SAE International Journal of Engines最新文献

{"title":"Combustion Mode Evaluation of a Methanol–Diesel Dual Direct Injection\u0000 Engine with a Control of Injection Timing and Energy Substitution\u0000 Ratio","authors":"Yifan Zhao, Xinyu Liu, S. Kook","doi":"10.4271/03-18-01-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-18-01-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Methanol, as a renewable fuel, is an attractive option for internal combustion\u0000 engines. The dual direct injection method is one of the most promising\u0000 strategies for applying methanol fuel in diesel engines as the flexible\u0000 injection control enables combustion mode switching. In this study, a 1-L\u0000 single-cylinder common-rail diesel engine with a compression ratio of 17.4 is\u0000 retrofitted by installing an additional methanol direct injector with 35 MPa\u0000 injection pressure. The engine is operated at 1400 rpm, intermediate load, and\u0000 fixed midpoint combustion phasing of 10 °CA aTDC with a fixed total amount of\u0000 energy while applying an energy substitution principle with up to 70% energy\u0000 supplied by methanol. From the experiments, three distinct combustion modes were\u0000 identified. When early methanol injection timings were selected in the range of\u0000 180–60 °CA bTDC, the primary combustion mode was premixed burn. Late injection\u0000 timings of 10 °CA bTDC to TDC led to heat release rate shapes of the diffusion\u0000 flame mode. In between these injection timings, partially premixed combustion\u0000 was achieved where the higher methanol substitution ratio achieved carbon\u0000 dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction by up to 11% and nitrogen oxides\u0000 (NOx) emission suppression by up to 12%. It was also found that\u0000 with increasing methanol energy substitution ratio, a significant reduction in\u0000 smoke emissions was achieved. However, the decreased power output and increased\u0000 emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon (uHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured\u0000 due to incomplete combustion caused by lower flame temperature of methanol.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation on Exhaust Pulse Characteristics of Asymmetric\u0000 Twin-Scroll Turbocharged Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine","authors":"Liangqin Wu, Jianjiao Jin, Jie Wang, Chenyun Zhang","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0048","url":null,"abstract":"The shape and energy distribution characteristics of exhaust pulse of an\u0000 asymmetric twin-scroll turbocharged engine have a significant impact on the\u0000 matching between asymmetric twin-scroll turbines and engines, as well as the\u0000 matching between asymmetric twin scrolls and turbine wheels. In this article,\u0000 the exhaust pulse characteristics of an asymmetric twin-scroll turbocharged\u0000 engine was studied. Experiments were conducted on a turbine test rig and an\u0000 engine performance stand to determine the operation rules of exhaust pulse\u0000 strength, turbine flow parameters, turbine isentropic energy, and turbine\u0000 efficiency. The results showed that the exhaust pulse strength at the inlets of\u0000 both the small and large scrolls continuously decreased with the increase of\u0000 engine speed. And the flow parameters at the inlets of the small and large\u0000 scrolls exhibited a “ring” or “butterfly” shape with the change of expansion\u0000 ratio depending on the pressure deviation of the extreme points at the troughs\u0000 on both sides of the “secondary peak” of the exhaust pressure pulse,\u0000 respectively. Besides, the distribution trend of turbine isentropic power was\u0000 consistent with the trend of exhaust pressure pulse at the inlets of the small\u0000 and large scrolls. Furthermore, when opening the balance valve, it caused the\u0000 appearance of “concave” and “convex” features near the “main peak” and\u0000 “secondary peak” of the turbine isentropic power pulses, respectively. Finally,\u0000 as the engine speed increased, the fluctuation of turbine instantaneous\u0000 efficiency gradually decreased. When calculating the instantaneous efficiency of\u0000 the turbine, the influence of the rotor’s rotational inertia needs to be\u0000 considered, otherwise, there may be a false phenomenon of exceeding 100%\u0000 efficiency.