{"title":"Introduction to the special issue 'New directions in the biology of stress'.","authors":"Suzanne C Segerstrom","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2023.2182736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2023.2182736","url":null,"abstract":"‘Stress, in addition to being itself and the result of itself, is also the cause of itself’ (Roberts, 1950, p. 105). This famous quote illustrates three places where stress can be located: outside the person (a stressor, ‘the cause’ of stress itself), the person’s perception (an appraisal, the perception of stress ‘itself’), or in the person’s psychological or physical response (reactivity, the ‘result’ of stress itself) (Epel et al., 2018; Segerstrom & O’Connor, 2012). Furthermore, as Becker and colleagues (2023) point out, ‘‘feeling stressed’ is not the same as ‘being stressed’, i.e., a subjective stress response is not necessarily accompanied by a physiological reaction and vice versa’ (p. 79). Indeed, a response or reaction can have a different physiological profile for different people (individual response stereotypy) (Hinz et al., 1994, 2002). For example, one person might have large changes in heart rate, another, respiration, and yet another, blood pressure. The five papers in this special issue identify phenomena related to stressors, stress, and stress response and propose new directions in how we conceptualize what a stressor is, what reactivity is, and what biological systems are involved. Slavich and colleagues (2023) give an extended overview of Social Safety Theory. The premise of this theory is that social stressors have primacy when it comes to physiological and especially immunological responses because social acceptance has been important for survival. The size and metabolic demands of the brain likely arose from the complexities of pair-bonded relationships and, later, bondedness with others. The benefits of the ‘social brain’ for humans must therefore exceed the costs of maintaining this large and hungry organ (Dunbar & Shultz, 2007). Kidd and colleagues (2023) propose that social touch may be important for communicating social safety, indeed, communicating safety better than the presence of ‘safe’ social partners (Conradi et al., 2020). They introduce us to a new ‘stress’ pathway, c-tactile afferents, which along with usual suspects (oxytocin and cortisol) can blunt physiological responses to stress and promote well-being. Both Social Safety Theory and affective touch have their roots in attachment theory, but they take it in different directions. Social Safety Theory focuses on the why – what stressors and appraisals are likely to lead to health-damaging physiological changes? – whereas affective touch focuses on the how – what is the pathway to brain regions and physiological responses? From both perspectives, what ‘safety’ and ‘threat’mean can vary across attachment orientation, personality, and the relationship between the social partners. How well must we measure social stress, interactions, and circumstances? ‘Intimate knowledge of what actually happened as well as how the individual perceived the situation’ (Slavich et al., 2023, p. 14) may be hard to obtain but necessary to know when a socially safe situation was und","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9486110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam O' Riordan, Siobhán Howard, Stephen Gallagher
{"title":"Blunted cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and prospective health: a systematic review.","authors":"Adam O' Riordan, Siobhán Howard, Stephen Gallagher","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2022.2068639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2068639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel research demonstrates that lower or 'blunted' cardiovascular reactions to stress are associated with a range of adverse outcomes. The aim of the current review was (1) to examine the prospective outcomes predicted by blunted cardiovascular reactivity and (2) to identify a range of blunted cardiovascular reaction levels that predict these outcomes. Electronic databases were systematically searched (Medline, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science). Studies were included if they examined the prospective influence of blunted cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress (SBP, DBP or HR) on a negative health, behavioural or psychological outcome. A total of 23 studies were included in the review. Blunted reactivity predicted (1) adverse cardiovascular health, primarily in cardiac samples (e.g., myocardial infarction, carotid atherosclerosis) and (2) outcomes associated with motivational and behavioural dysregulation in healthy samples (e.g., obesity, smoking addiction, depression). The cardiovascular reactivity threshold levels that were predictive of adverse health outcomes ranged between -3.00-12.59 bpm (14.41% to 136.59% lower than the sample mean) and -2.4-5.00 mmhg (65.99% to 133.80% lower than sample mean), for HR and DBP respectively. We posit that blunted reactions lower than, or equal to, the ranges reported here may be utilised by clinicians and researchers to identify individuals who are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, as well as outcomes associated with motivational and behavioural dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"121-147"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10062674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health Psychology ReviewPub Date : 2023-03-01Epub Date: 2023-03-30DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900
