrents based on visual and/or auditory signals. A recent paper entitled 'Can virtual fences reduce wombat road mortalities?'reported the results of a roadkill mitigation trial. The authors installed a 'virtual fence' system produced by iPTE Traffic Solutions Ltd. (Graz, Austria) and evaluated its effectiveness for reducing roadkills of bare-nosed wombats (<i>Vombatus ursinus</i>) in southern Australia. The authors recorded roadkills in a simple Before-After-Control-Impact design but did not conduct any formal statistical analysis. They also measured three contextual variables (vegetation, wombat burrows, and vehicle velocity) but did not link these to the occurrence of roadkills in space and time. The authors concluded that the iPTE virtual fence system was 'minimally effective', yet 'appears promising'. Our analysis of their data, using standard inferential statistics, showed no effect of the virtual fence on roadkills whatsoever. We conclude that the iPTE system was not effective for mitigating the roadkills of bare-nosed wombats.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9138081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86819957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Prison to Entrepreneurship: Can Entrepreneurship be a Reentry Strategy for Justice-Impacted Individuals? 从监狱到创业：创业能否成为受司法影响的个人的重返策略？
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115378
Kylie Jiwon Hwang
{"title":"From Prison to Entrepreneurship: Can Entrepreneurship be a Reentry Strategy for Justice-Impacted Individuals?","authors":"Kylie Jiwon Hwang","doi":"10.1177/00027162221115378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221115378","url":null,"abstract":"Justice-impacted people face significant obstacles to employment. This article explores an alternative pathway for these individuals to find work and income: entrepreneurship. While anecdotal evidence suggests that entrepreneurship is common among people with criminal histories, it remains both theoretically and empirically underexamined. I conduct a synthesis of recent research to assess the viability of entrepreneurship as a path to reintegration for returning citizens. I highlight findings on the prevalence of entrepreneurial entry, the underlying mechanism behind entrepreneurship, the economic and social consequences of entrepreneurship, and the barriers and challenges that reentering entrepreneurs face. Finally, I draw attention to key policy implications and suggest new initiatives that can help enhance the viability of entrepreneurship as a reentry strategy for justice-involved individuals.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"701 1","pages":"114 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47350664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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