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Evaluations of competence to stand trial are evolving amid a national “competency crisis” 在国家“能力危机”中，对受审能力的评估正在演变。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2620
Daniel C. Murrie, W. Neil Gowensmith, Lauren E. Kois, Ira K. Packer
{"title":"Evaluations of competence to stand trial are evolving amid a national “competency crisis”","authors":"Daniel C. Murrie,&nbsp;W. Neil Gowensmith,&nbsp;Lauren E. Kois,&nbsp;Ira K. Packer","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2620","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2620","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Across the United States, court orders for competence to stand trial (CST) evaluations and competence restoration services have been increasing much more rapidly than states can provide these services, prompting what has been called a national “competency crisis.” The challenge in providing timely competence restoration services has, in several jurisdictions, prompted a change in competence evaluations. Evaluators are more often required to address broader clinical issues—such as recommending placement or addressing the urgency of hospitalization—rather than addressing <i>only</i> CST. This marks an evolving practice in forensic evaluation, which moves evaluators beyond the very narrow forensic question of competence and into more traditionally clinical recommendations. We describe several state examples of changing practice in order to highlight the initial barriers, and potential benefits, to addressing additional clinical issues in competence evaluations, amid a national competence crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"310-325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bsl.2620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9663379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The forensic assessment of dissociation: Distinguishing real from the unreal 分离的法医学评估：区分真实与虚幻。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2622
Charles L. Scott, Amanie M. Salem, William W. Tindell, Hunter K. Neely, Austin W. Blum
{"title":"The forensic assessment of dissociation: Distinguishing real from the unreal","authors":"Charles L. Scott,&nbsp;Amanie M. Salem,&nbsp;William W. Tindell,&nbsp;Hunter K. Neely,&nbsp;Austin W. Blum","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2622","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2622","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Because a wide range of disorders incorporate dissociative symptoms, evaluators should be familiar with evidence-based approaches to evaluating dissociation claims in the clinical and forensic context. This article provides specific guidelines for practitioners when conducting a forensic assessment of individuals who report dissociative symptoms. We review the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition disorders that include dissociation as a symptom, highlight how to distinguish genuine versus atypical symptoms of dissociative identity disorder, and summarize strengths and weaknesses of structured assessments in the evaluation of dissociative claims.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"397-414"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9234494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Examiners' perceptions of forensic mental health assessments conducted via videoconferencing 审查员对通过视频会议进行的法医心理健康评估的看法。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2621
Josie Skala, Jacob X. Chavez, Katelin Anderson, Chinmoy Gulrajani
{"title":"Examiners' perceptions of forensic mental health assessments conducted via videoconferencing","authors":"Josie Skala,&nbsp;Jacob X. Chavez,&nbsp;Katelin Anderson,&nbsp;Chinmoy Gulrajani","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2621","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2621","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic led to an acceleration in the adoption of videoconferencing (VC) for conducting forensic mental health evaluations (forensic mental health assessments [FMHA]). Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we administered a survey to 71 Minnesota-licensed forensic evaluators. Approximately two-thirds (65.7%) had started using VC for FMHA only after the pandemic, though a combined 84.5% reported performing FMHA via VC frequently at present. A striking 43.7% of respondents preferred VC for FMHA over in-person evaluation, and another 22.5% expressed no preference between modalities. Further, nearly 70% of respondents denied there were any populations for which they would never use VC to complete an FMHA. We conclude that the widespread adoption of VC for FMHA with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has induced a lasting change in the practice of FMHA. We postulate that with further advancements in technology and the development of testing instruments that can be administered online, the use of VC for FMHA will become standard practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"292-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bsl.2621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9165960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Serial sexual murder by juveniles and the role of sexual sadism: An international study 青少年连环性谋杀与性虐待狂的作用：一项国际研究。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2616
Wade C. Myers, Mark Safarik, Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan, Enzo Yaksic