George M Slavich, Lydia G Roos, Summer Mengelkoch, Christian A Webb, Eric C Shattuck, Daniel P Moriarity, Jenna C Alley
{"title":"Social Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions.","authors":"George M Slavich, Lydia G Roos, Summer Mengelkoch, Christian A Webb, Eric C Shattuck, Daniel P Moriarity, Jenna C Alley","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Classic theories of stress and health are largely based on assumptions regarding how different psychosocial stressors influence biological processes that, in turn, affect human health and behavior. Although theoretically rich, this work has yielded little consensus and led to numerous conceptual, measurement, and reproducibility issues. Social Safety Theory aims to address these issues by using the primary goal and regulatory logic of the human brain and immune system as the basis for specifying the social-environmental situations to which these systems should respond most strongly to maximize reproductive success and survival. This analysis gave rise to the integrated, multi-level formulation described herein, which transforms thinking about stress biology and provides a biologically based, evolutionary account for how and why experiences of social safety and social threat are strongly related to health, well-being, aging, and longevity. In doing so, the theory advances a testable framework for investigating the biopsychosocial roots of health disparities as well as how health-relevant biopsychosocial processes crystalize over time and how perceptions of the social environment interact with childhood microbial environment, birth cohort, culture, air pollution, genetics, sleep, diet, personality, and self-harm to affect health. The theory also highlights several interventions for reducing social threat and promoting resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"5-59"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4e/71/nihms-1881795.PMC10161928.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10660481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mental contrasting with implementation intentions as a technique for media-mediated persuasive health communication.","authors":"Alexander Ort, Andreas Fahr","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2021.1988866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1988866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) is a self-regulation strategy that combines the strategies mental contrasting (MC) in which individualscontrast a desired future with the current reality with the strategy of forming implementation intentions (II), which involves making concrete if-then plans (implementation intentions, II) to overcome the obstacles standing in the way of the desired future. Numerous studies across behavioral domains have demonstrated the effectiveness of this strategy in supporting people to adopt health-promoting behaviors or changing unhealthy behaviors. However, research on MCII has so far neglected the applicability of the concept in media-mediated persuasive health communication. This conceptual review aims to demonstrate and examine the potentials and effects of MCII as a technique to tailor media-mediated persuasive health messages and their dissemination through different media channels. In doing so, it draws on existing models of health behavior change, especially individuals' threat and coping appraisals. Potential effects of MCII on these cognitive factors are discussed, and practical implications for health message design are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"602-621"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10470964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominika Kwasnicka, Jan Keller, Olga Perski, Sebastian Potthoff, Gill A Ten Hoor, Ben Ainsworth, Rik Crutzen, Simone Dohle, Anne van Dongen, Matti Heino, Julia F Henrich, Liam Knox, Laura M König, Wendy Maltinsky, Claire McCallum, Judith Nalukwago, Efrat Neter, Johanna Nurmi, Manuel Spitschan, Samantha B Van Beurden, L Nynke Van der Laan, Kathrin Wunsch, Jasper J J Levink, Robbert Sanderman
{"title":"White Paper: Open Digital Health - accelerating transparent and scalable health promotion and treatment.","authors":"Dominika Kwasnicka, Jan Keller, Olga Perski, Sebastian Potthoff, Gill A Ten Hoor, Ben Ainsworth, Rik Crutzen, Simone Dohle, Anne van Dongen, Matti Heino, Julia F Henrich, Liam Knox, Laura M König, Wendy Maltinsky, Claire McCallum, Judith Nalukwago, Efrat Neter, Johanna Nurmi, Manuel Spitschan, Samantha B Van Beurden, L Nynke Van der Laan, Kathrin Wunsch, Jasper J J Levink, Robbert Sanderman","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2022.2046482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2046482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this White Paper, we outline recommendations from the perspective of health psychology and behavioural science, addressing three research gaps: (1) What methods in the health psychology research toolkit can be best used for developing and evaluating digital health tools? (2) What are the most feasible strategies to reuse digital health tools across populations and settings? (3) What are the main advantages and challenges of sharing (openly publishing) data, code, intervention content and design features of digital health tools? We provide actionable suggestions for researchers joining the continuously growing Open Digital Health movement, poised to revolutionise health psychology research and practice in the coming years. This White Paper is positioned in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring how digital health tools have rapidly gained popularity in 2020-2022, when world-wide health promotion and treatment efforts rapidly shifted from face-to-face to remote delivery. This statement is written by the Directors of the not-for-profit Open Digital Health initiative (n = 6), Experts attending the European Health Psychology Society Synergy Expert Meeting (n = 17), and the initiative consultant, following a two-day meeting (19-20th August 2021).