Behavioral Sciences & the Law最新文献

{"title":"Transgender Individuals and the Law: Part I Introductory Essay.","authors":"Margarita Abi Zeid Daou, Alan R Felthous","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Criminology: An Introductory Essay.","authors":"Matt DeLisi, Heng Choon Oliver Chan","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manual and Machine Learning Approaches for Classifying Real and Forged Signatures-A Comparative Study and Forensic Implications.","authors":"Rakesh Meena, Damini Siwan, Peehul Krishan, Ankita Guleria, Abhik Ghosh, Kewal Krishan","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A handwritten signature is one of the forms of a biometric measure that creates an individual identity of the persons to mark their approval related to any document. The manual examination for determination of the authenticity of the handwritten signatures is a common practice amongst forensic document examiners. This process involves a detailed and thorough analysis of handwriting characteristics of an individual ensuring a comprehensive assessment of the each and every important feature. However, the use of artificial intelligence tools can reduce this manual work of experts for identifying forgery in signatures. The main objective of the present study was to classify the handwritten signatures as forged and genuine, manually as well as using tools of artificial intelligence, especially machine learning (ML) methods. A total of 1400 signatures, consisting of 700 forged and 700 real signatures were obtained. The signatures were obtained from 71 participants; one writer executed 700 signatures (real/genuine signatures) and 70 participants were asked to forge 10 signatures each by observing one genuine signature selected from a pool of 700 real signatures. The study employed two methods to examine the signatures: manual examination and by using machine learning-based models. In the manual examination, thorough comparison between real and forged signatures revealed that all the forged signatures were imitated and falsified that is not created by the original creator. In contrast, the machine learning-based models that is support vector machine (SVM) and random forest classifier (RFC) were utilized for classifying the signatures as either forged or genuine. The RFC and SVM achieved accuracies of 92% and 89.64% respectively for classification of the signatures as real or forged. Accuracy of both the models of the machine learning approach revealed that the approach may be used to reduce the manual work of forensic handwriting experts and allow this examination to be performed more quickly. However, the admissibility of AI-based examination of signatures is still challenged due to the lack of universal standards and a regulatory framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency, Punishment, and Judicial Behavior: Analyzing Criminal Sentencing Under China's Mass Publication Reform.","authors":"Yali Peng","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crime and punishment remain central concerns in China's justice system, yet little is known about how transparency reforms shape judicial decision-making at the local court level. This study examines public scrutiny effects in criminal sentencing in one basic-level court through the lens of focal concerns theory. Drawing on a novel complete dataset of judgments rendered from 2012-2017 and interviews with eight judges from diverse courts, the analysis reveals that transparency requirements trigger multiple adaptive responses in how judges assess focal concerns. Post-reform judgments are generally longer, particularly in cases involving serious crimes, suggesting more thorough articulation of assessments. Results show a reduction in sentence length after controlling for case characteristics, suggesting transparency moderates how judges balance punitive concerns against proportionality and defensibility. While initial implementation of the reform improved sentencing consistency, standardization effects diminished over time, revealing the institutional challenges of sustaining transparency-driven changes. The qualitative findings highlight variations in reform responses, with judges in first-tier cities and those with stronger professional backgrounds reporting less dramatic changes than colleagues from other backgrounds. These findings advance understanding of how visibility mechanisms influence judicial decision-making and offer insights for policy reforms aimed at channeling discretion through transparency measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Security, Confidence in the Police and Subjective Well-Being in Hong Kong: Evidence from the World Values Survey.","authors":"Melody W S Ip, Heng Choon Oliver Chan","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The legitimacy of the Hong Kong police has somewhat plummeted amid the Umbrella Movement in 2014 and the Pro-Democracy Movement in 2019. This study aims to explore the dynamics among Hong Kongers' perception of security, confidence in the police, and their subjective well-being using the Wave 7 (2017-2022) of the World Values Survey (WVS-7). Analysing the Hong Kong data that sampled 2075 participants (18 years and above; 952 males and 1123 females, Mage = 47.2 years), feelings of security and neighbourhood deviant behaviours (i.e., perceived security), and life satisfaction and happiness (i.e., subjective well-being) are used to explore their effects on the participants' confidence in the police. The findings indicate that the participants' feelings of security are positively correlated with their well-being and confidence in the police, respectively. Despite its nonsignificant moderation effect, this study found a significant mediation effect of the participants' confidence in the police in the relationship between their perception of security and well-being. Significant sociodemographic differences (i.e., gender, age, social class) in the participants' life satisfaction and happiness are also observed. These findings have important practical implications in areas such as public education and policy development/refinement, with the aim to foster Hong Kongers' confidence in the police and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satire Versus