Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law最新文献

{"title":"U.S. Department of Justice Investigation of a State Psychiatric Hospital.","authors":"Charles C Dike,&nbsp;Barbara A Bugella,&nbsp;Marc Hillbrand","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230009-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230009-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Department of Justice investigation of state psychiatric hospitals is nothing like investigation by more familiar regulatory agencies such as The Joint Commission or Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). For one, it comes with the threat of serious legal consequences for both the state psychiatric hospital under investigation and the state in general. Although little has been written about this topic, much of what has been written describes a negative, painful, and expansive experience affecting every aspect of the hospital system. Using an example of a state psychiatric hospital that has been investigated by the DOJ, this article examines this portrayal and explores whether there are positive aspects of such investigations that have been overlooked.</p>","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 3","pages":"367-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10521926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mind of the Mass School Shooter.","authors":"Harold I Schwartz","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230041-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230041-23","url":null,"abstract":"The mass school shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, coming nearly 10 years after the eerily similar massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, shook America to its roots. Nineteen children and two adults were shot dead by an isolated, grievance-filled former student who shot his grandmother in the face before attacking the school. At Sandy Hook, 20 children and six adults were shot dead by an isolated, grievance-filled former student who also shot his mother in the head before attacking the school. The drumbeat of so many additional school shootings, before, in between, and since these catastrophes, continues unabated. The names are chillingly familiar: Columbine, Virginia Tech, Parkland, Oxford, and so many more. We stand back aghast, unable or unwilling to intervene, staring at the heart of the question of what it is that enables human beings to violate the most central of moral tenets in so gruesome a fashion, to shoot to death children who stand in front of them. The modern era of mass school shootings dates to 1966 when Charles Whitmore took to the bell tower at the University of Texas, Austin. In all the years since, we have made very little progress in understanding, predicting, and preventing mass shootings of any type. At the center of the conundrum is the shooter (almost always a male) and the limitations of our predictive abilities. The mass school shooter presents a distinct and special challenge. So many other mass shootings are motivated by hatred and bigotry. Hatred of Black, LGBTQ, Asian, Hispanic, and Jewish persons has clearly driven most of the mass shootings of the last decades. But there is no evidence that mass school shootings have been motivated by hatred of school children or of ethnic, racial, cultural, or political groups. In retrospective analyses of mass school shootings, we have been able to piece together a sense of the personal qualities and motivations driving the shooters, but we are left adrift as we ponder the qualities that enable a person to pull the trigger, face to face with the young children he will kill. We have profiles provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Secret Service, and others, but for every potential perpetrator fitting these profiles, a vanishingly small number become shooters. As is the case for all low-base-rate events, even highly accurate predictive tools (which we do not have) would be rendered virtually useless by excessive false positives. We have diagnoses as well, derived from the past histories of shooters and, in some instances, from assessments of surviving shooters. Although profiles help us to categorize the type of person who may become a shooter and diagnoses point to typical psychopathologies we find in shooters, they do not help us to understand who, among all those fitting these profiles and carrying these diagnoses, lacks the protective factors that would prevent them from actually shooting or even what those prote","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 3","pages":"314-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10152165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Death Row.","authors":"Arya Shah,&nbsp;Nathaniel P Morris,&nbsp;Dale E McNiel,&nbsp;Renée L Binder","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230053-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230053-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite high rates of mental illness among incarcerated people in the United States, use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains limited in jails and prisons. There are some published guidelines regarding the provision of mental health care, including ECT, in U.S. correctional facilities, but little attention has been paid to the use of ECT for individuals sentenced to death. This article examines ECT within the context of the death penalty, including court consideration of ECT in capital cases and historic uses of ECT to facilitate execution of people on death row. Given the unique clinical, legal, and ethics considerations in the use of ECT for people sentenced to death, the authors call for greater attention to these practices and propose general guidelines regarding the use of ECT in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 3","pages":"421-430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10206061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Mental Health Evidence in Death Penalty Cases","authors":"Gabrielle Curry, Joseph Chien","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230065-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230065-23","url":null,"abstract":"In Jones v. Ryan, 52 F.4th 1104 (9th Cir. 2022), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed Danny Lee Jones’s habeas corpus petition challenging his death sentence in Arizona after he was convicted of two murders. The court found that Mr. Jones’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was supported by meeting the two criteria established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), specifically highlighting counsel’s failure to hire a mental health expert to explore potentially mitigating evidence in his case.","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 1","pages":"436 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nexus between Mental Illness and Dangerousness in Civil Commitment","authors":"Gabriele F. Trupp, S. Kelley","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230068L1-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230068L1-23","url":null,"abstract":"the role of a prosecutor merely because counsel was not present” (In re J.R. , p 4) or merely because the answers to the judge’s questions favored J.R.’s being civilly committed. Further, the argument that a court automatically becomes partial simply by asking questions “elevates form over substance and would have potentially farreaching, negative consequences” for various types of cases beyond civil commitment hearings (e.g., for various pro se cases, contempt