Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï最新文献

{"title":"«GOLDEN AGE»: INTEGRATION OF THE ITALIAN ECONOMY INTO THE EUROPEAN MARKET (1951–1973)","authors":"Mykhailo Samofatov","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.25.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.25.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the development of the Italian economy in 1951–1973, which is recognized by researchers as the most successful period in the economic history of independent Italy, and which coincided with the first two decades of its European integration. The division of the economic history of Italy for 1951–1973 into three stages was proposed. In the first stage (1951–1957) Italy joined the European Coal and Steel Union (ECSU). Together with the admission, Italy has undertaken to change trade legislation toward liberalization, reduce quotas and tariff rates. At the same time, the Italian Government developed a program of accelerated development of some sectors of heavy industry, including metallurgy, based on the availability of cheap coal and technologies from other countries of the European Union, as well as on the emergence of promising markets for sales. The second stage (1958–1963) was reached for the first years after Italy joined the European Economic Community (EEC). This stage is known in the historiography as “economic miracle”, or “economic boom”, due to extremely high rates of economic development. It is argued that the factor of European integration has become a significant impetus for the development and transformation of Italy. As a result of the deliberate economic policy, the EEC countries have become Italy’s main trading partners. The third stage (1958–1973) is characterized by the rationalization of economic management, as well as by the gradual slowdown in economic growth. There signs of stagnation began to emerge, and they became evident after the failure to fulfil the goals of economic development of the country. A number of economic indicators demonstrate the beginning of a change in the type of Italian economy from industrial to post–industrial. However, this process had a negative impact on the pace of economic development. In general, the changes in the Italian economy during 1951–1973 were not only quantitative but also structural. Italy is an example of a semi–agrarian, under–developed country, that was in a state of post–war recovery with limited financial and natural resources, but with the help of its competent economic policy and European integration, it has become a developed industrial country, which has taken a leading place in the newly created the European common market.","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135267203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTIVITY OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DERPT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE NEWSPAPER «RADA»)","authors":"Oleh Kupchyk","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.25.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.25.3","url":null,"abstract":"It was found that the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt was founded in October 1905 during the revolutionary events in the country. Its official name became the «Musical and Dramatic Society of Minor Russian Students». Contributors to the Rada newspaper called it the «Society of Ukrainian Students at Dorpat University». At the time of formation, 55 Ukrainian students joined the community. It had its own management and structure – commissions (library, scientific, drama, etc.), as well as a mutual aid fund. «Ukrainian Student Community» at Derpt University periodically organized and held «Ukrainian events». During these evenings, students gave popular scientific reports on Ukrainian studies, recited poems by Ukrainian poets, performed plays, sang Ukrainian songs, and danced Ukrainian folk dances. These evenings were held during the «Shevchenko days», in memory of Mykola Lysenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan Franko. Students collected funds during literary, musical and artistic evenings. They directed the collected funds to the organization of events, the purchase of Ukrainian books for the library, as well as to the monument to Taras Shevchenko. Among the problems in the activity at the beginning of the 20th century of the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt were the frequent lack of funds, the periodic lack of its own premises, the gradual decrease in the number of members of the community due to the decrease in the number of Ukrainians among the students of the University of Derpt due to the ban on graduates of the local theological seminary to enter the university. In general, the work of the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt was aimed at promoting Ukrainian culture and preserving the ethnic identity of Ukrainians. It became an integral element of «Ukrainian life» in the Baltics, which, in turn, was a component of the Ukrainian national movement against which the Russian government fought.","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135319380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE PROBLEM OF THE DE-OCCUPATION OF CRIMEA IN TURKISH-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS DURING THE ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGAINST UKRAINE (2014–2023)","authors":"Oleh Mashevskyi, Maksym Pryhoniuk","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.5","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research topic is determined by the crucial role of the Republic of Turkey concerning the de-occupation of Crimea and the support of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine in general. At the scientific level, a coherent and comprehensive study of this important problem has not yet been published. Before the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia in 2014, one of the significant areas of cooperation between Turkey and Ukraine was their joint efforts to support the Crimean Tatar people, who were returning to Crimea after harrowing deportation by the Soviet regime to Central Asia in 1944. During that time, several joint Ukrainian-Turkish projects were implemented in Crimea, particularly in the economic and cultural spheres, aimed at the rehabilitated Crimean Tatar population. These projects included the construction of schools with Crimean Tatar language instruction, the launch of periodicals in the Crimean Tatar language, economic development, local infrastructure improvement, property acquisitions for representatives of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group, and more. After the criminal annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia in February-March 2014, the Republic of Turkey unequivocally expressed its support for Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. This support was particularly evident during discussions and voting at the United Nations, as well as in meetings between the two countries’ presidents and at forums like the “Crimean Platform,” which has been held since 2021, etc. Turkey is making significant efforts to protect the rights and freedoms of the fraternal Crimean Tatar people, who were among the first victims of Russia’s criminal repressive machinery. For instance, Ankara has facilitated the release of some political prisoners of Crimean Tatar ethnicity and has assisted in the resettlement and support of Crimean Tatars who were forced to temporarily move to the mainland of Ukraine. Crimea holds a foremost place in Turkey’s security concept in the Black Sea region. Despite Turkey not fully aligning with anti-Russian sanctions, even after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, and even offering shelter