Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique最新文献

{"title":"Symposium on Misallocation and Structural Transformation: Introduction","authors":"Tasso Adamopoulos, Diego Restuccia","doi":"10.1111/caje.12720","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our motivation for the “Symposium on Misallocation and Structural Transformation” is that the processes of resource allocation and structural change are, each individually and jointly, interwoven with the process of economic growth and development. The common thread that transpires these processes is the allocation of economy-wide inputs across production units (sectors, firms, farms, regions, tasks). There is a growing recognition that this allocation and how it interacts with input accumulation and within unit productivity growth is at the heart of economic growth. Understanding the mechanisms and underlying forces that lead to resource misallocation and structural change are crucial for interpreting how today's developed economies came to be, but particularly critical for today's lower income countries, for which growth and development remain elusive, and concrete policy guidance is paramount.</p><p>A fundamental inquiry within the discipline of economics pertains to the determinants underlying why some countries are rich and others poor. The magnitude of the disparity in income per capita across nations is extremely large, a factor of more than 30-fold between the richest and poorest countries in the world (Jones <span>2016</span>). The welfare implications associated with closing this income gap are staggering, which necessitates understanding the fundamental sources of these great disparities and the associated policy implications. A consensus in the literature has centred around the importance of labour productivity, and in particular total factor productivity (TFP), the effectiveness with which countries can turn given amounts of inputs such as capital and labour into output, in accounting for a substantial portion of the differences in income across nations (Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare <span>1997</span>, Prescott <span>1998</span>). Consequently, an essential follow-up question pertains to the fundamental drivers of differences in aggregate productivity across countries.</p><p>A major area of research in macroeconomics over recent decades has revolved around the quantitative examination of the role for aggregate outcomes of resource allocation across heterogeneous production units within sectors (Restuccia and Rogerson <span>2008</span>, Hsieh and Klenow <span>2009</span>) and sectoral structural transformation (Gollin et al. <span>2002</span>, Duarte and Restuccia <span>2010</span>). These examinations are motivated by empirical findings illustrating wide differences among nations in the operational scale in production such as farm size in the agricultural sector or establishment size in the non-agricutural sector (Adamopoulos and Restuccia <span>2014</span>, Bento and Restuccia <span>2017</span>; <span>2021</span>) and the disparities both in sectoral productivities and stages of structural transformation among nations (Caselli <span>2005</span>, Restuccia et al. <span>2008</span>, Duarte and Restuccia <span>2010</span>).</p><p>Consi","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 3","pages":"667-673"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring physicians' response to incentives: Labour supply, multitasking and earnings","authors":"Nibene H. Somé,&nbsp;Bernard Fortin,&nbsp;Bruce Shearer","doi":"10.1111/caje.12710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physicians are typically paid for services completed. Yet, they provide different types of services with different prices, introducing a multitasking element to their labour-supply decisions. We show that optimal behaviour generates a maximum earnings function in which earnings depend on prices and total hours worked. Estimation by limited-information methods identifies a lower bound to the own-price substitution effect of a price change. Full-information methods identify the full response to incentives, including income effects. We illustrate these methods on a sample of specialist physicians working in Québec, Canada. Our results suggest that the own-price substitution effects of a price change are both economically and statistically significant. Income effects are present but overridden when prices increase for individual services. In contrast, in the presence of broad-based fee increases, the income effect dominates the substitution effect, which leads physicians to reduce their supply of services.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"622-661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public goods and bads with vulnerable individuals: How information and social nudges change behaviour","authors":"Anna Lou Abatayo,&nbsp;Tongzhe Li","doi":"10.1111/caje.12713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12713","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a diverse society, heterogeneous returns to public goods (PG) and public bads (PB) are more often the rule rather than the exception, and often the returns from the public pool are such that individuals who are most affected no longer have incentives to free ride on others. We consider this set-up through a laboratory experiment and investigate how heterogeneity of marginal per capita returns (MPCRs) affect economic cooperation in both PG and PB games. We also examine whether information on heterogeneity—no information, information and information with a plea to help those who are most affected by the public pool—changes cooperation. Our results show that information regarding the heterogeneity does not change individual behaviour in both PG and PB games. However, a social plea to help individuals with MPCRs of 1.20 increases average group efficiency. Average individual contributions under the social plea treatment are either maintained or increased. Those with MPCRs of 1.20 are more cooperative than their counterparts but not as completely as theoretically predicted. The exact same individual is also more cooperative under a PG game than under a PB game; a result that remains unchanged whether MPCRs are homogeneous or heterogeneous.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"556-587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free, full-day programming for four-year-old children in Nova Scotia and women's labour market outcomes","authors":"Jasmin Thomas","doi":"10.1111/caje.12704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite significant changes in gender norms over the 20th century and a substantial increase in women's labour force participation, women continue to provide the majority of unpaid child care. This poses a barrier to further improvements in women's labour force participation, especially when child care is limited, inaccessible or unaffordable. This paper explores the impact of substantial increases in child care accessibility and affordability on women's labour market outcomes by exploiting the rollout of free, full-day programming for four-year-old children in Nova Scotia from 2017/18 to 2020/21 using a staggered difference-in-differences approach. The program led to a 21 percentage-point increase in the labour force participation of mothers with four-year-old children in Nova Scotia, via increased employment. Unsurprisingly, these impacts are significantly larger for women whose youngest child is four years old.