proceedings, domestic violence actions, and sensitive juvenile hearings) (In re J.R. , p 4).","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 1","pages":"454 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45029925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal Justice Outcomes of Suicide by Cop Survivors","authors":"K. Weiss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4200670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4200670","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of suicide by cop (SbC) is of interest to psychiatrists, law enforcement professionals, lawyers, and citizens. It is a form of provoked homicide arising from a wish to die. Those who attempt SbC experience more mental illness, substance use, and recent trauma than the general population. This article examines those who attempt SbC and survive the encounters. SbC survivors who threaten or harm police or others may be charged with crimes such as weapons possession, aggravated assault, murder or attempted murder of an officer. The formulation of a provocative act, however, frustrates attempts at defenses based on mental state, resulting in few requests for expert testimony. Few data exist on how these individuals fare in court. Appellate cases in which defendants attempted to introduce evidence of SbC illustrate great variability in adjudication. Psychiatric defenses, such as diminished capacity and insanity, are usually inapplicable or unsuccessful because intent and knowledge of wrongfulness are implied in the provocative act. Diversion of SbC defendants into mental health courts is rare because of firearms use against police. The author argues that criminal justice ignores SbC survivors’ mental health and recommends application of therapeutic jurisprudence to give full expression of SbC dynamics.","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 1","pages":"390 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68726896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic Risk Score Effect on Violent Behavior in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Christopher Adanty,&nbsp;Jessica Qian,&nbsp;Vincenzo De Luca,&nbsp;Nathan J Kolla","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230007-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230007-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies aiming to establish a correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and aggressive behavior have resulted in contradictory results. Despite this, a certain degree of evidence suggests a potential underlying genetic component to aggression in SCZ. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis is a novel technique to estimate the combined effect of multiple genetic influences on aggression. Our objective was to investigate whether PRS could determine a proclivity toward aggressive behavior in patients with SCZ. Community-dwelling patients diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (<i>n </i>=<i> </i>205) were recruited from a nonforensic outpatient sample. Participants were assessed for aggression using a cross-sectional and retrospective design, and PRS was calculated using genomic DNA and the Illumina Omni 2.5 array. We did not detect any associations between lifetime physical aggression (<i>P</i> =<i> </i>32), verbal aggression (<i>P</i> =<i> </i>24), or aggression against property (<i>P</i> =<i> </i>24) and the PRS for SCZ risk. There may be several reasons to explain our null findings. We recommend that future interaction analyses of PRSs in SCZ that investigate violence focus on forensic psychiatric patients with higher base rates of violence and use participant interviews to assess aggression.</p>","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 2","pages":"236-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9627192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Illuminating Sociocultural and Ethnocultural Consciousness in Forensic Practice.","authors":"Ezra E H Griffith, Shoba Sreenivasan, Melinda S DiCiro, Eric M Wagreich","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230026-23","DOIUrl":"10.29158/JAAPL.230026-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades, there has been an evolution in forensic psychiatry and psychology toward closer examination of the professionals' attitudes and intentions in their practice. We theorize that the progressive change reflects increased attention to the experiences of evaluators and evaluees in their social worlds. This cultural focus complements the traditional emphasis on biomedical elements, such as neuropsychiatric disorders. We suggest that sociocultural factors (such as poverty, trauma, and sexual orientation) and ethnocultural factors (such as those related to ethnic status, discrimination, and racialized application of risk assessment) have contributed substantially to these developments in forensic practice. We utilize past and current literature to illustrate the change and to frame it as a way of improving practice. This is a call for forensic practitioners to enhance their awareness of the impact of social and ethnocultural factors. We recommend further examination of these ideas by training programs and broader scholarly discussion in educational forums.</p>","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 2","pages":"263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9986614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory and Application of Neuropsychological Underpinnings of Adjudicative Competency.","authors":"Lori L Hauser","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230022-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230022-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In their article, Aveson and colleagues postulate a model for understanding the neurocognitive underpinnings of competence to stand trial, and they present evidence to support that model for two specific facets: social intelligence and auditory verbal (episodic) memory. This commentary attempts to extend those findings by outlining specific interventions and assessment methods in the inpatient restoration setting that focus on strengthening these capacities and connecting them to the psycho legal context. It echoes the work of Aveson <i>et al.</i> that court is a transactional, social context heavily dependent on auditory processing and verbal comprehension and expression and suggests that restoration programs ought to incorporate interventions and assessment tools that address such faculties. Further refinement of our understanding of competence and its constituent components will enable us to better allocate scarce resources throughout the system, to tailor restoration programming to the needs of each individual defendant, and to aid defendants through restoration programming to develop the skills to take a more involved, collaborative role in the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 2","pages":"199-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9986119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Perilous Policy of Oregon's Psilocybin Services.","authors":"Brian Holoyda","doi":"10.29158/JAAPL.230023-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.230023-23","url":null,"abstract":"of votes; 2020. Available from: https://sos.oregon.gov/ elections/Documents/results/november-general-2020.pdf. Accessed","PeriodicalId":47554,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"51 2","pages":"160-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9623588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}