{"title":"Optimizing International Market Selection: A Dynamic Approach Integrating Export and FDI Entry Modes","authors":"Yueling Zhou, Emanuel Gomes, Ferran Vendrell-Herrero","doi":"10.1002/tie.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effectively evaluating and selecting foreign markets is essential for successful internationalization. Traditional International Market Selection (IMS) frameworks typically follow a linear, sequential process: identifying motives, selecting markets, and subsequently determining entry modes. However, such sequential frameworks inadequately account for today's dynamic global market conditions, often resulting in firms entering appropriate markets via an unsuitable entry mode—termed herein as Type III error. Addressing this dangerous error, our study proposes a novel IMS approach that simultaneously integrates market attractiveness and considerations of the suitability of the entry mode selected. Using a dual-criteria ranking method combined with a 45° line analysis, we evaluate 86 prospective international markets across 30 variables. This approach enables firms to align market selection and entry mode decisions from the outset and responds directly to recent research emphasizing their interdependent nature. Our findings reveal that not all markets are analogous, that is, equally attractive for export and FDI, and that some markets are quite distinct, requiring specific entry modes. By adopting this integrated, flexible framework, firms can make more nuanced, strategically coherent internationalization decisions, minimizing risks associated with entry mode misalignment and enhancing their global strategic effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 6","pages":"739-755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tie.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revisiting the CAGE Model: An Application for Entry Mode Choices in Intra-African Internationalization","authors":"Oumaima Chamchati, Mohamed Nabil El Mabrouki","doi":"10.1002/tie.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper revisits the CAGE model to examine how distance dimensions influence SMEs' entry mode choices in intra-African expansion. Based on a study of Moroccan SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa, our findings reveal that: (1) a multidimensional approach enhances understanding, as firms assess multiple distance factors simultaneously; (2) cultural and geographical distance drive SMEs toward low-commitment modes like exporting through distributors to reduce adaptation costs; (3) economic and administrative distance jointly influence decisions, as firms weigh regulatory constraints against market potential before investing; and (4) regional economic integration shapes market entry, with firms establishing subsidiaries as “regional hubs” to facilitate broader expansion. These insights refine the CAGE model by capturing the complexities of South-South internationalization, emphasizing the interplay of distance dimensions in SMEs' strategic choices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 6","pages":"723-738"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transaction Cost and Performance of Born Globals: The Role of Transaction Cost Institutionalism: An Emerging Economy Context","authors":"Tarun Kanti Bose, Sadia Akbor Orni, Roger Moser","doi":"10.1002/tie.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates how transaction costs impact the performance of born globals (BGs) emerging economy (EEs), with a particular focus on the moderating role of transaction cost institutionalism. Anchored in transaction cost theory and institutional theory, the research analyzes primary data from 225 Bangladeshi BGs across six sectors. Using hierarchical regression models, the findings confirm a significant negative relationship between transaction costs and firm performance. Moreover, transaction cost institutionalism—comprising elements such as enforcement, measurement, ideological attitudes, and market structure—moderates this relationship. Notably, institutional frameworks in host countries exert a stronger moderating influence than those in home countries. The study offers theoretical contributions by integrating transaction cost and institutional theories and provides practical insights for policymakers and international entrepreneurs operating in institutionally challenging environments. It emphasizes the strategic importance of institutional interactions in enhancing BGs' international performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 6","pages":"701-721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reshoring Drivers and Future Outlook. A Case Study of European and American Firms","authors":"Lea Friebel, Nnamdi Oguji, Richard Afriye Owusu","doi":"10.1002/tie.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent disruptions and mounting vulnerabilities across global supply chains have prompted firms to reconsider long-standing offshoring strategies. In this context, reshoring—the strategic relocation of previously offshored operations—has gained renewed relevance. This study explores how the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) environment has reshaped the drivers, triggers, and outlook for reshoring. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research draws on in-depth interviews with seven senior executives from European and U.S. firms engaged in recent reshoring decisions. The findings reveal that VUCA pressures amplify external reshoring drivers, particularly those related to risk mitigation, control, and geopolitical resilience. VUCA events function not only as immediate triggers or accelerants but also as reflection points, prompting firms to reevaluate their global footprint. While reshoring is seen as increasingly strategic, its feasibility remains highly contingent on industry, product type, and operational complexity. The study contributes to reshoring and global value chain literature by positioning reshoring within broader trends of resilient globalization, slowbalization, and strategic adaptation under uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 6","pages":"681-699"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tie.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Third-Party Market Cooperation and Non-Chinese Multinational Enterprises' Participation in the Belt and Road Initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Philipp von Carlowitz, Simon Züfle","doi":"10.1002/tie.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-Chinese multinational enterprises (MNE) are wondering whether China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) creates challenges or opportunities for them. The fuzzy term “third-party market cooperation” was coined to involve non-Chinese MNEs in BRI-related business opportunities. Our contribution is threefold: First, we explore the role of non-Chinese firms in the BRI. Second, we locate “third-party market cooperation” in the international business literature and examine its originality. Third, we assess how non-Chinese MNEs can seize business potentials associated with third-party market cooperation in SSA. We conduct a qualitative analysis of official documents and substantiate our analysis by evaluating other media sources on third-party market cooperation projects in SSA. We find that firms play a decisive role in substantiating the BRI. The core novelty of third-party market cooperation is its strong political dimension, as governments may initiate and flank the participation of their MNEs in the BRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 6","pages":"665-679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tie.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling Synergies: The Mediating Role of China's OFDI and Intelligent Transformation in Advancing Green Total Factor Productivity","authors":"Shunru Chen, Constantinos Alexiou, Ying Xie","doi":"10.1002/tie.