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels\u0000 and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study","authors":"B. Bharath, V. Selvan","doi":"10.4271/03-17-08-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-08-0059","url":null,"abstract":"The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology\u0000 to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and\u0000 nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse\u0000 alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at\u0000 2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable\u0000 enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat\u0000 release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15\u0000 surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce\u0000 hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15\u0000 demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y\u0000 axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface\u0000 methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content\u0000 of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%.\u0000 It is noteworthy that ternary blends can be viably employed in spark-ignition\u0000 engines, offering a partial replacement for conventional fossil fuels. This\u0000 research highlights that employing isobutanol–methanol–gasoline ternary blends\u0000 and the ZnO-TiO2/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant improves spark-ignition\u0000 engine performance, cuts emissions, and minimizes engine vibration compared to\u0000 conventional gasoline.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation Studies of Pollutant Emission from Passenger\u0000 Cars","authors":"K. Szczepański, K. Bebkiewicz, Z. Chłopek, H. Sar, D. Zakrzewska","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0047","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of simulation studies of pollutant emissions\u0000 from passenger cars. The characteristics of emissions were determined using the\u0000 vehicle driving test procedures, in consideration of differentiated average\u0000 velocities as well as model traffic conditions: urban traffic jam, urban traffic\u0000 with no congestion, rural, motorways, and highways. This article also presented\u0000 the possibility of determining the characteristics of pollutant emission based\u0000 on a singular realization of the vehicle velocities processes, as well as the\u0000 intensity of pollutant emission, with the use of the Monte Carlo method. The\u0000 pollutant emission characteristics enable specification of pollutant emission\u0000 intensity, which can be used for the inventory of pollutant emissions from road\u0000 transport (COPERT software applied as standard) and can be useful in the\u0000 assessment of a degree of environmental hazard by modeling pollutant dispersion.\u0000 In this article, the results related to pollutant emission characteristics were\u0000 obtained with the use of the software HBEFA INFRAS AG for the cumulative\u0000 category of passenger cars, in terms of their representative structure in Europe\u0000 in 2020. The simulation driving tests were carried out separately for cars with\u0000 spark ignition engines and for those with compression ignition engines. It was\u0000 concluded that using specialized software to simulate emissions from road\u0000 vehicles is an effective way to determine the characteristics of emissions from\u0000 road transport.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cavitation Phenomenon and Spray Atomization in Different Types of\u0000 Diesel Engine Nozzles: A Systematic Review","authors":"Tianyi Cao, Jianjiao Jin, Yu Pu Qu","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0042","url":null,"abstract":"The high-pressure common rail fuel injection system for diesel engines is one of\u0000 the core technologies that need to be addressed in the automobile industry. The\u0000 control of the internal flow in multi-hole injector nozzles is the key to\u0000 achieve accurate control of the fuel injection and spray process. There are\u0000 various types of research on cavitation phenomena currently conducted on various\u0000 types of test benches, but there is no conclusive discussion. Therefore, it is\u0000 to summarize these studies in order to identify the highlights of existing\u0000 studies and point out their shortcomings. This article compares and analyzes the\u0000 developing patterns of cavitation phenomena on four test benches through\u0000 literature review and has obtained rich research data on these four types of\u0000 nozzles, but they still have their own shortcomings at the same time, even with\u0000 numerical simulation. Based on this, the article has conducted a detailed and\u0000 critical discussion on the current research situation and completed a summary.\u0000 Specifically, it mainly involves four geometry parameters, two dynamic factors,\u0000 and three fuel physical property parameters. The discussion conducted can\u0000 contribute to the future development of cavitation models, further improving the\u0000 energy-saving and -reducing emission reduction of diesel engines.