{"title":"Norm Circles and the Limitations of European Union Normative Projection in Afghanistan","authors":"Oz Hassan","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Norm diffusion research explains the international travel of norms in semantic terms, through resonance, framing, grafting and localisation. Such accounts presuppose norms to be portable objects whose identity persists through transit. Yet, ontologically, norms exert causal force only where a real social group endorses and enforces them. This article develops Dave Elder-Vass's critical realist norm-circle theory into an account of normative projection, recasting ideational travel as a problem of carrier ecology. Explanation turns on which circles operate in the receiving setting, which of them a sponsor can recruit and whether their endorsement and sanction outlast the sponsor's withdrawal. European liberal state-building in Afghanistan supplies the proof of concept. Retrodicting European engagement from the 1980s to 2021 shows the European Union constituting a distal and imagined circle among governing elites and international audiences while recruiting no proximal circles through which sanction is delivered. Centralising reform had outrun its carriers long before Bonn, from Amanullah in the 1920s to the Soviet-sponsored reforms of the 1970s. Bonn then conferred status functions without securing enforcers. Gender provisions display the asymmetry most sharply, and the collapse of 2021 exposed rather than produced it. Two amendments to the theory follow. Circles can be spatially disarticulated and differentiated by content, with authority held in international institutions and sanction delivered in the district. Carrier withdrawal operates as a mechanism of normative collapse distinct from contestation or rejection. Normative foreign policy succeeds or fails on the social organisation of enforcement.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Moralisation of Stigma: Moral Foundations, Moral Exclusion and Prejudice Towards Marginalised Groups","authors":"Cristian Catena-Fernández","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stigma begins with an attribute, condition or identity that is socially marked and devalued; stereotypes, prejudice, status loss, discrimination and other social responses may follow. Yet many stigmatising responses are experienced and defended as moral judgements: targets are positioned as vulnerable and deserving of protection, or as threatening, impure, norm-violating, irresponsible or undeserving. This conceptual review integrates stigma theory, moral experience, moralisation and Moral Foundations Theory to explain how stigma becomes morally meaningful and subjectively justified. I argue that moral foundations are understood as a vocabulary and set of motivational sensitivities through which stigmatised groups and conditions are morally construed. I propose a situated moralisation framework of stigma organised around three routes: moral inclusion, in which care and fairness bring targets into the circle of moral concern; moral exclusion, in which loyalty, authority and purity frame targets as threats to group boundaries, order, or sacred values; and moral responsibility, in which attributions concerning agency, effort and controllability become moralised through concerns about self-control, reciprocity and proportionality, giving rise to judgements of blame and deservingness. I also identify boundary conditions concerning target framing, political communication, cultural context, ingroup–outgroup application, measurement and causal direction. The framework clarifies the added value of moral foundations for social–behavioural theory: they help explain not merely who is stigmatised, but how exclusion becomes morally defensible.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a Materialist Ontology of Consciousness: An Autopoietic Alternative to Wendt's Quantum Consciousness Theory","authors":"Yiyan Jiang","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study re-examines Alexander Wendt's quantum consciousness theory, arguing that the explanatory aims attributed to quantum consciousness—particularly with respect to agency, teleology, intentionality and emergence—can be addressed more coherently within established nonquantum frameworks of self-organisation theory. Drawing on thermodynamics, complexity theory and autopoietic theory, the paper suggests that far-from-equilibrium self-organising systems provide a materially grounded account of purposive, self-maintaining organisation that is directly relevant to social ontology. Integrated with embodied, enactive and practice-theoretical approaches in cognitive and social theory, this framework supports a conception of consciousness as an emergent material-informational process arising from organism–environment interaction rather than from quantum-level mentality. The analysis does not claim metaphysical neutrality; rather, it defends a fallibilist and naturalised materialism in which matter, energy, fields, motion, organisation and information are treated as analytically distinguishable but materially instantiated dimensions of reality. On this basis, consciousness can be understood as an emergent material-informational process, whereas social structures can be understood as relatively enduring relational organisations with emergent causal powers; both remain empirically investigable within self-organising processes. The paper therefore proposes the self-organisation paradigm, represented by autopoietic theory, as a more productive foundation for addressing the Consciousness Anomaly and for advancing the unification of physical and social ontology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Note","authors":"Alex Gillespie","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interruptive Collective Action: Temporality, Spatiality and Affectivity of Change","authors":"İlayda Üstel, Ana Đorđević","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper develops the concept of <i>interruptive collective action</i> to theorise a contemporary form of protest through temporal, spatial and affective transformations. Although all protests suspend the ordinary, interruptive actions extend this suspension by exposing systemic injustices and refusing to operate within the representational or end-goal-oriented logic of constituent politics. These actions are often described as horizontal, leaderless or spontaneous. Rather than signalling disorganisation, we argue that such features articulate a destituent orientation. Against interpretations that frame these protests as failures for not achieving institutional or governmental change, we foreground their generative potential across three interrelated dimensions: temporality, spatiality and affectivity. Temporally, interruptive actions do not merely suspend linear time but instantiate an alternative temporality—one that collapses the distance between present and future and renders the <i>now</i> of the protests as the spaces of transformation. Spatially, they reconstitute urban environments as liminal places for collective experimentation, making new configurations of relation and belonging possible. Affectively, they mobilise shared feelings of anxiety and hope, which generate togetherness and open new possibilities for alternative ways of socialising. Through this framework, we conceptualise interruptive collective action as a mode of political practice that materialises social change in the here and now, not as an aspiration for the future but as an embodied enactment of it.