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research focuses on the impact of intelligent transformation on green total factor productivity (GTFP) within China's manufacturing enterprises from 2010 to 2022. To assess the extent of intelligent transformation across the sector, the study adopts natural language processing and the non-radial SBM-ML index to measure GTFP. Utilizing threshold and mediation analysis, we explore how outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) affects intelligent transformation and GTFP while additional robustness tests supplement the analysis. The study also considers the variability in the impact of intelligent transformation at enterprise, industry, and regional levels. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between intelligent transformation and GTFP, notably stronger in non-OFDI firms and more pronounced in heavily polluting industries. In particular, enterprises with smaller scale of FDI and those in China's middle region see more substantial benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 5","pages":"639-662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tie.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justina Adams, Anthony Adu-Asare Idun, George Tackie
{"title":"CEO Cultural Heritage and Green Reporting of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)","authors":"Justina Adams, Anthony Adu-Asare Idun, George Tackie","doi":"10.1002/tie.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study uses fixed-effect panel quantile regression to estimate the effect of CEOs' cultural heritage on green reporting in listed manufacturing firms in 14 SSA countries between 2015 and 2021. The research reveals that CEOs from power distance cultures have a negative impact on green reporting, especially at higher quantiles. Conversely, individualistic CEOs make a positive contribution to green reporting at higher quantiles. CEOs with a background in masculinity culture show positive associations with green reporting at specific quantiles. However, CEOs from uncertainty avoidance cultures are less likely to produce green reports at 85% and 90% quantiles. CEOs with long-term orientation cultural backgrounds show a positive relationship at the 15% quantile. CEOs from indulgent cultural backgrounds do not exhibit a significant relationship with green reporting. Overall, the findings suggest that Chief Executive Officers' cultural heritage influences green reporting. We recommend that governments and policymakers in SSA consider the cultural origins of top-level executives in their policy decisions regarding green reporting.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 5","pages":"613-638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linking Dynamic Capabilities to Export Performance in Africa: The Moderating Roles of Institutional Support, Sociopolitical Context, and Perceived Corruption","authors":"Samy Mansouri, Joseph Kaswengi","doi":"10.1002/tie.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While the literature on internationalization in Africa is growing, much of it has traditionally emphasized the role of multinational corporations operating on the continent. In contrast, fewer studies have focused on the international entrepreneurial activities of indigenous African firms, particularly, in relation to how internal capabilities interact with external institutional environments. This study addresses this gap by drawing on dynamic capabilities theory and the institutional perspective to examine how firm-level capabilities influence export performance under varying conditions of institutional support and perceived corruption. Based on survey data from 192 exporting firms across nine African countries, the results show that the effects of vigilant market capability and open marketing capability on export performance are significantly moderated by institutional and environmental factors. These findings contribute to the literature on international firm performance in emerging markets and offer practical insights for strategy and policy development in the African context.</p>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 5","pages":"601-612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tie.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comfort Ama Akorfa Anipa, Mac Junior Abeka, Ebenezer Boateng, Kwadwo Ankomah, Isaiah Sikayena, Bernard Arpoh-Baah, Isaac Kwame Amoah-Ahinful, Michael Atta Fudzi
{"title":"Economic Institutions, Political Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows Into Sub-Saharan Africa: A Hierarchy of Institutions Perspective","authors":"Comfort Ama Akorfa Anipa, Mac Junior Abeka, Ebenezer Boateng, Kwadwo Ankomah, Isaiah Sikayena, Bernard Arpoh-Baah, Isaac Kwame Amoah-Ahinful, Michael Atta Fudzi","doi":"10.1002/tie.22443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22443","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper tests the hierarchy of institutions hypothesis for Foreign Direct Investment inflows to sub-Saharan African economies, i.e., the role of political institutions in the relationship between economic institutions and foreign direct investment inflows to sub-Saharan African economies. The paper employs evidence on a panel data of 38 SSA economies spanning the years 2000 to 2021. By employing a dynamic model, the results of the study were estimated using the System Generalized Method of Moments estimator. Generally, the findings show that economic institutions indicators positively contribute to foreign direct investment inflows to SSA economies. Further evidence suggests that political institutions positively moderate the relationship between economic institutions and foreign direct investment inflows. The results are robust based on alternative measures of political institutions. The results sanction the relevance of policies aimed at strengthening both economic institutions and political institutions, which represents a key channel through which FDI inflows to SSA economies can be improved.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 5","pages":"583-599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rita Fontinha, Fatima Hassan, Akram Al Ariss, Chris Brewster, Adam Hoteit
{"title":"A Latent Profile Analysis of Expatriate's Assessment of the Local Business Environment: Cross Country Comparisons","authors":"Rita Fontinha, Fatima Hassan, Akram Al Ariss, Chris Brewster, Adam Hoteit","doi":"10.1002/tie.22441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22441","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The assessment expatriates make of the business environment of their host country reflects social comparison mechanisms and has an influence on multinational enterprises' approaches to specific countries. We conduct a latent profile analysis and identify three different profiles of expatriates regarding their assessment of the local business environment. We then analyze different individual and organizational-level predictors and find that nationality, mode of expatriation, organization size, and host country are associated with specific assessments of the local business environment. Overall, self-initiated expatriates make more positive assessments of their host country than assigned expatriates. Expatriates in Qatar and Saudi Arabia make more extreme assessments of the local business environment than those in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. We believe this is the first paper checking the important issue of how expatriates are distributed along different profiles based on the assessment they make of their host country, within a cross-country comparison framework.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47515,"journal":{"name":"Thunderbird International Business Review","volume":"67 5","pages":"553-565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}