International Journal of Law and Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) and academic publishing in psychiatry","authors":"Brendan D. Kelly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current and potential impact of various applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to the field of academic publishing in psychiatry is the subject of increasing attention. At present, AI algorithms assist in data analysis, allowing researchers to process large datasets quickly and uncover complex patterns that would be challenging to detect manually. In psychiatry, this capability can potentially help integrate data from genetics, neuroimaging, and clinical assessments. AI-driven natural language processing (NLP) tools might also facilitate systematic reviews and meta-analyses by automating the extraction and synthesis of information from vast bodies of published literature. In publishing, AI can potentially help to streamline the publication process in certain ways. Automated systems might screen manuscripts for methodological rigor, ethical compliance, and potential conflicts of interest, thereby reducing the burden on editors by prompting them to consider certain matters, and possibly accelerating the publication timeline. AI-powered tools are already used to help with dissemination of research findings by generating summaries and identifying key insights, making information more accessible to a broader audience. In the future, AI has the potential to enhance psychiatric publishing in various other ways. Predictive analytics might identify emerging trends and research gaps in the literature, guiding future studies and funding priorities, although this remains speculative for now. AI could also facilitate more robust collaborations by connecting researchers with complementary expertise and interests. Additionally, the integration of AI in digital platforms could democratise access to cutting-edge research, promote global knowledge sharing, and accelerate advancements in clinical care. As AI continues to evolve, its applications in research and publishing hold the potential to drive significant progress in understanding and treating mental disorders. It is essential that these developments are accompanied by openness about the use of AI in publishing, with clear declarations by authors and publishers about the use of specific applications in published work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring structural stigma towards mental disorders: An analysis of trial verdicts","authors":"Lei Gu ,&nbsp;Hongwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mental health issues, particularly depression, often carry a stigma that can infiltrate various societal institutions, including the legal system. This study investigates the structural stigma associated with depression within the context of second-instance criminal trials in China, examining trial verdicts from 2009 to 2023. Through a detailed analysis of 171 cases using Semantic Network Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, and logistic regression, this research elucidates the complex ways in which depression is considered in judicial decisions. The findings identify three thematic responses—Neutral Evaluation, Sympathetic Consideration, and Rigorous Standards—that encapsulate diverse judicial attitudes towards the impact of depression on criminal responsibility. Critical Discourse Analysis further reveals three prevailing legal discourses—Stringent Criteria, Inconsistent Approaches, and Individual Negligence—that significantly influence the treatment of defendants with depression. The results also show a declining trend in recognizing depression as a mitigating factor, jointly influenced by crime type, defendant gender, and defendant’s education level, suggesting a shift towards more stringent judicial interpretations over time. These findings underscore the critical need for judicial reforms aimed at reducing stigma and promoting a more equitable treatment of mental health issues in the legal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insanity defense and social dangerousness: A comparative study between China and Italy","authors":"Huan Wan ,&nbsp;Giovanna Parmigiani ,&nbsp;Stefano Ferracuti ,&nbsp;Ping Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The determination of criminal responsibility and the evaluation of social dangerousness in the criminal proceedings of offenders with mental disorders are crucial and complex issues. Forensic psychiatric evaluation practices and regulations vary significantly across jurisdictions, offering comparative analysis opportunities. This paper compares the forensic psychiatric evaluation processes in China and Italy, emphatically examining and analyzing the assessment of criminal responsibility and social dangerousness. The shared language, the potential for harmonizing forensic psychiatry practices, and the pursuit of unified and transparent standards and practices underscore the importance of conducting cross-national comparative research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health disorders, adverse childhood experiences and accelerated reoffending among justice-involved youth in Australia: A longitudinal recurrent event analysis","authors":"Emaediong I. Akpanekpo ,&nbsp;Tony Butler ,&nbsp;Preeyaporn Srasuebkul ,&nbsp;Julian N. Trollor ,&nbsp;John Kasinathan ,&nbsp;David Greenberg ,&nbsp;Peter W. Schofield ,&nbsp;Dianna T. Kenny ,&nbsp;Claire Gaskin ,&nbsp;Melanie Simpson ,&nbsp;Jocelyn Jones ,&nbsp;Anyiekere M. Ekanem ,&nbsp;Azar Kariminia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mental health disorders and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known risk factors for youth offending. However, most studies operationalize these factors as static and fail to distinguish between isolated reoffences and escalating patterns of criminal behaviour. The impact of mental health service engagement on interrupting cyclical, repetitive offending also remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We linked offending records (1994–2022) and mental health records (2001−2022) for 1556 justice-involved youth in New South Wales, Australia. The Prentice, Williams, and Peterson Gap Time model with time-varying effects was used to identify factors associated with accelerated reoffending during a five-year follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median age at first conviction was 15 years for custody-supervised youth and 16 years for community-supervised youth. Among custody-supervised youth aged 14 to 17, the prevalence of ACEs, mental health disorders, and their co-occurrence were 69.6 %, 33.9 %, and 26.5 %, respectively, compared to 42.5 %, 30.8 %, and 14.8 % for community-supervised youth. Recurrent offences occurred in 64.8 % of custody-supervised youth and 52.1 % of community-supervised youth. Age, physical neglect, substance use disorders, and personality disorders demonstrated time-varying effects on reoffending risk. Additional risk factors included physical abuse, parental death, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and previous incarceration. Mental health service contact was associated with reduced reoffending risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates the dynamic nature of criminogenic risk factors and the protective effect of mental health service engagement. Youth justice policymakers should prioritize regular mental health assessments and improved access to interventions for justice-involved youth to reduce recurrent offending and enhance public safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive biases in forensic psychiatry: A scoping review","authors":"L. Buongiorno ,&nbsp;F. Mele ,&nbsp;G. Petroni ,&nbsp;A. Margari ,&nbsp;F. Carabellese ,&nbsp;R. Catanesi ,&nbsp;G. Mandarelli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic psychiatry plays a critical role in legal contexts but is highly susceptible to cognitive biases that can undermine the accuracy and objectivity of evaluations. This scoping review, guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework, aims to identify and analyze cognitive biases within forensic psychiatric practice across criminal, civil, and testimonial domains.</div><div>A comprehensive search across five databases yielded 7002 records, with 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. From these studies, ten distinct cognitive biases were identified, with the most frequently discussed being gender bias (29.2 %), allegiance bias (20.8 %), and confirmation bias (20.8 %), followed by hindsight, cultural, and emotional biases. Most studies focused on criminal settings, with only two addressing civil contexts.</div><div>Among the mitigation strategies reviewed, structured methodologies and the “considering the opposite” technique were the most positively evaluated and widely discussed approaches. Conversely, the self-awareness strategy was criticized for its limited effectiveness in reducing bias. Emerging tools, such as artificial intelligence, offer potential solutions but require robust ethical safeguards to prevent the perpetuation of systemic biases.</div><div>This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on biases in forensic psychiatry, underscoring the need for further empirical studies to explore their prevalence, mechanisms, and effective mitigation strategies in greater depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADHD in adults and criminal behavior: The role of psychiatric comorbidities and clinical and sociodemographic factors in a clinical sample","authors":"Martina Nicole Modesti ,&nbsp;Silvia Gubbini ,&nbsp;Pietro De Rossi ,&nbsp;Agostino Manzi ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Nicolò ,&nbsp;Barbara Adriani ,&nbsp;Simone Pallottino ,&nbsp;Giovanna Parmigiani ,&nbsp;Antonio Del Casale ,&nbsp;Cecilia Guariglia ,&nbsp;Stefano Ferracuti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with functional, behavioral, and relational difficulties. Its onset is in childhood, before the age of 12, and it often persists into adulthood. This study investigates the link between ADHD in adulthood, psychiatric comorbidities, and the risk of criminal behavior, analyzing the impact of clinical and sociodemographic variables.