</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"475-491"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10528134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olga Perski, Jan Keller, Dimitra Kale, Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah Asare, Verena Schneider, Daniel Powell, Felix Naughton, Gill Ten Hoor, Peter Verboon, Dominika Kwasnicka
{"title":"Understanding health behaviours in context: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological momentary assessment studies of five key health behaviours.","authors":"Olga Perski, Jan Keller, Dimitra Kale, Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah Asare, Verena Schneider, Daniel Powell, Felix Naughton, Gill Ten Hoor, Peter Verboon, Dominika Kwasnicka","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2022.2112258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2112258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) involves repeated, real-time sampling of health behaviours in context. We present the state-of-knowledge in EMA research focused on five key health behaviours (physical activity and sedentary behaviour, dietary behaviour, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, sexual health), summarising theoretical (e.g., psychological and contextual predictors) and methodological aspects (e.g., study characteristics, EMA adherence). We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science until February 2021. We included studies focused on any of the aforementioned health behaviours in adult, non-clinical populations that assessed ≥1 psychological/contextual predictor and reported a predictor-behaviour association. A narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analyses of EMA adherence were conducted. We included 633 studies. The median study duration was 14 days. The most frequently assessed predictors were 'negative feeling states' (21%) and 'motivation and goals' (16.5%). The pooled percentage of EMA adherence was high at 81.4% (95% CI = 80.0%, 82.8%, <i>k </i>= 348) and did not differ by target behaviour but was somewhat higher in student (vs. general population) samples, when EMAs were delivered via mobile phones/smartphones (vs. handheld devices), and when event contingent (vs. fixed) sampling was used. This review showcases how the EMA method has been applied to improve understanding and prediction of health behaviours in context.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"576-601"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10469008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura M König, Anila Allmeta, Nora Christlein, Miranda Van Emmenis, Stephen Sutton
{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of reactivity to digital in-the-moment measurement of health behaviour.","authors":"Laura M König, Anila Allmeta, Nora Christlein, Miranda Van Emmenis, Stephen Sutton","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2022.2047096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2047096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-report measures of health behaviour have several limitations including measurement reactivity, i.e., changes in people's behaviour, cognitions or emotions due to taking part in research. This systematic review investigates whether digital in-the-moment measures induce reactivity to a similar extent and why it occurs. Four databases were searched in December 2020. All observational or experimental studies investigating reactivity to digital in-the-moment measurement of a range of health behaviours were included if they were published in English in 2008 or later. Of the 11,723 records initially screened, 30 publications reporting on 31 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis/ 7 studies in the quantitative synthesis. Eighty-one percent of studies focused on reactivity to the measurement of physical activity indicators; small but meaningful pooled effects were found (Cohen's <i>d</i>s: 0.27-0.30). Only a small number of studies included other behaviours, yielding mixed results. Digital in-the-moment measurement of behaviour thus may be as prone to reactivity as self-reports in questionnaires. Measurement reactivity may be amplified by (1) ease of changing the behaviour (2) awareness of being measured and social desirability, and (3) resolving discrepancies between actual and desired behaviour through self-regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"551-575"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10470088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura M König, Miranda Van Emmenis, Johanna Nurmi, Aikaterini Kassavou, Stephen Sutton