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141651460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with\u0000 Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends","authors":"Banumathi Munuswamy Swami Punniakodi, Chelliah Arumugam, Sivalingam Suyambazhahan, Ramalingam Senthil, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Inbanaathan Papla Venugopal, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Dao Nam Cao","doi":"10.4271/03-17-08-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-08-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further\u0000 affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical\u0000 alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses\u0000 lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after\u0000 blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15),\u0000 and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10\u0000 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10\u0000 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to\u0000 diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It\u0000 indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature.\u0000 The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%.\u0000 The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with\u0000 lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of increased temperature\u0000 and poor combustion. Apart from NOx emissions, all other parameters of\u0000 lemongrass oil blends are suitable for practical diesel applications. The\u0000 significant findings benefit the biodiesel community toward the efficient\u0000 combustion of biodiesel blends.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141342109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dimethyl Ether and Propane Blends on Knocking Behavior in\u0000 a Boosted SI Engine","authors":"Lian Soto, Taehoon Han, A. Boehman","doi":"10.4271/03-17-07-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-07-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Dimethyl ether (DME) is an alternative fuel that, blended with propane, could be\u0000 an excellent alternative for exploring the use of fuels from renewable sources.\u0000 DME–propane blends are feasible for their comparable physicochemical properties;\u0000 these fuels may be pressured as liquids using moderate pressure at ambient\u0000 temperature. Adding a proportion of DME with a low octane number to a less\u0000 reactive fuel like propane can improve the combustion process. However, the\u0000 increased reactivity of the mixture induced by the DME could lead to the early\u0000 appearance of knocking, and this tendency may even be pronounced in boosted SI\u0000 engines. Hence, this study experimentally analyzes the effect of E10 gasoline\u0000 (baseline) and DME–propane blends, with varying proportions of DME in propane\u0000 ranging from 0% to 30% by weight, in increments of 5% on knocking tendency,\u0000 combustion characteristics, gaseous emissions, and particle number\u0000 concentration, under different intake pressure conditions (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and\u0000 1.1 bar) in an SI engine. The results show that as the proportion of DME in the\u0000 propane blend rises, the knocking tendency becomes more pronounced. That\u0000 behavior intensifies with increasing intake pressure, but with 20% DME in the\u0000 propane blend, reaching the maximum brake torque (MBT) without knocking in the\u0000 four boosted conditions is feasible. The presence of knock limited the advance\u0000 of combustion phasing and decreased the gross indicated thermal efficiency\u0000 (ITEg) with E10 gasoline and 25% and 30% DME in propane blends under 1.0 and 1.1\u0000 bar boosted conditions. In these knock-limited circumstances, the NOx emissions\u0000 decreased due to the retarded phasing, and THC and PN emissions increased due to\u0000 the lower combustion stability, considerably raising the concentration of\u0000 accumulation mode particles in the particle size distribution (PSD) compared to\u0000 the other fuel blends tested.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of a Belt Starter Generator in a Flex-Fuel\u0000 Vehicle","authors":"Alice Lins, Sergio Hanriot, Luis Carlos Monteiro Sales","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0046","url":null,"abstract":"The concern with global warming has led to the creation of legislation aimed at\u0000 minimizing this phenomenon. As a result, the development of technologies to\u0000 minimize vehicle emissions and reduce fuel consumption has gained market share.\u0000 A promising alternative is the use of a belt starter generator (BSG): an\u0000 electric machine to replace the vehicle’s alternator. This research analyzes the\u0000 effects of introducing a 12 V BSG into a flex-fuel vehicle, specifically\u0000 examining its impact on fuel economy and CO2 emissions when using\u0000 both gasoline and ethanol. The utilization of a low-voltage BSG in a flex-fuel\u0000 vehicle has not been previously studied. Numerical simulations and experimental\u0000 fuel consumption and CO2 emissions tests were performed for the\u0000 normal production flex-fuel baseline configuration and the vehicle with the 12 V\u0000 BSG, following the standards ABNT NBR 6601 and ABNT NBR 7024. The use of the BSG\u0000 led to a 10.06% reduction in CO2 emission in the urban cycle for the\u0000 vehicle running on gasoline and a 6.28% reduction in energy consumption in the\u0000 combined cycle. The results demonstrated that the low-voltage BSG is a promising\u0000 solution for reducing fuel consumption and GHG emissions in flex-fuel vehicles.