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included a sample of 308 patients diagnosed with ADHD, treated at the ADHD Outpatient Clinic of SS Gonfalone Hospital in Monterotondo between 2019 and 2024. Diagnoses and comorbidities were assessed through structured interviews and standardized diagnostic tools (ASRS, DIVA-5). Information on legal status and types of crimes was collected through individual interviews. Statistical analysis was performed using <em>t</em>-tests, chi-square tests, and stepwise logistic regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the sample, 8.1 % of patients with ADHD had committed crimes, with a male prevalence (92 %). Significant predictors of criminal behavior included male gender (OR = 1.899, <em>p</em> = 0.004) and alcohol use disorder (OR = 4.59, <em>p</em> = 0.002). Additionally, oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD diagnosis before the age of 18, and unemployment showed a potential association with risky criminal behavior. Lifetime prescription of antipsychotics (61.4 %) and antiepileptics (48.7 %) was more frequent among participants who committed crimes, while no significant differences were found in the use of atomoxetine and methylphenidate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Adult ADHD, particularly in males, with combined presentation and in the presence of comorbidities such as oppositional defiant disorder and alcohol use disorder, is associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior. The findings highlight the need for personalized and multimodal interventions to mitigate these risks. Future studies should adopt longitudinal designs to explore causal dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies in forensic contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102088"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of psychological torture and cybertorture with emerging digital technologies under anti-torture legal obligations in China: A mixed methods research in risks and remedies","authors":"Mingming Hai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>International norms and domestic law-making and decision-making often underestimate the effects of psychological torture and the challenges posed by digital technologies like artificial intelligence, neurotechnology, and cybertechnology, such as cybertorture, used in interrogation techniques. This article focuses on how anti-torture legal measures, both in the international context and in their domestic implementation in China, respond to the contemporary challenges in the prevailing legal framework posed by the emergence of digital technologies and the effects of psychological torture. These challenges need to be considered from medico-legal perspectives in risk evaluation and remedies for the intertwined concept of neurorights and cybertorture and the effects of psychological torture, as well as introducing the argument that neurorights as an integral concept of human rights should be placed in the architecture of the human rights legal framework regarding cybertorture as a theoretical basis for legal reasoning in specific cases. This article aims to examine these challenges in the evolutionary interpretation of existing international conventions to combat torture by examining the changing trends in the interpretation of these instruments and the role played by soft law in them. It also examines how China, as a Convention's State party, provides judicial remedies for individual claims by psychological torture victims. It highlights that vagueness in the definition of concepts and the high threshold for the effects of psychological torture increase the risk of the victim suffering and act as a barrier to grant redress within medico-legal support. Using a mixed research method, it first analyzes two types of cause-of-action cases study regarding psychological torture of state compensation and involuntary admission procedures in Mental health Law. Quantitative analysis was also used to support the soundness of the exploratory conclusions drawn by the case study section. The empirical findings suggest that certain significant risk factors in China's law-making and judicial decision-making affect the fairness and availability of judicial remedies for individual claims.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updating Winterwerp with Rooman to add a requirement for ‘Real therapeutic measures’ to legal criteria for admission without consent in psychiatry","authors":"Brendan D. Kelly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Admission without consent and treatment without consent are topics of prolonged discussion throughout the history of psychiatry. These practices raise significant issues pertaining to human rights to liberty, bodily integrity, and treatment. Balancing rights is always challenging, especially when people lack decision-making capacity owing to the impact of mental illness. In 1979, the European Court of Human Rights outlined criteria required to justify lawful admission without consent owing to mental disorder in <em>Winterwerp v. the Netherlands</em>. These criteria were: (a) a competent national authority needs to demonstrate the existence of a true mental disorder based on objective medical expertise; (b) the extent of the mental disorder needs to warrant compulsory confinement, and (c) continued detention needs to be validated by the persistence of the disorder. Since then, the Court has delivered multiple judgements relating to psychiatric committal and detention in various facilities, but the most significant potential addition to the <em>Winterwerp</em> criteria occurred in 2019, in <em>Rooman v. Belgium</em>. In this case, the Court stated, “that there exists a close link between the ‘lawfulness’ of the detention of persons suffering from mental disorders and the appropriateness of the treatment provided for their mental condition”. The Court stressed ‘that, irrespective of the facility in which those persons are placed, they are entitled to