{"title":"Characteristics of smartphone-based dietary assessment tools: a systematic review.","authors":"Laura M König, Miranda Van Emmenis, Johanna Nurmi, Aikaterini Kassavou, Stephen Sutton","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2021.2016066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.2016066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Smartphones have become popular in assessing eating behaviour in real-life and real-time. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of smartphone-based dietary assessment tools, focusing on how dietary data is assessed and its completeness ensured. Seven databases from behavioural, social and computer science were searched in March 2020. All observational, experimental or intervention studies and study protocols using a smartphone-based assessment tool for dietary intake were included if they reported data collected by adults and were published in English. Out of 21,722 records initially screened, 117 publications using 129 tools were included. Five core assessment features were identified: photo-based assessment (48.8% of tools), assessed serving/ portion sizes (48.8%), free-text descriptions of food intake (42.6%), food databases (30.2%), and classification systems (27.9%). On average, a tool used two features. The majority of studies did not implement any features to improve completeness of the records. This review provides a comprehensive overview and framework of smartphone-based dietary assessment tools to help researchers identify suitable assessment tools for their studies. Future research needs to address the potential impact of specific dietary assessment methods on data quality and participants' willingness to record their behaviour to ultimately improve the quality of smartphone-based dietary assessment for health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"526-550"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10471169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geralyn R Ruissen, Bruno D Zumbo, Ryan E Rhodes, Eli Puterman, Mark R Beauchamp
{"title":"Analysis of dynamic psychological processes to understand and promote physical activity behaviour using intensive longitudinal methods: a primer.","authors":"Geralyn R Ruissen, Bruno D Zumbo, Ryan E Rhodes, Eli Puterman, Mark R Beauchamp","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2021.1987953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1987953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical activity behaviour displays temporal variability, and is influenced by a range of dynamic psychological processes (e.g., affect) and shaped by various co-occurring events (e.g., social/environmental factors, interpersonal dynamics). Yet, most physical activity research tends not to examine the dynamic psychological processes implicated in adopting and maintaining physical activity. Intensive longitudinal methods (ILM) represent one particularly salient means of studying the <i>complex psychological dynamics</i> that underlie and result from physical activity behaviour. With the increased recent interest in using intensive longitudinal data to understand specific dynamic psychological processes, the field of exercise and health psychology is well-positioned to draw from state-of-the-art measurement and statistical approaches that have been developed and operationalised in other fields of enquiry. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of some of the fundamental dynamic measurement and modelling approaches applicable to the study of physical activity behaviour change, as well as the dynamic psychological processes that contribute to such change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 4","pages":"492-525"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10470968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health Psychology ReviewPub Date : 2022-09-01Epub Date: 2021-05-24DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1926308
Tracey Kaczmarek, David J Kavanagh, Peter A Lazzarini, Jason Warnock, Jaap J Van Netten
{"title":"Training diabetes healthcare practitioners in motivational interviewing: a systematic review.","authors":"Tracey Kaczmarek, David J Kavanagh, Peter A Lazzarini, Jason Warnock, Jaap J Van Netten","doi":"10.1080/17437199.2021.1926308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1926308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes presents significant self-care challenges that require sustained motivation. Motivational Interviewing (MI) has substantial support in enhancing motivation for behavioural change, but its effective application in routine healthcare requires practitioners to acquire and use related skills. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the impact of MI training on MI-related skills of practitioners who provide diabetes healthcare. PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched using the terms motivational interviewing, motivation enhancement, and diabetes. Two assessors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts for papers reporting the impact of MI training on diabetes healthcare practitioners' outcomes. Of 625 abstracts screened, 22 papers from 17 unique studies were included. All 17 studies reported some improvement in MI skills, with 14 finding improvements in more than 50% and three less than 35%. However, the risk of bias and outcome measures varied widely between studies. All studies showed diabetes healthcare practitioners acquired and applied MI skills post-training, to varying levels. Findings suggest training should include education, role play, and ongoing supervision to maintain skills.</p>","PeriodicalId":48034,"journal":{"name":"Health Psychology Review","volume":"16 3","pages":"430-449"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17437199.2021.1926308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38966326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}