{"title":"Serial sexual murder by juveniles and the role of sexual sadism: An international study","authors":"Wade C. Myers,&nbsp;Mark Safarik,&nbsp;Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan,&nbsp;Enzo Yaksic","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2616","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This is a descriptive study of 21 cases of serial sexual murder by children and adolescents spanning nearly the past century and a half. No earlier cases worldwide were identified. Each of these youth committed two or more sexual homicides prior to age 18. Their psychopathological, psychosocial, crime scene behaviors, and offender–victim relationship characteristics are presented. Additionally, the role of sexual sadism and its measurement using the SADSEX-SH rating scale is addressed. Nearly all of the sample had conduct disorder, a paraphilic disorder, and sadistic fantasies, and two-thirds had sexual sadism disorder. Family dysfunction, serious school problems, and average or above IQ levels were typical. Their modus operandi generally reflected predatory behavior and direct contact methods of killing were most common. Two case reports are provided to illustrate the breadth and complexity of these offenders. Juvenile Serial Sexual Homicide is an extremely rare but persistent phenomenon. Prognostic implications and future research directions are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"262-279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9165938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mind the past: A systematic review on psychological autopsy 回顾过去：心理学尸检的系统综述。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2619
Federico Pacchioni, Marta Bosia, Giulia Moretti, Cristiano Barbieri, Silvia Bellumore, Guido Travaini
{"title":"Mind the past: A systematic review on psychological autopsy","authors":"Federico Pacchioni,&nbsp;Marta Bosia,&nbsp;Giulia Moretti,&nbsp;Cristiano Barbieri,&nbsp;Silvia Bellumore,&nbsp;Guido Travaini","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2619","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2619","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psychological Autopsy (PA) has become widespread to the point of being applied in many diverse fields. However, it is difficult to identify a standard model. In this systematic review, we focused on PA studies assessing mental illness as a major risk factor for suicide. The research, performed on Scopus, Embase, and Pubmed to cover the last 20 years led to 321 reports of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. Results confirmed mental illness as the main risk factor for suicide, followed by specific socio-demographic factors and life events. The analysis of methodologies depicted a still highly heterogeneous scenario, especially regarding data collection and variables included. However, concerning psychiatric evaluations, an initial standardization process of PA models emerged. In conclusion, the approach is in evolution, and novel guidelines are needed to promote the application of PA as a fundamental tool to inform suicide prevention efforts and to assist forensic examiners in court.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"343-372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bsl.2619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9147989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Structured instruments for insanity defense evaluations: Opportunities and limitations 精神错乱防御评估的结构化工具：机会和局限性。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2618
Giovanna Parmigiani, Gabriele Mandarelli, Gerben Meynen, Stefano Ferracuti
{"title":"Structured instruments for insanity defense evaluations: Opportunities and limitations","authors":"Giovanna Parmigiani,&nbsp;Gabriele Mandarelli,&nbsp;Gerben Meynen,&nbsp;Stefano Ferracuti","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2618","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insanity evaluations are often criticized for their—alleged—lack of objectivity, reliability and transparency. Structured tools to guide and support forensic evaluators during these evaluations have been developed—but they are rarely employed in forensic practice. In the present article, we consider the value of these tools for forensic practice in terms of opportunities and limitations. First, we briefly describe different insanity criteria used in Western countries. Next, we will review five structured instruments to guide insanity assessment together with their performance measures. Finally, we draw conclusions on the value of such instruments for forensic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"432-444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bsl.2618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9508317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forensic assessment instruments: Their reliability and applicability to criminal forensic issues 法医评估工具：它们在刑事法医问题上的可靠性和适用性。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2613
Richard Rogers, Kamar Y. Tazi, Eric Y. Drogin
{"title":"Forensic assessment instruments: Their reliability and applicability to criminal forensic issues","authors":"Richard Rogers,&nbsp;Kamar Y. Tazi,&nbsp;Eric Y. Drogin","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2613","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2613","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forensic evaluations have advanced considerably with the development of specialized measures validated on forensic and correctional samples. Prior to this progress, such evaluations relied heavily on extrapolations from general psychological tests to crucial, legally relevant questions. Since then, decades of empirical work have produced forensic assessment instruments (FAIs) addressing psycholegal standards in addition to forensically relevant instruments (FRIs) examining issues central to forensic practice (e.g., malingering) but not the standards themselves. This article provides a critical examination of the development, validation, and modern applications of six published FAIs that each address one of three broad criminal forensic issues (i.e., insanity, competency to stand trial, and Miranda abilities and waivers). Evaluations of the measures' reliability and validity particularly in forensic samples are highlighted. To complement FAIs, FRIs related to response styles are briefly explored. As a primary goal, forensic practitioners are provided with the knowledge and background about FAIs to enhance their criminal forensic practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"415-431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9131050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Risk, resilience, and recovery in forensic mental health: An integrated conceptual model 法医心理健康的风险、复原力和恢复：一个综合概念模型。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2615