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"588-621"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligopoly and oligopsony in international trade","authors":"Luca Macedoni,&nbsp;Vladimir Tyazhelnikov","doi":"10.1111/caje.12714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12714","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the effects of international trade on the oligopsony power of firms in input markets. We build a theoretical model of international trade in which firms are oligopolists in the market for final goods and oligopsonists in the market for inputs. Consistent with evidence from the literature, firms' markups over unit costs rise with the level of oligopsony power and of oligopoly power. While trade liberalization decreases market power in one market, it has the opposite effect in the other. In particular, international competition between oligopolists in final goods markets causes oligopsony power to increase and oligopoly power to decline. In a simulation, we show that the increase in oligopsony power can more than offset the reduction in oligopoly power, resulting in a net increase in markups over unit costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"401-429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welfare effects of common ownership in an international duopoly","authors":"Yi Liu,&nbsp;Toshihiro Matsumura","doi":"10.1111/caje.12712","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12712","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We formulate an international oligopoly model in the presence of global common ownership. We theoretically investigate how common ownership affects the volume of international trade in an oligopoly market and global welfare. We find that welfare decreases (increases) with the degree of common ownership when the international transport costs are low (high), whereas common ownership reduces international trade. This conclusion remains valid in the presence of import tariffs and asymmetric common ownership share.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"459-477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment volatility in a generalized staggered Nash wage bargaining framework","authors":"Engin Kara","doi":"10.1111/caje.12709","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12709","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Micro evidence on wages suggests that there is heterogeneity across wage contract durations. While, on average, wages are sticky, a non-negligible proportion of wages are flexible. I generalize the Gertler and Trigari model to match this heterogeneity and show that the new model closely matches observed unemployment volatility. This finding deviates from the literature proposing an alternative calibration of the standard model and arguing that large unemployment fluctuations require a small surplus from an employment relationship. However, in the multi-sector model I present, unemployment volatility arises even with the standard calibration, where the surplus is relatively large.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"378-400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing turnover taxes in countries with large informal sectors","authors":"Feng Wei,&nbsp;Jean-François Wen","doi":"10.1111/caje.12711","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turnover (sales) is frequently used in developing countries as a presumptive income tax base to economize on the costs of tax administration and taxpayer compliance. We construct a simple model where a size threshold separates firms paying turnover tax from those paying regular income tax and where firms have the option of producing in the untaxed, informal sector. The optimal turnover tax rate trades off two policy concerns: reducing informality and avoiding strategic reductions in sales by firms seeking to remain below the threshold for the regular income tax. We provide analytical results and calibrate the model to compute the optimal policy using realistic parameter values. Introducing an optimally designed turnover tax induces about 12 percentage points of previously informal enterprises to register for the presumptive regime in the calibrated model.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"528-555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to say goodbye? The impact of environmental regulation on foreign divestment","authors":"Haiou Mao,&nbsp;Holger Görg,&nbsp;Guopei Fang","doi":"10.1111/caje.12706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12706","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We look at divestments by foreign firms—a topic that has received comparatively little attention in the literature—and investigate how changes in the regulatory environment in the host country may impact on such divestment decisions. We use the implementation of China's two control zones (TCZ) policy as a “quasi-natural experiment,” using detailed firm-level combined with city-level data for the empirical analysis. Our results show that the implementation of the TCZ policy has led to higher probabilities of divestments by foreign firms in cities and industries targeted by the TCZ policy. The mechanism behind this seems to be a TCZ-induced increase in discharge fees and efforts to reduce SO₂ emissions. Allowing for heterogeneity of effects, we find that the effect is particularly strong for firms from source countries with less stringent environmental regulation and those using less advanced technology. We also show that firms using intermediates from polluting industries also experience a higher probability of divestment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"502-527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Import tariffs and transport prices","authors":"Dominik Boddin,&nbsp;Frank Stähler","doi":"10.1111/caje.12708","DOIUrl":"10.1111/caje.12708","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses how import tariffs interact with transport prices in episodes of trade liberalization. We develop a model of a transport industry that operates under imperfect competition and economies of scale. Double marginalization due to market power reduces the effects of trade liberalization, while a larger trade volume may support them due to economies of scale. We use a large data set of maritime transport data and combine them with tariff data to find that economies of scale beat market power: a decline in the tariff implies a decline in freight rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":47941,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique","volume":"57 2","pages":"430-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/caje.12708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}