{"title":"Energy market deregulation: A new perspective on dividend smoothing","authors":"Faruk Balli , Hatice Ozer Balli , Indrit Hoxha , Hannah Nguyen , Tam Hoang Nhat Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates how U.S. electricity and gas utility firms adapted their dividend policies in response to deregulation of the energy sector, with a focus on understanding the internal financial mechanisms that support or constrain dividend smoothing. Using <span><span>Lintner’s (1956)</span></span> speed of adjustment model and a variance decomposition framework, we provide new evidence that deregulation significantly reduced dividend smoothing among utility firms, unlike their counterparts in the broader energy sector or non-energy industries. Specifically, we find that after deregulation, utility firms relied more heavily on debt financing and curtailed investment when faced with an income shock but also reflected that shock in the dividends more than before deregulation. Our empirical analysis draws on firm-level data from 1969 to 2021 and compares behaviour before and after deregulation across multiple firm categories, including a matched sample of non-utility firms. We show that deregulation made it harder for firms to maintaining the same level of dividend smoothing. These findings give insights on the importance of regulatory context in corporate finance research, and how market liberalization can impact not only competition and pricing for the affected sectors, but also the strategies firms use to balance investor expectations and operational needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 102260"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controlling shareholders Abroad: How overseas residency rights influence the costs of corporate Leverage?","authors":"Qian Li , Shihao Wang , Victor Song","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how controlling shareholders’ overseas residency rights influence the costs of high leverage in China’s A-share market from 2007 to 2021. We find that privately owned firms with controllers holding overseas residency rights incur significantly higher costs of high leverage. The results are robust to alternative specifications, including two-stage least squares, propensity score matching, and alternative measures of both high leverage and residency rights. Mechanism analyses show that overseas residency rights exacerbate stakeholder-driven pressures—particularly from customers, competitors, employees, and suppliers—facing highly leveraged firms. At the same time, this adverse effect is mitigated by formal institutional mechanisms, such as extradition treaties and strong investor protections in the controller’s country of residence, as well as by informal institutions, including corporate integrity culture and political connections. Finally, we show that overseas residency rights amplify the negative impact of high leverage on firms’ investment and profitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 102262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank competition and corporate tax avoidance: the Chinese experience","authors":"Yekun Xu , Jiayu Zhao , Ruohan Zhong , Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the effect of bank competition on non-financial firms’ tax avoidance in the context of China, where a new national policy on bank entry deregulation in 2009 increased bank competition. The findings suggest that corporate tax avoidance decreases after bank entry deregulation. This deterrence effect partially stems from banks’ increased information expectations and the greater availability of credit. Moreover, the restraining effect is more salient for non-financial firms subject to less bank monitoring, weaker external or internal monitoring, greater financial constraints, less access to credit, and high levels of internationalization. Overall, our findings shed new light on how bank competition shapes firms’ tax avoidance strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 102248"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How are retail investors informed? A perspective from institutional trading intention exposure","authors":"Xuchu Sun , Qing Zhang , Tangrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is increasingly recognized that retail trades may contain predictive information, but an open question remains: how are they informed? This paper explores a possible explanation through the lens of institutional trading intention exposure. Using tick-by-tick data from the Chinese market, we find that retail order imbalance positively predicts stock returns at the weekly horizon. Approximately 20% of this predictive power is attributable to institutional trading intentions exposed on the order book, suggesting that some retail investors may incorporate exposed institutional intentions into their own trading decisions. The information channel is particularly pronounced when institutional intentions are revealed through limit orders, among small retail traders, and in specific macro- and micro-level market environments. Overall, our findings highlight the critical role of institutional trading intention exposure in shaping the return predictability of retail investors, particularly in emerging market contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 102259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bitcoin bans & regulatory segmentation in digitally native asset markets","authors":"Henrik Seikku , Imtiaz Sifat","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine whether regulatory barriers segment technologically integrated financial markets using Bitcoin bans across 19 countries (2013–2024). Unlike traditional markets where infrastructure creates natural frictions, Bitcoin operates on a global, permissionless network. Using proper maximum likelihood BEKK-GARCH and CCC-GARCH estimation, we find no significant differences in market integration between liberal and conservative regulatory regimes across four complementary tests. However, country-specific analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity: major markets (China, Russia) achieve partial segmentation while smaller markets show counter-intuitive increases in integration post-ban. Market size and development explain less than 10% of regulatory effectiveness variation. These findings challenge traditional segmentation theory, demonstrating that decentralized technology creates persistent cross-market linkages that transcend regulatory boundaries. The heterogeneous and often counterproductive regulatory outcomes suggest policymakers should prioritize international coordination over unilateral restrictions when addressing digitally native assets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 