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Annual Review of Economics最新文献

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Alternative Work Arrangements 其他工作安排
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2020-08-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-022020-032512
Alexandre Mas, Amanda Pallais
{"title":"Alternative Work Arrangements","authors":"Alexandre Mas, Amanda Pallais","doi":"10.1146/annurev-economics-022020-032512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-022020-032512","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative work arrangements, defined both by working conditions and by workers’ relationship to their employers, are heterogeneous and common in the U.S. This article reviews the literature on workers’ preferences over these arrangements, inputs to firms’ decision to offer them, and the impact of regulation. It also highlights several descriptive facts. Work arrangements have been relatively stable over the past 20 years, work conditions vary substantially with education, and jobs with schedule or location flexibility are less family-friendly on average. This last fact helps explain why women are not more likely to have schedule or location flexibility and seem to largely reduce hours to get more family-friendly arrangements.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trade Policy in American Economic History 美国经济史上的贸易政策
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2020-08-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409
Douglas A. Irwin
{"title":"Trade Policy in American Economic History","authors":"Douglas A. Irwin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media 互联网和社交媒体的政治影响
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2020-08-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
Ekaterina Zhuravskaya,Maria Petrova,Ruben Enikolopov
{"title":"Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media","authors":"Ekaterina Zhuravskaya,Maria Petrova,Ruben Enikolopov","doi":"10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239","url":null,"abstract":"How do the Internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political economy literature, focusing primarily on work that considers traits that distinguish the Internet and social media from traditional off-line media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the Internet in general, and social media in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians’ behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of fake news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the Internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the Internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revealed Preference Analysis of School Choice Models 择校模型的显性偏好分析
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2020-08-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-082019-112339
Nikhil Agarwal, Paulo Somaini
{"title":"Revealed Preference Analysis of School Choice Models","authors":"Nikhil Agarwal, Paulo Somaini","doi":"10.1146/annurev-economics-082019-112339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-082019-112339","url":null,"abstract":"Preferences for schools are important determinants of equitable access to high-quality education, effects of expanded choice on school improvement, and school choice mechanism design. Standard meth...","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Econometric Models of Network Formation 网络形成的计量经济模型
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-10-17 DOI: 10.1920/WP.CEM.2020.420
Á. D. Paula
{"title":"Econometric Models of Network Formation","authors":"Á. D. Paula","doi":"10.1920/WP.CEM.2020.420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.CEM.2020.420","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a selective review on the recent literature on econometric models of network formation. The survey starts with a brief exposition on basic concepts and tools for the statistical description of networks. I then offer a review of dyadic models, focussing on statistical models on pairs of nodes and describe several developments of interest to the econometrics literature. The article also presents a discussion of non- dyadic models where link formation might be influenced by the presence or absence of additional links, which themselves are subject to similar influences. This is related to the statistical literature on conditionally specified models and the econometrics of game theoretical models. I close with a (non-exhaustive) discussion of potential areas for further development.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68014460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Robustness in Mechanism Design and Contracting 机制设计与契约中的鲁棒性
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025616
Gabriel D. Carroll
{"title":"Robustness in Mechanism Design and Contracting","authors":"Gabriel D. Carroll","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025616","url":null,"abstract":"This review summarizes a nascent body of theoretical research on design of incentives when the environment is not fully known to the designer and offers some general lessons from the work so far. These recent models based on uncertainty and robustness offer an additional set of tools in the toolkit, complementary to more traditional, fully Bayesian modeling approaches, and broaden the range of problems that can be studied. The kinds of insights that such models can offer, and the methodological and technical challenges that they confront, broadly parallel those of traditional approaches.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43743490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Estimate Long-Run Impacts in Development Economics 利用随机对照试验估算发展经济学中的长期影响
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-030333
Adrien Bouguen, Yue-sheng Huang, M. Kremer, E. Miguel
{"title":"Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Estimate Long-Run Impacts in Development Economics","authors":"Adrien Bouguen, Yue-sheng Huang, M. Kremer, E. Miguel","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-030333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-030333","url":null,"abstract":"We assess evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on long-run economic productivity and living standards in poor countries. We first document that several studies estimate large positive long-run impacts, but that relatively few existing RCTs have been evaluated over the long run. We next present evidence from a systematic survey of existing RCTs, with a focus on cash transfer and child health programs, and show that a meaningful subset can realistically be evaluated for long-run effects. We discuss ways to bridge the gap between the burgeoning number of development RCTs and the limited number that have been followed up to date, including through new panel (longitudinal) data; improved participant tracking methods; alternative research designs; and access to administrative, remote sensing, and cell phone data. We conclude that the rise of development economics RCTs since roughly 2000 provides a novel opportunity to generate high-quality evidence on the long-run drivers of living standards.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-030333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42154015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Auction Market Design: Recent Innovations 拍卖市场设计：最新创新
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025818
Paul R. Milgrom
{"title":"Auction Market Design: Recent Innovations","authors":"Paul R. Milgrom","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025818","url":null,"abstract":"Market design applies economic principles to the often messy problems of real-world exchange in which goods may not be homogeneous, the identities of trading partners may matter, contracts may not be executed, and even the formulation of trade as balancing supply and demand may be unhelpful. This article recounts the mostly academic research advancing the analysis and design of such markets. Among the highlighted applications are ones involving financial markets, Internet advertising, electricity auctions, spectrum auctions, cryptocurrencies, and combinatorial procurements.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41491137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Experiments on Cognition, Communication, Coordination, and Cooperation in Relationships 关系中的认知、沟通、协调与合作实验
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025730
V. Crawford
{"title":"Experiments on Cognition, Communication, Coordination, and Cooperation in Relationships","authors":"V. Crawford","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025730","url":null,"abstract":"This review discusses selected work in experimental game theory. My goals are to further the dialogue between theorists and empiricists that has driven progress in economics and game theory and to guide future experimental work. I focus on experiments whose lessons are relevant to establishing and maintaining coordination and cooperation in human relationships, the role of communication in doing so, and the underlying cognition. These are questions of central importance, where both the gap between theory and experience and the role of experiments in closing it seem large. Humans appear to be unique in their ability to use language to manipulate and communicate mental models of the world and of other people, vital skills in relationships. Continuing the dialogue between theorists and empiricists should help to explain why it matters for cooperation that we can communicate, and why and how it matters whether we communicate via natural language or abstract signals.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-ECONOMICS-080218-025730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42509079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Is Education Consumption or Investment? Implications for School Competition 教育是消费还是投资?对学校竞争的影响
IF 5.6 2区 经济学
Annual Review of Economics Pub Date : 2019-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030402
W. Macleod, M. Urquiola
{"title":"Is Education Consumption or Investment? Implications for School Competition","authors":"W. Macleod, M. Urquiola","doi":"10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030402","url":null,"abstract":"Milton Friedman argued that giving parents freedom to choose schools would improve education. His argument was simple and compelling because it extended results from markets for consumer goods to education. We review the evidence, which yields surprisingly mixed results on Friedman's prediction. A key reason is that households often seem to choose schools based on their absolute achievement rather than their value added. We show that this can be rational in a model based on three ingredients that economists have highlighted since Friedman worked on the issue. First, education is an investment into human capital. Second, labor markets can feature wage premia: Individuals of a given skill level may receive higher wages if they match to more productive firms. Third, distance influences school choice and the placements that schools produce. These factors imply that choice alone is too crude a mechanism to ensure the effective provision of schooling.","PeriodicalId":47891,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45287571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
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