Daniela Castellanos-Reyes , Jennifer C. Richardson , Yukiko Maeda
{"title":"The evolution of social presence: A longitudinal exploration of the effect of online students' peer-interactions using social network analysis","authors":"Daniela Castellanos-Reyes , Jennifer C. Richardson , Yukiko Maeda","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social presence (SP) positively influences online students' motivation, satisfaction, retention, and learning outcomes. Although crucial for successful online learning experiences, little work has examined the evolution of SP over time or the effect of peer-interaction on SP. Using a longitudinal social network analysis approach (i.e., stochastic actor-oriented model), we investigated how SP perceptions evolved over a cohort of three consecutive courses. Students were asked to nominate peers with whom they share affectively in the course and to report their SP perceptions. The results suggest that over time learners reciprocate nominations, and those who nominated more peers reported higher levels of SP. Although there was no evidence of imitation, the “rich-get-richer-effect” was observed as SP perceptions decreased. Our study contributes to the definition of SP as a perception rather than an ability and reaffirms SP course design as essential at the beginning of an online learning experience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139992693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.B. Buckley , A.K. Thompson , T.R. Tretter , C. Biesecker , B.S. Robinson , A.N. Hammond
{"title":"“Where I feel the most connected:” Community of Inquiry supporting sense of belonging in a HyFlex engineering course","authors":"J.B. Buckley , A.K. Thompson , T.R. Tretter , C. Biesecker , B.S. Robinson , A.N. Hammond","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we use focus groups, open-ended survey questions, and course observational data to examine aspects of one HyFlex engineering fundamentals course, with sections enrolling almost 500 first year students, that was exemplary in fostering Community of Inquiry (CoI). Findings showcase that attention to joint dynamics of teaching, social, and cognitive presence unique to HyFlex environments contributed to learning and belonging in the course. Implications include strategies for effective HyFlex courses, such as use of the CoI framework in HyFlex courses, interactive tools allowing student engagement across platforms, and opportunities for live student questions, especially with audio capability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the combined effects of role assignment and discussion timing in a blended learning environment","authors":"Peiyu Wang, Heng Luo, Bowen Liu, Tianjiao Chen, Huiting Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Asynchronous online discussion (AOD) is an essential component of blended learning, and role assignment and timing are two important discussion design considerations. With the purpose of improving blended learning through effective AOD design, this study conducted a two-level factorial experiment to explore the main effects and interaction effects of role assignment and timing on blended learning outcome and experiences. In addition, this experiment examined the influence of role assignment and timing on participants' social communication in AOD and the effects of timing on individual role performance in role-based discussion. A total of 114 participants in a blended course were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions: role-based pre-class discussion (<em>n</em> = 29), role-free pre-class discussion (n = 29), role-based post-class discussion (<em>n</em> = 28), and role-free post-class discussion (n = 28). The results showed that the role assignment strategy featured by initiator, supporter, and arguer has led to improved learning experiences in terms of affection, sense of community, and forum experiences, as well as enhanced social communication in AOD; while timing affected the enactment, contribution, and participation of assigned roles in role-based discussions. However, there was no significant interaction between the two AOD strategies. In general, role-based post-class AOD is recommended after face-to-face lesson because of the better learning experience and role performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert J. Weijers , Björn B. de Koning , Ester Scholten , L.Y.J. Wong , Fred Paas
{"title":"“Feel free to ask”: Nudging to promote asking questions in the online classroom","authors":"Robert J. Weijers , Björn B. de Koning , Ester Scholten , L.Y.J. Wong , Fred Paas","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Asking questions is vital for learning, yet students seldom exhibit this behavior. Given the increasing presence of online classrooms in tertiary education, it is much needed to examine ways to encourage students to ask questions and increase their engagement. Despite the critical role of asking questions to enhance learning, little is known in research on promoting this behavior. Therefore, in this paper, we empirically tested the effect of nudging – a novel approach in education consisting of subtle interventions to change behavior – in online classrooms in tertiary education on question asking behavior, student engagement, and grades. In Experiment 1 (<em>n</em> = 1011), the teacher's virtual background prompted questions (<em>prompt nudge)</em>, while in Experiment 2 (<em>n</em> = 449), the teacher set a goal for the students to ask one question per session (<em>goal-setting nudge</em>). We found a trend towards a positive effect of the <em>prompt nudge</em> on questions, but not on grades. Exploratory analyses revealed this was driven by students who already asked many questions. We found no effect of the <em>goal-setting nudge</em> on any measure, nor any effect in either experiment on student engagement. The findings demonstrate that the <em>prompt nudge</em> can be a possible useful and easy to implement tool to encourage questions in the online classroom.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71417361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuehan Zhou , Qiujie Li , Di Xu , Amanda Holton , Brian K. Sato
{"title":"The promise of using study-together groups to promote engagement and performance in online courses: Experimental evidence on academic and non-cognitive outcomes","authors":"Xuehan Zhou , Qiujie Li , Di Xu , Amanda Holton , Brian K. Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Researchers and practitioners of online education have consistently emphasized the importance of facilitating peer interaction and mutual support to create a sense of community, which in turn may enhance motivation, promote extrinsic accountability, and improve learning outcomes. Despite these assertions, experimental evidence on the effects of peer support in college online courses is limited. To address this gap, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the impact of a study-together group intervention on students' academic and non-cognitive outcomes in a for-credit online course at a public four-year college. Our findings indicate that students who were offered a study-together group reported a higher sense of belonging than those who were not. Additionally, students with lower academic preparation and lower baseline motivation demonstrated improved academic performance as a result of this intervention, while students who preferred passive interaction reported increased motivation. However, for students with higher baseline motivation and those who preferred active interaction, the intervention appeared to negatively influence their time management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collaborate like expert designers: An exploratory study of the role of individual preparation activity on students' collaborative learning","authors":"Qianru Lyu , Wenli Chen , Junzhu Su , Kok Hui Heng (John Gerard)","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collaboration skill is one of the most critical skill sets for engineers-to-be while university engineering students have challenges engaging in productive collaborative learning practices. This study examined the effect of individual preparation before collaboration on students' collaborative learning outcomes and processes. A total of 82 engineering undergraduates (41 pairs) participated in the study and collaborated under two conditions: immediate collaboration and individual preparation before collaboration. A mixed-method approach was applied in this study. Students' online-design solutions and verbal discussions were collected for both collaborative learning outcomes and process analyses. Students produced higher quality design solutions with individual preparation before collaboration than immediate collaboration. There were different engineering design behavioral patterns under the two conditions, indicating different ways to define the design problem, generate solutions, and analyze and evaluate solutions. The findings and discussion provide insights for innovating pedagogical design to promote collaborative learning efficiency in real-world university classrooms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond reading together: Facilitating knowledge construction through participation roles and social annotation in college classrooms","authors":"Xinran Zhu , Hong Shui , Bodong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social reading is a common practice in higher education to engage students in critical reading and classroom dialogues around course materials. This paper introduces a study that integrated a social annotation technology and a scaffolding framework to support social reading in undergraduate classrooms. The framework, grounded in the computer-supported collaborative learning literature, specifies three participation roles—namely, <em>facilitator</em>, <em>synthesizer</em>, and <em>summarizer</em>—that have distinct responsibilities in each week's social reading activities. Using Hypothesis, the social annotation technology, we piloted the framework in a fully online undergraduate course. To examine how the framework facilitated social interaction and knowledge construction, we applied social network analysis and content analysis to a rich dataset. Results revealed that the framework fostered active participation in class with students followed the assigned roles properly. This study has practical implications for online teaching and collaborative learning in higher education.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peipei Mao , Zhihui Cai , Zhikeng Wang , Xin Hao , Xitao Fan , Xiaojun Sun
{"title":"The effects of dynamic and static feedback under tasks with different difficulty levels in digital game-based learning","authors":"Peipei Mao , Zhihui Cai , Zhikeng Wang , Xin Hao , Xitao Fan , Xiaojun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To provide more useful feedback strategies in DGBL, this study investigated the effects of dynamic feedback (feedback contents adjusted to game task difficulty) and static feedback (the same feedback contents for all tasks) on students' learning by using an educational programming game with easy to difficult game tasks. In addition, a lag sequence analysis was used to analyze the behavior patterns of learners. A sample of 105 university students were randomly assigned to four feedback treatment conditions. The results showed that dynamic feedback, with feedback contents appropriately adjusted to the task difficulty levels (i.e., simple hints after easy game tasks and detailed explanations after difficult game tasks), were more effective in enhancing students' learning achievement and gaming engagement. Furthermore, we also found that providing detailed explanations after both easy and difficult game tasks led to a decrease in learners' engagement. The implications of findings and future research directions are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuehan Zhou , Qiujie Li , Di Xu , XunFei Li , Christian Fischer
{"title":"College online courses have strong design in scaffolding but vary widely in supporting student agency and interactivity","authors":"Xuehan Zhou , Qiujie Li , Di Xu , XunFei Li , Christian Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops a rubric comprising three quality concepts critical to addressing online learning challenges: <em>Scaffolding</em>, which supports student self-regulated learning processes; <em>Student Agency</em>, which promotes student choices and voices; and <em>Social Presence and Interpersonal Interaction</em>, which enhances student connection with peers and instructors. We then examine the extent to which college online courses reflect the three concepts following a 3-point scoring scale (“beginning,” “developing,” or “proficient”) based on observation data collected from 100 randomly selected courses. Our results indicate that about two-thirds of the courses score at or above the developing level, demonstrating some but insufficient incorporation of design features that can enhance the three concepts. While most courses are above the developing level for “Scaffolding,” less than half and less than one-third reach the developing level for the other two concepts. We further identify variations in course design based on instructor characteristics, where female instructors, instructors with higher educational attainment, and instructors teaching fewer credit hours had higher scores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The mediating role of learner empowerment in the relationship between the community of inquiry and online learning outcomes","authors":"Zhiru Sun , Yuqin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a rapid shift to online learning, making the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework increasingly relevant for creating meaningful and effective online learning experiences. However, the impact of CoI presences (i.e., teaching, social, and cognitive presence) on students' learning outcomes has been inconsistent in the literature, and a recent meta-analysis has identified a publication bias in this relationship, suggesting the need for a further investigation. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of how the CoI presences influence students' actual learning outcomes by incorporating learner empowerment as an essential learner characteristic. This study was conducted in two undergraduate courses that were abruptly shifted online due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationship between the CoI presences, learner empowerment, and actual learning outcomes. The results show that learner empowerment has a direct and positive impact on students' actual learning outcomes, and partially mediates the relationship between CoI presences and learning outcomes. The findings highlight the significant mediating role of learner empowerment within the CoI framework and offer valuable insights into the design of productive online learning communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48186,"journal":{"name":"Internet and Higher Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}