Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine最新文献

{"title":"FFR-guided complete or culprit-only revascularization in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Luke P Dawson, Christopher C Y Wong, Daniel K Amponsah, William F Fearon","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"105-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal denervation for resistant hypertension: A review of current literature.","authors":"Aparna Iyer, Shim Roh, Haris Muhammad, Amer Hammad, Vicky Kumar, Dipal Patel, Jason Sayanlar","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistant hypertension is defined by persistently elevated blood pressure (BP) despite being treated with three or more antihypertensive medications including a diuretic, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. It presents a substantial global health challenge, impacting about 10 % of individuals with hypertension. Renal denervation (RDN) has come up as a promising interventional strategy to address this condition by modulating the renal sympathetic nervous system. This review article explores the mechanisms underlying RDN, its historical evolution, recent procedural advancements, clinical evidence supporting its efficacy, and the existing guidelines guiding its application. Recent advances in RDN research and potential future implications are also discussed, highlighting its role in achieving improved BP control and reducing cardiovascular risks in patients with resistant hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"122-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracardiac vs. transesophageal echocardiography guided transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defects.","authors":"Islam Shatla, Kevin Kennedy, John Thomas Saxon, Adnan K Chhatriwalla, Anthony Magalski, Kyle Lehenbauer, Islam Abdelkarim, Kenneth Christopher Huber, Chetan P Huded","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) can be performed with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance, but data comparing both modalities in contemporary practice is lacking. Using ICD-10 codes, patients who underwent transcatheter ASD/PFO closure between 2016 and 2020 using ICE or TEE in the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) were identified. Propensity-score matching was performed to compare in-hospital adverse events, length of stay (LOS), cost, and 30-day non-elective readmissions. A total of 964 patients underwent ASD/PFO closure with ICE (38.3 %, n = 369) or TEE (61.7 %, n = 595) between 2016 and 2020. Propensity score matching yielded 327 patients in each group, which were well balanced. Median (IQR) age was 59.0 (46.0, 72.0) years and 54.7 % were female. No difference was observed in the rate of in-hospital major adverse events between groups. ICE guidance was associated with a lower median cost (ICE $20,140.1 (14,622.3, 25,027.0) vs TEE $20,740.4 (14,137.5, 33,045.3), p < 0.04). In conclusion, ICE guided ASD/PFO closure was associated with lower hospitalization cost without increasing in-hospital adverse events when compared with TEE guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142382052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in utilization and clinical outcomes with and without the use of distal filter wire embolic protection devices.","authors":"Timothy G Scully, Louise Roberts, Diem Dinh, Angela Brennan, David Clark, Andrew Ajani, Christopher M Reid, Ernesto Oqueli, Chin Hiew, Dion Stub, Jaya Chandrasekhar, Melanie Freeman","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Embolic protection devices were developed to reduce the risk of common complications encountered during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of saphenous vein grafts, however, in the setting of contemporary multi-modality medical management, their overall efficacy has been called into question. This study aimed to assess the evolving utilization and clinical outcomes associated with distal filter wire embolic protection devices in saphenous vein PCI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Consecutive patients undergoing PCI to a saphenous vein graft in a registry were included. Peri-procedural and long-term outcomes including 12-month mortality and 30-day MACCE rates were compared between PCI using a distal filter wire embolic protection device and unprotected PCI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2005 to 2020, a total of 753 patients underwent PCI to a saphenous vein graft with 256 using a distal filter wire embolic protection device. At one year, the use of a distal filter wire embolic protection devices was not associated with a decrease in mortality (4.7 % vs 5.4 %, p = 0.19) and there was no difference in 30-day MACCE rates between protected and unprotected saphenous vein PCI (3.1 % vs 5.8 %, p = 0.10).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this 12-month analysis of saphenous vein graft PCI, there was no evidence that distal filter wire embolic protection devices improved short term post procedural or long-term mortality outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"97-101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in clinical outcomes among patients with takotsubo syndrome; A nation-wide analysis.","authors":"Jamal Christopher Perry, Oluwasegun Matthew Akinti, Chukwuka Eneh, Henry Osarumme Aiwuyo, Charles Poluyi, Ukenenye Emmanuel, Esther Doudu, Henry Alberto Becerra, Mustafa Bilal Ozbay, Kibwey Roderick Peterkin, Rosy Thachil, Abdullah Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), a stress-induced transient left ventricular dysfunction, remains poorly understood, with an estimated incidence of 1-2 % among acute coronary syndrome cases. This study investigates racial and ethnic disparities in hospital outcomes and clinical characteristics of TTS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample data from 2016 to 2020, identifying TTS cases through validated ICD-10 codes. