Past & Present最新文献_第9页

The Art of Mercato: Buying City-States in Renaissance Tuscany 墨卡托的艺术:托斯卡纳文艺复兴时期的城邦购买

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-08-04 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaa021

M. Martoccio

{"title":"The Art of Mercato: Buying City-States in Renaissance Tuscany","authors":"M. Martoccio","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaa021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Italian communes from 1300–1600 bought and sold numerous towns and castles from Crete (enfeoffed to Venice in 1205) to Arezzo (offered to Florence in 1384) to Tabarka (given as mortgage to a Genoese family in 1540). Despite the popularity of this custom, however, existing scholarship claims Renaissance cities expanded territorially through violent conquests that centralized government finances and promoted militant imperialist discourses. Drawing on case studies of the Florentine purchase of two cities — Lucca (1342) and Pisa (1405) — this article reveals how the buyers of Renaissance cities instead drew upon a vast, little-studied network of private creditors to pay for new lands. The vendibility of space, moreover, helped foster a commercialized ideology of empire. Diarists heralded their city’s superior commerce. Civic leaders tied the good of their communes to keeping its honour and faith with city-sellers. And polemicists stained opponents with accusations of fraud while demoting cities such as Pisa and Lucca to mere merchandise. Buying cities thus allowed Renaissance merchant elites to demonstrate not only their city’s superior material wealth, but also mercantile prowess — their ability to bargain for a good deal (buon mercato).","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45743334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Political Day in London, c .1697–1834 伦敦的政治日(1697 - 1834年

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-06-07 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA016

Hannah Greig, A. Vickery

引用次数: 2

How did the Feudal Economy Work? the Economic Logic of Medieval Societies 封建经济是如何运作的？中世纪社会的经济逻辑

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA018

Chris Wickham

引用次数: 8

The Politics of Musical Standardization in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain 19世纪法国和英国音乐标准化的政治

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA007

E. Gillin, Fanny Gribenski

{"title":"The Politics of Musical Standardization in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain","authors":"E. Gillin, Fanny Gribenski","doi":"10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-French relations through the prism of musical standardization. Bringing together perspectives from musicology, history of science, and political history, it demonstrates the holistic value of musical practices for the study of processes of political integration. In 1859, Napoléon III's government determined a national pitch to which musicians should tune their instruments. The following year, Britain's Society of Arts attempted to emulate this standard. Amid tense Anglo-French relations, British audiences interpreted the French pitch as a measure of the country's autocracy, and these political anxieties materialized through a redefinition of the standard. The challenges of introducing a musical pitch within a liberal political framework encountered in 1859 were subsequently echoed in debates over the reform of weights and measures following the 1860 free trade treaty between Britain and France. Both the economic and artistic integration of these countries involved the problem of how to regulate society within a laissez-faire state. Musical standardization has received little historiographical attention, but the regulation of this art offers insights into mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-French political culture. Entangled within complex network of industrial, institutional, and social structures, musical pitch demonstrates how problems of economic and social integration were inseparable from international and socio-political contexts.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"251 1","pages":"153-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46269465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

African Cultures and Creolization on an Eighteenth-Century St Kitts Sugar Plantation 18世纪圣基茨甘蔗种植园的非洲文化和克里奥尔化

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA023

Stephen D Behrendt, Philip D. Morgan, Nicholas Radburn

引用次数: 1

The Bishop as Lawmaker in Late Medieval Europe 中世纪晚期欧洲的立法者主教

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-03-23 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA045

Rowan Dorin

{"title":"The Bishop as Lawmaker in Late Medieval Europe","authors":"Rowan Dorin","doi":"10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Throughout the later Middle Ages, bishops across Latin Christendom issued statutes to guide the clergy and instruct the faithful within their dioceses. Following the lead of medieval jurists, modern scholars have understood this local episcopal legislation as disseminating and reinforcing the so-called ‘universal law’ promulgated by popes and general church councils. Yet a closer look at the surviving corpus of diocesan statutes reveals bishops’ readiness to wield selective citations and editorial omissions so as to shape local knowledge of church law in accordance with episcopal priorities. More broadly, this article contends that such local law-making also offered bishops a means to resist the papacy’s increasing claims to legislative and jurisdictional supremacy within the church. Faced with a wealth of new legislation that was firmly papalist in its origin and presentation, many bishops opted to emphasize their law-making authority by framing their borrowings of the universal law as emanations of their own episcopal will. The resulting corpus of diocesan statutes thus expressed in practice a vision of episcopal authority that differed sharply from the prescriptions of popes and jurists, and which presaged the explosive ecclesiological controversies of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45881351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Death in the Archives: Witnessing War in Ireland, 1919–1921* 档案中的死亡:见证1919-1921年爱尔兰的战争*