be provided with a suitable medical environment accompanied by real therapeutic measures’. On this basis, this paper proposes adding a fourth requirement to the <em>Winterwerp</em> criteria to justify lawful admission without consent owing to mental disorder: ‘(d) real therapeutic measures must be provided’. The absence of ‘real therapeutic measures’ should undermine the legal basis of admission without consent on the basis of mental disorder. This would mean that there could be no involuntary admission owing to mental disorder without treatment being appropriate and available. Such an addition to criteria for involuntary admission in national mental health legislation would protect, rather than erode, human rights, and would more accurately reflect the core purpose of psychiatry: the treatment of mental illness and the consequent alleviation of suffering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large language models and psychiatry","authors":"Graziella Orrù ,&nbsp;Giulia Melis ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Sartori","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 is transforming clinical medicine and cognitive psychology. These models exhibit remarkable capabilities in understanding and generating human-like language, which can enhance various aspects of healthcare, including clinical decision-making and psychological counseling.</div><div>LLMs, trained on vast datasets, function by predicting the next word in a sequence, endowing them with extensive knowledge and reasoning abilities. Their adaptability allows them to perform a wide range of language-related tasks, significantly contributing to advancements in cognitive psychology and psychiatry. These models demonstrate proficiency in tasks such as analogical reasoning, metaphor comprehension, and problem-solving, often achieving performance comparable to neurotypical humans. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs still exhibit limitations in causal reasoning and complex planning. However, their continuous improvement, exemplified by the enhanced performance of GPT-4 over its predecessors, suggests a trajectory towards overcoming these challenges. The ongoing debate about the “intelligence” of LLMs revolves around their ability to mimic human-like reasoning and understanding, a focal point of contemporary research.</div><div>This paper explores the cognitive abilities of LLMs, comparing them with human cognitive processes and examining their performance on various psychological tests. It highlights the emergent properties of LLMs, their potential to transform cognitive psychology, and the different applications of LLMs in psychiatry, highlighting the limitations, the ethical considerations, and the importance of scaling and fine-tuning these models to enhance their capabilities. We also explore the parallels between LLMs and human error patterns, underscoring the significance of using LLMs as models for human cognition.</div><div>Overall, this paper provides substantial evidence supporting the role of LLMs in reviving associationism as a viable framework for understanding human cognition while acknowledging the current limitations and the need for further research to fully realize their potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102086"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An updated systematic review of the literature on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the criminal legal system","authors":"Katherine Flannigan ,&nbsp;Jessica W. Pun ,&nbsp;Pamela Buttinger ,&nbsp;Kaitlyn McLachlan ,&nbsp;Kathleen Holmstrom ,&nbsp;Melissa Tremblay ,&nbsp;Mansfield Mela ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can experience a range of individual, social, and systemic challenges that may increase the likelihood of life adversity, including contact with the criminal legal system (CLS). The purpose of this article was to update a 2018 systematic review of literature on this intersection of FASD and the CLS. We searched ten academic databases for studies with people with FASD involved in the CLS, as well as caregivers and service providers who support them. A total of 54 studies were identified, published between April 2017 and March 2024, which is more than double what was present in 2018. Most of this research was conducted in Canada and Australia with individuals with FASD across the lifespan. These studies indicate growth in the literature on FASD prevalence in CLS settings (<em>n</em> = 3), CLS-related trajectories for people with FASD (<em>n</em> = 15), the needs and strengths of people with FASD involved in the CLS (<em>n</em> = 9), FASD-informed CLS responses (<em>n</em> = 17), and CLS professional knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to FASD (<em>n</em> = 10). Despite these advancements, there remain limitations in the evidence base such as a lack of specific and rigorous intervention studies; longitudinal research on outcomes and trajectories; generalizable prevalence estimates; the unique ways in which needs, risk, and protective factors may be experienced by people with FASD; how socio-cultural factors impact people with FASD and the research conducted in this area; as well as training opportunities for professionals supporting those with FASD in the CLS. These findings are integrated with results reported in the 2018 review to identify priority areas for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}