\u0000 The electrical machine installation required minimal modifications to the\u0000 vehicle and had a low adaptation cost. The BSG can also improve vehicle\u0000 performance and drivability.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141362953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Injector Type and Intake Boosting on Combustion,\u0000 Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct\u0000 Injection Engine—A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study","authors":"Rahul Kumar, Sreetam Bhaduri, J. Mallikarjuna","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0044","url":null,"abstract":"In general, GDI engines operate with stratified mixtures at part-load conditions\u0000 enabling increased fuel economy with high power output, however, with a\u0000 compensation of increased soot emissions at part-load conditions. This is mainly\u0000 due to improper in-cylinder mixing of air and fuel leading to a sharp decrease\u0000 in gradient of reactant destruction term and heat release rate (HRR), resulting\u0000 in flame quenching. The type of fuel injector and engine operating conditions\u0000 play a significant role in the in-cylinder mixture formation. Therefore, in this\u0000 study, a CFD analysis is utilized to compare the effect of stratified mixture\u0000 combustion with multi-hole solid-cone and hollow-cone injectors on the\u0000 performance and emission characteristics of a spray-guided GDI engine.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The equivalence ratio (ϕ) from 0.6 to 0.8 with the constant\u0000 engine speed of 2000 rev/min is considered. For both injectors, the fuel\u0000 injection pressure of 200 bar is used with 60° spray-cone angles. For lean\u0000 boosting conditions, intake pressures of 1 bar, 1.2 bar, and 1.4 bar are\u0000 maintained for 0.8 equivalence ratio cases for both injectors. Results from the\u0000 CFD analysis are compared with those of the available experimental results with\u0000 good agreement. Analyzing the results, naturally aspirated and intake boosting\u0000 conditions for ϕ of 0.8, mixture distribution and flame\u0000 propagation for the multi-hole solid injector are better than hollow-cone\u0000 injector. Also, for the ϕ of 0.8, naturally aspirated mode, the\u0000 soot emissions by the hollow-cone injector are higher by about 90%, and the\u0000 NOx emissions are higher by about 19% compared to that of the\u0000 multi-hole solid-cone injector. Under boosted intake pressure conditions, for\u0000 the hollow-cone injector, the soot emissions are higher by about 97%–99%, and\u0000 NOx emissions are higher by about 7%–6% compared to the\u0000 multi-hole solid-cone injector. Also, HC and CO emissions are considerably lower\u0000 for the hollow-cone injector than that of the multi-hole solid-cone\u0000 injector.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hybrid Concept of Turboshaft Engine Enhanced by Steam Cycle Using\u0000 Waste Heat Recovery—Combined Analytical and Numerical Calculation of Its\u0000 Efficiency","authors":"P. Tarnawski, W. Ostapski","doi":"10.4271/03-17-06-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-17-06-0045","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a hybrid concept of a turboshaft engine that fits into the\u0000 area of PGE (pressure-gained combustion). It combines the advantages and\u0000 elements of a piston engine and a turbine engine. The combustion takes place in\u0000 isochoric chambers. The proposed timing system of the engine efficiently\u0000 realizes the Humphrey cycle. Additionally, the main gas cycle engine was\u0000 enhanced by the Clausius–Rankine steam cycle to achieve effective power of\u0000 engine equal to 1231.3 kW. It was supplied by waste heat recovery from the\u0000 exhaust gas. The enhancement of the engine by the secondary steam cycle\u0000 significantly improved engine effective efficiency with a final value reaching\u0000 0.446. The effective efficiency and specific fuel consumption of the engine were\u0000 calculated using merged analytical–numerical CFD (computational fluid dynamics)\u0000 analysis. The centrifugal compressor, gas turbine, and steam turbine can work on\u0000 the common shaft whose rotational velocity is 35,000 rpm. Because of additional\u0000 weight, it could have potential applications for stationary use or heavy\u0000 military units.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141387624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}