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Designing turnover taxes in countries with large informal sectors 在非正规部门较多的国家设计流转税
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12711
Feng Wei, Jean-François Wen
{"title":"Designing turnover taxes in countries with large informal sectors","authors":"Feng Wei,&nbsp;Jean-François Wen","doi":"10.1111/caje.12711","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turnover (sales) is frequently used in developing countries as a presumptive income tax base to economize on the costs of tax administration and taxpayer compliance. We construct a simple model where a size threshold separates firms paying turnover tax from those paying regular income tax and where firms have the option of producing in the untaxed, informal sector. The optimal turnover tax rate trades off two policy concerns: reducing informality and avoiding strategic reductions in sales by firms seeking to remain below the threshold for the regular income tax. We provide analytical results and calibrate the model to compute the optimal policy using realistic parameter values. Introducing an optimally designed turnover tax induces about 12 percentage points of previously informal enterprises to register for the presumptive regime in the calibrated model.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"528-555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time to say goodbye? The impact of environmental regulation on foreign divestment 该说再见了吗？环境监管对外资撤资的影响
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12706
Haiou Mao, Holger Görg, Guopei Fang
{"title":"Time to say goodbye? The impact of environmental regulation on foreign divestment","authors":"Haiou Mao,&nbsp;Holger Görg,&nbsp;Guopei Fang","doi":"10.1111/caje.12706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12706","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We look at divestments by foreign firms—a topic that has received comparatively little attention in the literature—and investigate how changes in the regulatory environment in the host country may impact on such divestment decisions. We use the implementation of China's two control zones (TCZ) policy as a “quasi-natural experiment,” using detailed firm-level combined with city-level data for the empirical analysis. Our results show that the implementation of the TCZ policy has led to higher probabilities of divestments by foreign firms in cities and industries targeted by the TCZ policy. The mechanism behind this seems to be a TCZ-induced increase in discharge fees and efforts to reduce SO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Allowing for heterogeneity of effects, we find that the effect is particularly strong for firms from source countries with less stringent environmental regulation and those using less advanced technology. We also show that firms using intermediates from polluting industries also experience a higher probability of divestment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"502-527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Import tariffs and transport prices 进口关税和运输价格
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12708
Dominik Boddin, Frank Stähler
{"title":"Import tariffs and transport prices","authors":"Dominik Boddin,&nbsp;Frank Stähler","doi":"10.1111/caje.12708","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12708","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses how import tariffs interact with transport prices in episodes of trade liberalization. We develop a model of a transport industry that operates under imperfect competition and economies of scale. Double marginalization due to market power reduces the effects of trade liberalization, while a larger trade volume may support them due to economies of scale. We use a large data set of maritime transport data and combine them with tariff data to find that economies of scale beat market power: a decline in the tariff implies a decline in freight rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"430-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Canadian productivity growth: Stuck in the oil sands 加拿大生产力的增长：受困于油砂
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12707
Oliver Loertscher, Pau S. Pujolas
{"title":"Canadian productivity growth: Stuck in the oil sands","authors":"Oliver Loertscher,&nbsp;Pau S. Pujolas","doi":"10.1111/caje.12707","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12707","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the behaviour of Canadian Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth over the past 60 years. We find that the observed stagnation during the last 20 years is accounted for entirely by the oil sector. Higher oil prices made capital-intensive sources of oil like the oil sands viable to extract on a commercial scale. However, the greater input required per barrel of oil slowed TFP growth. Comparing Canadian TFP growth with that of the United States and Norway reinforces these results. However, our result should not be interpreted to carry any welfare implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"478-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140715204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pause artificial intelligence research? Understanding AI policy challenges 暂停人工智能研究？了解人工智能政策挑战
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12705
Avi Goldfarb
{"title":"Pause artificial intelligence research? Understanding AI policy challenges","authors":"Avi Goldfarb","doi":"10.1111/caje.12705","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12705","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial intelligence (AI) may be the next general purpose technology. General purpose technologies, such as the steam engine and computing, can have an outsized impact on productivity through a positive feedback loop between producing and application industries. Along with the discussion of AI's potential to improve productivity come a number of policy concerns related to AI's potential to automate jobs and to create existential risk for humanity. Because of these worries, in March 2023, a widely circulated petition called for a pause in AI research. That letter asked several questions about AI's potential impact on society. This paper examines those questions through an economic lens. It highlights reasons to be optimistic about the long-run impact of AI, while underscoring short-run risks. Economic models provide an understanding of where the ambiguity lies and where it does not. Our models suggest no ambiguity on whether there will be jobs and little ambiguity on long-term productivity growth if AI diffuses widely. In contrast, there is substantial ambiguity on the implications of AI's diffusion for inequality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"363-377"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of preferential market access: British imports into Canada, 1892–1903 优惠市场准入的影响：英国对加拿大的进口，1892-1903 年
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12703
Ian Keay, Brian D. Varian