to Russian businesses seeking to evade Western sanctions, its position on Crimea has consistently been unequivocal. Considering Russia as its main geopolitical rival in the Black Sea, Ankara is unquestionably interested in seeing the return of this strategically important peninsula to Ukraine. There is no doubt about this, the Turkish side will actively participate in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, primarily Crimea, as an integral part of Ukraine. Turkish officials have been emphasizing this repeatedly.","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134890807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONTEXTUAL-TEMPORAL PARADIGM OF THE MAIN LESSONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR","authors":"Alla Kyrydon, Serhiy Troyan","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article offers a generalization (as of 2023) of the lessons of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014–2023. Russian aggression against Ukraine at the end of February 2022 turned into a phase of a large-scale war. It caused strong resistance from the Ukrainian state and society, as well as Western anti-Russian sanctions. The Russian-Ukrainian war went far beyond the borders of Ukraine and Russia, it gained regional and global significance. Intermediate summaries and results of the war encourage us to understand and generalize its lessons for Ukraine, Europe and the world, which are especially important for understanding the nature and trends of the evolution of modern international relations and the world order. This is what determines the relevance and purpose of researching the problem. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, systematicity, generalization, multifactoriality in combination with the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-comparative and historical-genetic, systemic and structural-functional analysis. The lessons of the large-scale phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war are based on the analysis of the current state of the situation at the front, military and diplomatic efforts to ensure the victory of Ukraine. This is necessary to stop Russian aggression and the crimes of the Russian occupiers, to restore the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, punishment of aggressors, to return to the international legal order, and to ensure lasting and stable peace in Europe and the world. Another generalizing lesson is the awareness of Ukraine’s allies and partners that it is a real stronghold that protects democratic rights and freedoms, universal human values. Ukrainians, with their resilience and struggle, gave new impulses to the North Atlantic partnership and European integration. In the future, this is of great importance for the priorities of European and world civilizational development.","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134891131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EU IN THE ARCTIC REGION","authors":"Irina Habro, Oleksandr Shevchuk","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of the environmental diplomacy of the European Union in the Arctic. Through its evolution, EU Arctic policy has established the view that the Arctic is a region of increasing importance and that the Union must continue to increase its contribution and assistance to sustainable development, mitigation and adaptation to climate change in a responsible manner. sphere The Arctic is rich in natural resources that will increase in political and economic importance in the coming years. With its enormous market power and strong authority on climate policy, it is not surprising that the EU wants to strengthen its authority in the Arctic region. In its new Arctic Strategy 2021, the EU sees the Arctic as a region of peaceful cooperation with the need to slow down the effects of climate change and support sustainable development for the benefit of Arctic communities. The EU has its own interests in the Arctic, but also sees its intervention as a geopolitical power in the region as a necessary step to ensure global environmental security. The Arctic is in a geopolitical transition from a zone of “exception” where there was no geopolitical conflict to a disputed territory that is on the agenda of such great powers as Russia, the USA, the EU and even China. Great powers see the economic potential of the region and seek to become Arctic actors in order to compete in the struggle for natural resources hidden under the Arctic soil. China and Russia are aware of the economic potential of the Arctic, including new trade routes and natural resources. While the EU is also interested in this, the EU calls for a values-based approach, respecting the rule of law and is willing to cooperate with the Arctic Council and NATO. The importance of the Arctic region will only grow, especially after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, from climate security to increased militarization and politics of great powers. The deterioration of economic and political relations between Russia and the West has shown that the Arctic is no longer an “exceptional” region. Increasing militarization, territorial claims, and competition for resources are among the many burdens of the Arctic region. This is the return of great power politics to the Far North. The crises unfolding in the European Arctic will test the EU’s ability and willingness to respond to challenges","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134889342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE’S EU MEMBERSHIP PROSPECTS","authors":"Oleh Poshedin","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines Ukraine’s Answers to the EU Questionnaire on the Application for Membership in the Chapter Foreign Security and Defense Policy and the European Commission’s Opinion on Ukraine’s application for membership in the European Union. It was found that to understand all the obligations arising for Ukraine in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, knowledge of the documents defining this policy is necessary, in particular the Treaty on European Union, Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy 2016, as well as the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence of 2022. In the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine, sanctions policy is gaining particular importance. In this context, it is underway to update sanctions legislation to bring it closer to EU practices. Additional work is needed on preventing and combatting illicit trafficking in weapons, ammunition, and explosives. The ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and its related instruments remains an outstanding issue. These issues require increased attention because they will be directly considered during negotiations on Ukraine’s membership in the EU. It is proposed to analyze the new Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) projects, which were established in 2023, and primarily take into account the experience of the war that Russia is waging against Ukraine. Joining the PESCO projects will contribute to the interoperability of the Ukrainian defense forces with similar structures of the EU member states and increase the defense capability of Ukraine. It is proposed to increase the awareness of the citizens of Ukraine regarding the goals and tasks of the European Union in the foreign policy arena, in particular by expanding the study of the problems of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU in higher education institutions of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":483319,"journal":{"name":"Êvropejsʹkì ìstoričnì studìï","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134890080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}