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 18, with logistic regression models adjusting for confounders to identify disparities in outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 32,785 TTS hospitalizations; the majority were White (80.5 %), followed by Black (6.7 %) and Hispanic (5.8 %) patients. Minority groups, mainly Black and Hispanic patients, were younger (average age 63) and predominantly from lower-income brackets, while Asians had the highest income bracket. Length of stay (5.1 days) and Total cost ($22,707.60) were highest among Native Americans. Notable findings include Black patients showing the highest rate of stroke (4.8 %, OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.2 to 3.4, p = 0.003). The rate of cardiogenic shock was highest among Asians (11 %, OR 2, 95 % CI 1.5 to 2.5, p < 0.001). Mortality rates were elevated in Black (2 %, OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.3 to 1.7 p < 0.001) and Asian populations (1.8 %, OR 1.97, 95 % CI 1.5 to 2.5, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist in TTS outcomes, with minority groups having more in-hospital outcomes. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions and further research to reduce healthcare inequities in TTS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"83-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Research Technologies 2025: Beyond the Guidelines: DAPT selection and duration before and after PCI.","authors":"Kalyan R Chitturi, Gregg W Stone, Roxana Mehran, Pieter C Smits, Douglas E Drachman, Dominick J Angiolillo, Grant W Reed, Usman Baber, C Michael Gibson, Ron Waksman","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.06.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.06.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains a cornerstone of secondary prevention in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The balance between ischemic protection and bleeding risk has driven refinements in therapy duration. In 2025, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP), and the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) released joint guidelines on the management of patients with ACS, with a particular emphasis on DAPT duration. Considering these recently updated guidelines, the 2025 Cardiovascular Research Technologies (CRT) conference convened a session with leading interventional cardiology experts, entitled \"Beyond the Guidelines - DAPT Selection and Duration Before and After PCI\" to discuss implementation strategies for DAPT based on unique clinical scenarios and the new guideline recommendations. This article synthesizes the current guideline-directed recommendations and expert discussion to provide an evidence-based perspective on beyond the guidelines topics such as optimal DAPT duration, individualized de-escalation strategies, and evolving treatment paradigms for special populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144620852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in coronary artery disease mortality among adults with diabetes: Insights from CDC WONDER (1999-2020).","authors":"Muhammad Abdullah Naveed, Ahila Ali, Sivaram Neppala, Faizan Ahmed, Palak Patel, Bazil Azeem, Muhammad Omer Rehan, Rabia Iqbal, Manahil Mubeen, Ayman Fath, Timir Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of mortality among US adults. This study investigates trends in CAD-related mortality in adults aged 25 and older with DM, focusing on geographic, gender, and racial/ethnic disparities from 1999 to 2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted using death certificate data from the CDC WONDER database from 1999 to 2020. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs), annual percent change (APC), and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated per 100,000 persons, stratified by year, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographical region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CAD in DM accounted for 1,462,279 deaths among US adults aged 25+. Most deaths occurred in medical facilities (44.2 %) and at home (29.3 %). The overall AAMR for CAD in DM-related deaths decreased from 36.3 in 1999 to 31.7 in 2020, with an AAPC of -0.96 (95 % CI: -1.29 to -0.77, p < 0.000001). Men had higher AAMRs (41.6) compared to women (22.6), with a more significant decrease in women (AAPC: -2.10, p < 0.000001) than in men (AAPC: -0.34, p = 0.001200). Racial/ethnic disparities showed the highest AAMRs in American Indians/Alaska Natives (43.6), followed by Blacks (37.8), Hispanics (33.8), Whites (29.7), and Asians/Pacific Islanders (22.5). The most significant decrease was in Hispanics (AAPC: -1.64, p < 0.000001). Geographically, AAMRs ranged from 13.7 in Nevada to 51.3 in West Virginia, with the highest mortality observed in the Midwest (AAMR: 34.5). Nonmetropolitan areas exhibited higher AAMRs (35.2) than metropolitan areas (29.7), with a more pronounced decrease in metropolitan areas (AAPC: -1.22, p < 0.000001) compared to nonmetropolitan areas (AAPC: -0.03, p = 0.854629).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The notable increase in mortality rates associated with CAD among patients with DM from 2018 to 2020 presents a substantial concern that necessitates targeted public health interventions to ensure equitable access to cardiovascular care.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of optimal lesion preparation prior to implantation of a magnesium-based bioresorbable scaffold: 12-month results of the OPTIMIS study.","authors":"Kirstine Nørregaard Hansen, Akiko Maehara, Jens Trøan, Manijeh Noori, Mikkel Hougaard, Julia Ellert, Karsten Tange Veien, Anders Junker, Henrik Steen Hansen, Jens Flensted Lassen, Lisette Okkels Jensen","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lumen reduction after bioresorbable scaffold implantation has been reported. This study aimed to assess the influence of pre-dilatation with a scoring balloon versus a standard non-compliant balloon prior to implanting a magnesium-based Magmaris bioresorbable scaffold (MgBRS) on lumen measurements using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and on clinical outcomes after 12 months.