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAB003

A. Dolan

引用次数: 1

Disenchanting Heaven: Interfaith Debate, Sacral Kingship, and Conversion to Islam in the Mongol Empire, 1260–1335* 《迷魂天堂：蒙古帝国的宗教间争论、圣职和皈依伊斯兰教》，1260–1335*

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA002

J. Brack

{"title":"Disenchanting Heaven: Interfaith Debate, Sacral Kingship, and Conversion to Islam in the Mongol Empire, 1260–1335*","authors":"J. Brack","doi":"10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Historians examine the Mongol practice of holding interfaith court debates either with regard to the efforts of religious representatives to convert the khans, or as emblematic of the Mongols’ religious pluralism. However, staging interfaith debates had other religious and political purposes as well. The debate was an arena for the religiously and ideologically charged performance of the Mongol khan’s own divine-like wisdom and model of sacral, deified kingship. From the Mongol perspective, the objectives of the debate were not only different from those of its religious participants, but the debate further represented an altogether different mode of religiosity. Situating the debate in the context of the Mongol religious world view, this article proceeds to examine it in the Mongol court in medieval Iran (the Ilkhanate) shortly after its conversion to Islam. Muslim interlocutors there identified and exploited the Mongols’ religious logic to reinforce the Mongol rulers’ conversion. They transformed the debate into a forum for experimenting with a new synthesis of Mongol and Muslim, divinized and righteous, kingship. The continuous role of the debate in the performance of sacral monarchy among the Mongols’ successors, especially the Mughals in early modern India, testifies to the enduring impact of Mongol religiosity on the Islamic world.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"250 1","pages":"11-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46268462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Concerts and Inadvertent Secularization: Religious Music in the Entertainment Market of Eighteenth-Century Paris* 音乐会和无意的世俗化:18世纪巴黎娱乐市场中的宗教音乐*

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA011

A. Pesic

{"title":"Concerts and Inadvertent Secularization: Religious Music in the Entertainment Market of Eighteenth-Century Paris*","authors":"A. Pesic","doi":"10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Public concerts offer a new perspective on the controversial subject of secularization and the Enlightenment. From 1725–90, the Concert spirituel in Paris, one of the earliest and most famous concert series in Europe, presented a mixture of sacred and secular music when other entertainments were forbidden during religious holidays. Over the course of the century, the proportion of religious works in its repertoire declined significantly. Whereas previous interpretations tended to describe secularization as resulting either from battles between philosophes and the Church or from broader declines in belief, this article casts doubt on these explanations by showing the heterogeneous composition of the Concert’s audience. Instead, it depicts a process of ‘inadvertent secularization’ stemming from market pressure, in this case due to the multiplication of new concert series and other entertainments in Paris during the second half of the eighteenth century. This framework accounts for secularization at the institutional level without assuming that the society as a whole was marked by declining Christian belief. Bringing together the study of markets and religion reveals how multiple logics increased the autonomy of artistic fields formerly subject to religious constraints.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"250 1","pages":"135-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48456544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Civil Death, Radical Protest and The Theatre of Punishment in the Reign of Alexander II* 公民死亡、激进抗议与亚历山大二世统治时期的惩罚戏剧*

IF 1.8 1区历史学

Past & Present Pub Date : 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA003

D. Beer

{"title":"Civil Death, Radical Protest and The Theatre of Punishment in the Reign of Alexander II*","authors":"D. Beer","doi":"10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Civil executions in Imperial Russia were punitive ceremonies that were staged before crowds and presaged a sentence of penal labour and lifelong exile in Siberia. Intended to underline the absolute supremacy of the autocracy, they choreographed the public humiliation of the criminal and collective condemnation from the crowds who gathered to witness the stripping away of the rights and entitlements that gave civil life in the autocracy its meaning. Many took place without incident, and followed the ritual of debasement and expulsion endorsed by the state. Yet when at the civil executions of revolutionaries during the reign of Alexander II both convicts and spectators departed from the state’s script of public humiliation and orderly opprobrium, the performance of monarchical power and autocratic justice proved liable to subversion. Russian radicals sometimes succeeded in hijacking the ceremony to denounce despotism and proclaim an alternative vision of activism, solidarity, and revolution. In so doing, they contested the autocrat’s position as the source of status, rights and, ultimately, of sovereignty. Building on studies of law, punishment, performance, and the revolutionary movement, this article demonstrates how radicals and their supporters recast “scenarios of power” as “scenarios of rebellion”.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"250 1","pages":"171-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/PASTJ/GTAA003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44445434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1