Illicit: Policy Issues Regarding the Creation of Deepfakes Using AI Technology.","authors":"Christopher S Peters, Abby J McGinnis, Sungjin Im, Hannah L Hennessey","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of deepfake technology, which uses artificial intelligence to create hyper-realistic videos or images by superimposing one person's face onto another's body, presents significant legal, ethical, and societal challenges. This study explores public perceptions of deepfakes, focusing on their legality and ethical implications. Participants evaluated various scenarios that differed in purpose (illicit or satirical) and the target's public profile (e.g., celebrity, politician, private citizen). Results revealed a generally negative view of deepfakes, with illicit deepfakes being less acceptable than satirical ones and those involving private citizens deemed the least permissible. Penalties for creators of illicit deepfakes were harsher, particularly when perceived harm and intent to harm were significant factors. The results highlight the importance of developing legal frameworks on deepfake creation, as well as possible practical implications within the realm of forensic psychology.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Evidence: How Race, Chronological Age, and Developmental Age Shape Juror Verdicts in Sexual Assault Cases.","authors":"Bailey M Fraser, Emily Pica, Joanna D Pozzulo, Jenna Korn, Claire Scharfe","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an overrepresentation of Indigenous people (both as accused and victims of crime) and those with developmental delays in the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The current research examined the influence of defendant and victim race (involving Indigenous people), as well as defendant developmental and chronological age, on mock-jurors' perceptions and decisions in sexual assault cases. Experiment 1 examined the influence of defendant and victim race (Indigenous or White), and defendant chronological age (16- or 36-year). Experiment 2 examined defendant race (Indigenous or White), defendant developmental age (14- or 24-year), and defendant chronological age (14- or 24-year). In both experiments, mock-jurors rendered more guilty verdicts when the defendant was White, compared to Indigenous. Mock-jurors also were more lenient to the chronologically younger defendant in Experiment 1 and the developmentally younger defendant in Experiment 2. Finally, mock-jurors' acceptance of rape myths was assessed; higher endorsement was associated with lower guilt ratings.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Legal Rights: Understanding Mental Health and Autonomy in Criminal Self-Representation.","authors":"Shai Farber","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This qualitative study examines criminal defendants who waived legal representation to self-represent in court. Through interviews with 16 participants and courtroom observations, findings reveal intersecting factors driving this decision: mental health challenges, desire for autonomy, attorney mistrust, dissatisfaction with past legal experiences, and underestimation of legal complexities. The research highlights defendants' vulnerability when exercising this right and connects negative prior legal encounters with self-representation choices. These insights into Israeli pro se defense suggest policy reforms balancing autonomy with support mechanisms. By prioritizing defendants' narratives, this research illuminates self-representation's social and psychological dimensions, advancing discourse on this understudied phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias in Sentencing Men for Sexual Offenses Against Minors: Male Victims Bring More Punitive Sentences Than Female Victims.","authors":"Shawn M Rolfe, Bruce Rind, Thomas K Hubbard","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior theoretical and empirical research examining the influence of sex on sentencing has been primarily concerned with the sex of the offender, as opposed to the victim. The present study drew on a convenience sample of males (n = 1190) in state and federal correctional facilities across the country, examining minimum sentences in relation to crime type. The analysis focused on individuals convicted of contact or enticement sexual offenses against minors (n = 380), finding that adult male offenders were sentenced to longer sentences when involved with male versus female victims. When victims were aged 14-17, male victims yielded a median minimum sentence of 30 years, twice that for female victims (15 years). For younger age groups, the difference narrowed. These findings suggest that prejudicial sentencing is not limited to race/ethnicity but also includes sexual orientation. Future research should continue to examine victim sex in sex offense punishment. Policy implications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Sorting Things out\": A Scoping Review of Sexual Homicide Typologies.","authors":"Eric Beauregard, Julien Chopin","doi":"10.1002/bsl.2722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual homicides are complex crimes that have been the focus of numerous classification systems aimed at aiding investigations, understanding offender behavior, and informing treatment plans. Over the past 25 years, a variety of typologies have been developed to categorize these offenses. This scoping review examines these typologies, exploring their evolution and the key offender, victim, and crime characteristics used to define them. The review identifies 19 empirical typologies from Canada, France, the UK, South Africa, and other regions, most of which are based on police and offender data. Typologies typically include categories such as \"sadistic\" and \"anger-driven\" homicides, though the number of types varies across studies. Moreover, the review highlights gaps in current research, such as limited sample sizes and the need for more diverse cultural perspectives. Recommendations are made for developing a more comprehensive and validated typology that incorporates broader data sources and modern methodologies, such as machine learning techniques, to enhance profiling, investigation, and prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}