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In the OPTIMIS-study (Optimal lesion preparation before implantation of a MgBRS in patients with coronary artery stenosis), patients were randomly assigned to pre-dilatation with a scoring balloon or a standard non-compliant balloon before MgBRS implantation. OCT was performed before and after scaffold implantation, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Clinical 12-month follow-up was performed for all 82 enrolled patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serial pre- and post-procedural, 6- and 12-month OCT were available in 33 lesions (scoring: n = 16 vs. standard: n = 17). Minimal lumen area (MLA) (scoring 4.6 ± 0.5 mm² vs. standard 3.6 ± 0.5 mm², p = 0.16) did not differ significantly at 12 months. In both the scoring and standard non-compliant balloon group, MLA changed significantly over time (post-procedure - 6-month - 12-month) (scoring balloon: 7.2 ± 1.8 mm²-5.1 ± 1.7 mm²-5.0 ± 1.9 mm², p < 0.01, and standard non-compliant balloon: 6.2 ± 1.1 mm²-5.2 ± 1.5 mm²-5.3 ± 2.0 mm², p < 0.01). No target lesion revascularizations (TLR) occurred in the scoring balloon group, compared to 7 TLR in the standard non-compliant balloon group within 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In lesions treated with MgBRS, MLA did not differ significantly after 12 months among lesions pre-dilated with a scoring balloon compared to a standard non-compliant balloon. However, only lesions pre-dilated with a scoring balloon were free from TLR.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acetylsalicylic acid alone or in combination with either enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for postoperative thromboprophylaxis in coronary artery bypass surgery patients. A randomised clinical trial assessing surrogate outcomes.","authors":"Ulver Spangsberg Lorenzen, Henrik Arendrup, Pär Ingemar Johansson, Janus Christian Jakobsen","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery has considerable effects on patient haemostasis. Heparins as thromboprophylaxis may be beneficial but may also increase the risk of bleeding complications.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the effects of heparins on haemostasis in post-coronary artery bypass graft patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Across one year, we randomised 60 participants scheduled for an elective coronary artery bypass graft-procedure with or without aortic valve replacement. The trial was a prospective, open-label (though blinded for the laboratory), randomised, single-centre trial with three intervention groups (n = 20 in each): group 1 received acetylsalicylic acid, group 2 received subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid, and group 3 received intravenous unfractionated heparin and acetylsalicylic acid. Primary outcomes were platelet activation (Multiplate® ASPI-test) and time to clot initiation (TEG® R-time). We secondly assessed several additional Multiplate® and TEG® parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group 3 (intravenous unfractionated heparin) compared with group 1 (acetylsalicylic acid alone) showed evidence of 1) increased clot initiation time (R-time + 0.9 min; 95 % CI: +0.4 to +1.4 min; P = 0.009), and 2) decreased 30-min lysis (-1.3 %; 95 % CI: -2.1 to -0.5 %; P = 0.02). The remaining analyses of primary and secondary outcomes showed no evidence of a difference between the three groups.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Intravenous unfractionated heparins may increase the clot initiation time post-operatively after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and reduce lysis. Otherwise, there seems to be no effect of low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin on haemostatic parameters after coronary artery bypass surgery patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of angiography-derived fractional flow reserve compared to pressure wire-derived fractional flow reserve: Rationale and design of MPFFR pivotal trial.","authors":"Hyun-Wook Chu, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Donghoon Han, Won-Woo Seo, Sang-Don Park, Joon Hyung Doh, Chang-Wook Nam, Eun-Seok Shin, Bon-Kwon Koo, In-Ho Chae, Tae-Jin Youn","doi":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carrev.2024.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is steadily increasing. Current guidelines advocate the use of the fractional flow reserve (FFR) to assess coronary stenosis and treatment strategies; however, invasive FFR has some limitations. Angiography-derived FFR is a potential alternative for calculating FFR from two-dimensional (2D) angiographic images, thereby reducing invasiveness and complications. A novel artificial intelligence (AI)-based angiography-derived FFR, named \"MPFFR,\" offers automated operator-independent hemodynamic calculations; this phase 3 trial aims to validate its diagnostic performance against 2D-quantitative coronary angiography (QCA).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This pivotal MPFFR trial is a prospective, multicenter, single-blind study. This trial involves patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) from eight cardiovascular centers. Invasive FFR will be performed according to standard guidelines and defined as the reference standard. Angiography-derived FFR will be computed using a proprietary method and 2D-QCA will be performed using validated software. The primary endpoint is the area under the curve for identifying physiologically significant coronary stenosis (FFR ≤0.80), with secondary endpoints including diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and correlations between angiography-derived and invasive FFR. This study is designed to demonstrate the superiority of angiography-derived FFR over 2D-QCA and is powered to achieve this with a sample size of 240 patients. Medipixel Inc. supports the trial and is not involved in the data analysis or management.</p>","PeriodicalId":47657,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"56-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}