{"title":"The impact of preferential market access: British imports into Canada, 1892–1903","authors":"Ian Keay,&nbsp;Brian D. Varian","doi":"10.1111/caje.12703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12703","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Canada initiated the formation of the (modern) imperial trade bloc in 1897 when it extended preferential market access to imports from Britain. British goods initially received a preferential reduction of one eighth of the applicable duty, rising to one quarter in 1898 and one third in 1900. Because duties varied across imported commodities, the uniform <i>relative</i> margins of preference resulted in cross-commodity variation in the <i>absolute</i> margins of preference. This cross-commodity variation is exploited in our paper. Relying on a data set that includes over 32,000 Canadian import products, we find that a 1 percentage-point increase in the absolute margin of preference was associated with a 5.4% increase in the value of imports from Britain. Counterfactually, if Canada had not adopted a preferential trade policy, by 1903, the value of British imports into Canada would have been reduced by approximately one half.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 1","pages":"140-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International trade fluctuations: Global versus regional factors 国际贸易波动：全球因素与地区因素
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12702
Krzysztof Beck, Karen Jackson
{"title":"International trade fluctuations: Global versus regional factors","authors":"Krzysztof Beck,&nbsp;Karen Jackson","doi":"10.1111/caje.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12702","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the relative importance of global, regional, country and idiosyncratic factors as well as the determinants that underpin fluctuations in international trade flows across different regions of the world. Our analysis starts by using a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model (BDFM) to simultaneously estimate the four dynamic factors, followed by the application of Bayesian model averaging to identify the variables that explain the shares of variance. Our key findings are: (i) international factors are the most important in explaining fluctuations in international trade, suggesting that the interconnections between economies and policies/shocks at the regional and global level tend to be more important than country-level factors and (ii) regional integration, particularly when the agreement goes beyond trade in goods, is positively related to the share of the regional factor and inversely related to the importance of the global factor. Furthermore, the regional factor is more important in the case of economically large trade blocks. Overall, our analysis illustrates the usefulness of applying a BDFM model to study the co-movements of international trade series.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 1","pages":"331-358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategic capital taxation, tradable emission permits and global pollution 战略性资本税、可交易排放许可证和全球污染
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2024-01-28 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12701
Nikos Tsakiris, Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S. Michael
{"title":"Strategic capital taxation, tradable emission permits and global pollution","authors":"Nikos Tsakiris,&nbsp;Panos Hatzipanayotou,&nbsp;Michael S. Michael","doi":"10.1111/caje.12701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper considers a two-country model with international capital mobility and production-generated cross-border pollution. It examines the effectiveness of alternative policy combinations consisting of capital taxes and nationally or internationally tradable emissions permits in reducing global pollution. The internationally mobile capital is taxed according to three different rules, namely, <i>capital tax exemptions</i>, <i>capital tax credits</i> and <i>capital tax deductions</i>. Our key result is that, under certain conditions, the lowest Nash equilibrium level of global pollution is achieved with a policy mix combining either capital tax exemptions or capital tax credits with internationally, rather than nationally, tradable emission permits.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 1","pages":"276-296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139739154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A bargaining perspective on vertical integration 从议价角度看纵向一体化
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2023-12-24 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12700
Hendrik Döpper, Geza Sapi, Christian Wey
{"title":"A bargaining perspective on vertical integration","authors":"Hendrik Döpper,&nbsp;Geza Sapi,&nbsp;Christian Wey","doi":"10.1111/caje.12700","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analyze vertical integration incentives in a bilaterally duopolistic industry with bargaining in the input market. Vertical integration incentives are a combination of horizontal integration incentives upstream and downstream and depend on the strength of substitutability and complementarity and the shape of the unit cost function. Under particular circumstances, vertical integration can convey more bargaining power to the merged entity than a horizontal merger to monopoly. In a bidding game for an exogenously determined target firm, a vertical merger can dominate a horizontal one, while pre-emption does not occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 1","pages":"199-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139160321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Basic income and the labour market: Labour supply, precarious work and technological change 基本收入和劳动力市场:劳动力供应、不稳定的工作和技术变革
IF 1.6 4区 经济学
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12698
David A. Green
{"title":"Basic income and the labour market: Labour supply, precarious work and technological change","authors":"David A. Green","doi":"10.1111/caje.12698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, I examine the relationship between a basic income as a policy tool and the functioning of the labour market. I focus on three key areas where a basic income has been hypothesized to relate to labour markets: (i) through altering work decisions, (ii) as a response to predicted changes in work arising from technological change and (iii) as backstop that would allow workers to demand better working conditions and higher wages. I provide answers on the role or impact of a basic income in each area in the context of the current Canadian labour market. But a key focus in the paper is on the ways we could alter our labour market models to provide a better basis for debating the impacts of policies like a basic income in the context of a goal of moving toward a more just society.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"56 4","pages":"1195-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138468641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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