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing Normality: Social Representations, Symbolic Power and the Vague Legal Concept of Public Order","authors":"Terezie Smejkalová","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the vague legal concept of public order as a site where social meaning, symbolic power and legal authority intersect. Drawing on social representations theory and Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic power, it argues that public order functions not merely as a legal concept but as an institutional mechanism through which hegemonic representations of social reality are stabilised and enforced as law. Whilst social representations theory has extensively examined how unfamiliar phenomena are rendered familiar, comparatively little attention has been paid to how these processes operate within legal institutions or how law itself participates in the reproduction of social representations. The paper addresses this gap by reconceptualising vague legal concepts as institutional anchoring devices through which symbolic power transforms hegemonic social representations into legally enforceable normality. Focusing on public order, it shows how the interpretive openness of vague legal concepts allows hegemonic representations to enter legal reasoning under the appearance of neutrality. This paper argues that legal interpretation operates as a practice of normalisation through which are these representations reproduced and institutionalised.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Power of Heritage Norms: Bridging Critical Heritage Theory and Norm Circle Theory","authors":"Joar Skrede, Alexis Thouki","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article brings Norm Circle Theory (NCT) into dialogue with Critical Heritage Theory (CHT) to examine normative authority in the heritage field. Although strands of CHT that draw on discourse analysis and assemblage approaches illuminate the ideological formations shaping heritage and the relationships between humans, cultural objects and nature, they often operate with a relatively “flat” ontology that tends to leave the causal powers and ontological depth of these components undertheorized. Drawing on depth ontology and a realist theory of emergence, NCT grounds normativity in real social entities whose enduring properties and relations generate emergent causal powers. In light of CHT's ongoing concern with power and hegemony in heritage governance, NCT offers a stronger explanatory account of how norms are produced, contested and stabilised over time. Drawing on qualitative secondary analysis of two cases—debates over the conservation of medieval painted churches in Cyprus and over the demolition of the governmental Y-block in Oslo, the paper shows that heritage controversies are structured interactions among overlapping norm circles, each mobilising distinct discourses and institutional resources. The paper concludes by reflecting on how NCT can complement existing approaches in heritage studies, including Critical Discourse Analysis and people-centred approaches and ultimately offers a framework that more effectively explains authority and power in heritage governance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Limits of Sociological Practice: On the Analytical Function of Sociology","authors":"Rubén Tamboleo García","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines whether sociologists have lost sight of the proper scope of the discipline from a functional perspective, arguing that many of the tensions surrounding sociology arise from expectations that exceed its analytical function. Contemporary sociology is often expected to provide immediate solutions, predict future developments or support ideological positions; however, these expectations push the discipline beyond its proper scope. Drawing on classical sociological insights from Durkheim, Weber, Merton and Parsons, and engaging directly with the critical–realist case against value-neutrality, the article argues that sociology fulfils its role when it focuses on understanding social processes rather than attempting to engineer social change, forecast the future or act as political advocacy. It distinguishes objectivity, treated as a regulative horizon pursued but never fully possessed, from neutrality, redefined as a restraint of the analytical role rather than equidistance before the object, and develops the distinction through the worked example of suicide. It situates basic and applied sociology within a single analytical function, distinct from intervention and activism and documents through the case of social work how a discipline that declines to define its jurisdiction cedes ground to those that do. Recognising the structural limits of sociology does not weaken the discipline; these limits safeguard its analytical autonomy and secure the one jurisdiction that no rival is equipped to claim.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148647860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Multiple Realities of Action: A Phenomenological Answer to the Question of Unsettled Contexts","authors":"Galit Ailon","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How is action constituted when the taken-for-granted cultural resources and supports usually shaping it lose their taken-for-grantedness? This question is relevant to a range of culturally unsettled situations, including those stemming from crises, displacements and even extensive reflexivity. Existing answers nevertheless remain incomplete, lacking the theoretical tools necessary for understanding taken-for-grantedness and its loss as lived experiences. This paper addresses this limitation by joining a stream of theorists who are revisiting Alfred Schutz's social-phenomenology, which offers such tools. Relying on, but also developing Schutz's theory of ‘multiple realities’, it argues that action involves at least one other, ancillary order of ‘reality’ besides the paramount reality of daily life. When the taken-for-granted is lacking, the usual experiential ordering of these realities is reversed and action is reconfigured. This account contributes to our understanding not only of unsettled contexts but also of ‘unsettling’ actions, such as creative innovation and radicalism, as well as related questions of current concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148617088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Constructivist Approach to Continuous Variables in Macroscopic Social Research","authors":"James Mahoney","doi":"10.1111/jtsb.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper offers a constructivist approach to the analysis of continuous variables in macroscopic social research. Scientific constructivists have well developed ideas about how categories are situated in minds as bounded regions in conceptual space. But they have largely ignored continuous variables, which cannot be treated as bounded regions in conceptual space. I address this omission and argue that continuous variables exist as one-dimensional lines within conceptual space. Covariation between two continuous variables refers to an association between two lines in conceptual space, not a statement about worldly magnitudes that exist independent of human minds. One major implication is that, under most circumstances, continuous variables cannot support interval-level assumptions or the use of standard causal inference techniques in macro research. Instead, scholars must pursue a research agenda centred on explaining patterns of covariation as products of shared meanings and leveraging continuous variables for probabilistic prediction rather than causal inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":47646,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jtsb.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}