Stephanie R. Penney, Suraya Faziluddin, Alexander I. F. Simpson, Patti Socha, Treena Wilkie
{"title":"Risk, resilience, and recovery in forensic mental health: An integrated conceptual model","authors":"Stephanie R. Penney,&nbsp;Suraya Faziluddin,&nbsp;Alexander I. F. Simpson,&nbsp;Patti Socha,&nbsp;Treena Wilkie","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2615","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2615","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe a novel, integrated conceptual model that brings together core elements across structured tools assessing risk for future violence, protective factors, and progress in treatment and recovery in forensic mental health settings. We argue that the value of such a model lies in its ability to improve clinical efficiencies and streamline assessment protocols, facilitate meaningful participation of patients in assessment and treatment planning activities and increase the accessibility of clinical assessments to principal users of this information. The four domains appearing in the model (treatment engagement, stability of illness and behavior, insight, and professional and personal support) are described, and common clinical manifestations of each domain within a forensic context are illustrated. We conclude with a discussion of the types of research that would be needed to validate a concept model such as the one presented here as well as implications for clinical practice and implementation.","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"280-291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9086392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From “below chance” to “a single error is one too many”: Evaluating various thresholds for invalid performance on two forced choice recognition tests 从“机会不足”到“一个错误太多”：在两次强迫选择识别测试中评估无效性能的各种阈值。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2609
Laszlo A. Erdodi
{"title":"From “below chance” to “a single error is one too many”: Evaluating various thresholds for invalid performance on two forced choice recognition tests","authors":"Laszlo A. Erdodi","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2609","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bsl.2609","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was designed to empirically evaluate the classification accuracy of various definitions of invalid performance in two forced-choice recognition performance validity tests (PVTs; FCR<sub>CVLT-II</sub> and Test of Memory Malingering [TOMM-2]). The proportion of at and below chance level responding defined by the binomial theory and making any errors was computed across two mixed clinical samples from the United States and Canada (<i>N</i> = 470) and two sets of criterion PVTs. There was virtually no overlap between the binomial and empirical distributions. Over 95% of patients who passed all PVTs obtained a perfect score. At chance level responding was limited to patients who failed ≥2 PVTs (91% of them failed 3 PVTs). No one scored below chance level on FCR<sub>CVLT-II</sub> or TOMM-2. All 40 patients with dementia scored above chance. Although at or below chance level performance provides very strong evidence of non-credible responding, scores above chance level have no negative predictive value. Even at chance level scores on PVTs provide compelling evidence for non-credible presentation. A single error on the FCR<sub>CVLT-II</sub> or TOMM-2 is highly specific (0.95) to psychometrically defined invalid performance. Defining non-credible responding as below chance level scores is an unnecessarily restrictive threshold that gives most examinees with invalid profiles a <i>Pass</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 5","pages":"445-462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bsl.2609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9076018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Evaluating the HCR-20V3 violence risk assessment measure with mentally disordered offenders and civil psychiatric patients in China HCR-20V3暴力风险评估方法在中国精神障碍罪犯和民事精神病患者中的评估
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Behavioral Sciences & the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2614
Yifan Chen, Kevin S. Douglas, Zhuo Zhang, Cunli Xiao, Haiyan Wang, Yuhao Wang, Ai Ma
{"title":"Evaluating the HCR-20V3 violence risk assessment measure with mentally disordered offenders and civil psychiatric patients in China","authors":"Yifan Chen,&nbsp;Kevin S. Douglas,&nbsp;Zhuo Zhang,&nbsp;Cunli Xiao,&nbsp;Haiyan Wang,&nbsp;Yuhao Wang,&nbsp;Ai Ma","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current prospective risk assessment study evaluated the application of the Chinese translation of the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 Version 3 (HCR-20<sup>V3</sup>) in a sample of 152 offenders with mental disorders and civil psychiatric patients. The ratings of the presence and relevance of risk factors were compared, as well as summary risk ratings (SRRs), both across offenders and civil psychiatric patients, and across male and female sub-samples. Interrater reliability was consistently “excellent” for the presence and relevance of risk factors and for SRRs. Concurrent validity analyses indicated that HCR-20<sup>V3</sup> was strongly correlated with Violence Risk Scale (from <i>r</i> = 0.53 to 0.71). The results of predictive validity analyses provided strong support for the bivariate associations between the main indices of HCR-20<sup>V3</sup> and violence within 6 weeks, 7–24 weeks, and 6 months; SRRs added incrementally to both relevance and presence ratings across three follow-up lengths.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":"41 4","pages":"186-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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