102261"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine learning, memory and efficiency in cryptocurrency markets","authors":"Shuyue Li, Larisa Yarovaya, Tapas Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper empirically examines whether machine learning (ML) methods can capture long memory in the cryptocurrency markets. We design two tests to evaluate seven widely used ML regression algorithms and sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models to determine their ability to capture long-memory characteristics of financial data. Specifically, we assess their accuracy in estimating the fractional integration parameter <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> for both univariate and systemic memory. Additionally, we examine whether the predicted time series preserve the long-memory properties of the original cryptocurrency market data. Our findings reveal that most ML algorithms fail to handle long-memory series effectively, while models incorporating Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Attention-LSTM components exhibit superior performance. Whilst comparing models using Mean Squared Errors (MSE), we find that our tests identify models better for directional predictions. These results highlight the limitations of conventional ML mechanism for long-range dependence and position Seq2Seq models as a promising alternative for addressing the complex movements of cryptocurrency time series. Our approach can be readily extended, offering both academics and practitioners a systematic procedure for evaluating arbitrary ML models, thereby yielding insights not only into their generalization of performance but also into the interpretability of their capacity for long-term dependence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khadija S. Almaghrabi , Walid Ben-Amar , Ziyu Kong
{"title":"Biodiversity risk and firms’ access to trade credit","authors":"Khadija S. Almaghrabi , Walid Ben-Amar , Ziyu Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the relationship between firm-level exposure to biodiversity risk and access to supplier financing. We find that firms’ access to trade credit decreases significantly with increased firm-level exposure to biodiversity risk. Mechanism test shows that reduced operating performance is the primary channel through which biodiversity risk affects access to trade credit. This effect is more pronounced among firms with low market power, those in industries with higher exposure to biodiversity risk, and those with weak corporate culture or low product innovation. Moreover, we find that firms highly exposed to biodiversity risk that receive less trade credit from suppliers tend to extend less trade credit to their customers. Given the growing attention to biodiversity risk, our findings offer important implications for both policymakers and corporate decision-makers seeking to understand and manage the broader financial and operating consequences of biodiversity risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102226"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solomon Wise Dodzidenu Adza , Adelaide Dak-Adzaklo , Patrick Bimpong , James Edudzi Kudoh , Cephas Simon Peter Dak-Adzaklo
{"title":"Terrorism, institutional environment, and corporate cash holdings","authors":"Solomon Wise Dodzidenu Adza , Adelaide Dak-Adzaklo , Patrick Bimpong , James Edudzi Kudoh , Cephas Simon Peter Dak-Adzaklo","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a sample of firms from 35 countries from 2002 to 2019, we investigate the effect of terrorism on corporate cash holdings. We find a significant positive relationship between terrorism and corporate cash holdings. This effect is more pronounced for firms operating in countries with weaker institutional environments and less risk-oriented cultures. Further analysis suggests that increased informational opacity, high earnings and cash flow volatility, higher cost of debt, and lower payout ratio are plausible channels through which terrorism influences firms’ cash holdings. Finally, we show that higher cash holdings help mitigate the negative effects of terrorism on investment. This finding supports the precautionary savings theory, highlighting how firms maintain financial flexibility to enhance organizational resilience in the face of terrorism-related risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102227"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dezhong Xu , Bin Li , Tarlok Singh , Xiaoyue Chen , Jinze Li
{"title":"Cross-market overnight time-series momentum","authors":"Dezhong Xu , Bin Li , Tarlok Singh , Xiaoyue Chen , Jinze Li","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a new cross-market overnight momentum: the US stock market’s last half-hour return predicts the next day’s first half-hour stock returns in international markets. This predictability is statistically significant both in- and out-of-sample. The corresponding cross-market overnight time-series momentum (COTSM) strategy shows economic significance in international stock markets investments. The COTSM strategy remains profitable with the consideration of transaction costs, and the profitability is driven by some specific market characteristics. The COTSM is strong when international market spread is low, or information uncertainty is high.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102239"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145364599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank relationships and corporate exchange rate risk","authors":"Qianyi Hao, Jiajia Liu, Zhe Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how bank relationships are related to corporate exchange rate risk, with a particular focus on equity relationships. The results show that bank relationships are negatively associated with corporate exchange rate risk, and that bankers on corporate boards have a stronger risk-reducing effect than bank equity ownership. Mechanism analysis reveals that corporate governance significantly moderates this relationship: the risk-reducing effect is amplified when agency problems are severe and weakened when internal controls are strong. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that non-state-owned firms and those in less developed regions rely more heavily on bank relationships to manage exchange rate risk. This study implies that bank relationships play a key governance role in managing exchange rate risk, offering firms practical guidance for enhancing their practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48119,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions & Money","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 102228"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}