Chiara Buizza, Elena Franco, Alberto Ghilardi, Herald Cela
{"title":"A Brief Biofeedback Training, Integrated with Breathing and Relaxation Exercises, in Treating Tinnitus Disorders within Routine Medical Care.","authors":"Chiara Buizza, Elena Franco, Alberto Ghilardi, Herald Cela","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09694-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09694-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tinnitus, a distressing condition, significantly impacts psycho-social functioning. While medical interventions have been the norm for treating tinnitus, few studies have explored the efficacy of psychological treatments and their enduring effects. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief biofeedback training program in alleviating perceived tinnitus handicap severity over a 3-month follow-up period. Engaging 431 tinnitus outpatients from a medical center, the study allocated the control group to treatment as usual, involving monthly visits to an otolaryngologist and specific pharmacological interventions. Concurrently, the experimental group participated in a brief biofeedback training, using Procomp Infinity by Thought Technology Ltd., an eight-channel computer-operated encoder, integrated with breathing and relaxation exercises. No biofeedback booster sessions were provided to the experimental group during the 3-month follow-up period. Changes in tinnitus severity were assessed using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). The analysis, conducted via ANCOVA, demonstrated that biofeedback, integrated with relaxation training and breathing exercises, had a positive impact on both the follow-up THI total score and its three sub-scales (Functional, Emotional, Catastrophic). Notably, the experimental group displayed reduced psycho-physiological parameters in all aspects compared to their baseline measurements at 3-month follow-up. This study's findings underline the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention in treating tinnitus. It had a positive impact on the emotional, functional, and physical dimensions of daily life affected by tinnitus.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Music on Resistance to Mental Fatigue: Evidence from the EEG Power Spectrum.","authors":"Jin Liu, Tingting He, Zhigang Hu","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09691-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09691-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate the efficacy of listening to music in alleviating mental fatigue among healthy participants and to explore the neural evidence for this phenomenon via electroencephalography (EEG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 30 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to either the music group or the control group. Mental fatigue was induced in both groups using a 30-minute Stroop task. Following this task, the music group listened to relaxing music for 20 min, whereas the control group sat quietly for the same duration. Measurements were taken at three time points: before the Stroop task, immediately after the Stroop task, and after the 20-minute intervention period. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and 3-minute resting-state EEG signals were collected at each time point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data indicated that listening to music significantly reduced mental fatigue. VAS scores decreased more in the music group than in the control group (P = 0.031). The EEG iAPF showed significant recovery in the music group (P < 0.0001). Delta power in the frontal region decreased significantly postintervention in the music group (P = 0.011). Theta and alpha power also decreased significantly in the music group across multiple brain regions (all Ps < 0.0076), with no significant changes observed in beta power.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the potential of listening to relaxing music as a noninvasive and enjoyable intervention for mitigating the effects of mental fatigue. Moreover, iAPF, theta, and alpha power can serve as reliable biomarkers for assessing mental fatigue and the restorative effects of interventions such as music.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua Marchant, Inna Khazan, Mikel Cressman, Patrick Steffen
{"title":"Comparing the Effects of Square, 4-7-8, and 6 Breaths-per-Minute Breathing Conditions on Heart Rate Variability, CO<sub>2</sub> Levels, and Mood.","authors":"Joshua Marchant, Inna Khazan, Mikel Cressman, Patrick Steffen","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09688-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09688-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Square and 4-7-8 breathing are popularly promoted by psychotherapists but have little empirical support. We hypothesized that breathing at 6 breaths per minute (bpm) would improve HRV, reduce blood pressure, and improve mood more than either square or 4-7-8 breathing. We also hypothesized square and 4-7-8 breathing would increase end-tidal CO<sub>2</sub> (PETCO<sub>2</sub>). Eighty-four college students (60% female) had HRV measured at baseline and during 1) square breathing, 2) 4-7-8 breathing, 3) 6 bpm with a 4:6 inhale-to-exhale ratio, and 4) 6 bpm with a 5:5 ratio. We used a 3-lead electrocardiogram to measure HRV and a capnometer to measure PETCO<sub>2</sub>. We measured mood using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) after each breathing condition. We used a repeated measures mixed effects model to examine the effects of each breathing technique on HRV, blood pressure, mood, and PETCO<sub>2</sub> levels. Breathing at 6 bpm increased HRV measures more than square or 4-7-8 breathing with small to medium effects. None of the breathing conditions resulted in meaningful changes in blood pressure or mood. Unexpectedly, breathing at 6 bpm led to mild over-breathing. While various breathing techniques are used in psychotherapy, their relative efficacy remains unclear. This study found that breathing at 6 bpm is likely more effective at increasing HRV than square or 4-7-8 breathing, albeit with a higher risk of over-breathing. Future studies could examine whether these effects hold over multiple weeks of breathing practice and attend to the effects of different breathing techniques on CO<sub>2</sub> levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabrina Fagioli, Darcianne K Watanabe, Julian Koenig, Matthew Free, Russell H Fazio, Michael W Vasey, Julian F Thayer
{"title":"Heart Rate Variability Predicts Therapy Outcome in Anxiety Disorders: The Role of Inhibitory Learning.","authors":"Sabrina Fagioli, Darcianne K Watanabe, Julian Koenig, Matthew Free, Russell H Fazio, Michael W Vasey, Julian F Thayer","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09686-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09686-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure therapy has been shown to be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, there are individual differences in the extent to which this intervention is effective in reducing symptoms, and a substantial number of patients may experience a return of fear (ROF). The factors associated with successful therapy outcomes are an important topic of investigation as these factors might influence the nature of the interventions as well as enhance our understanding of the process associated with the disorder and its treatment. Here, we investigated the effect of resting heart rate variability (HRV) on ROF following exposure therapy in social phobics. In particular, using path modeling, we assessed the hypothesis that resting HRV prospectively predicts inhibitory learning, which, in turn, prospectively predicts ROF at follow-up. Forty adult participants (60% female) diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder were assigned to a single massed exposure therapy session. Self-reported behavioral and physiological responses were recorded pre-treatment, immediately following treatment, and at one-month follow-up. The Personalized Implicit Association Task (PIAT) was used as an implicit measure of inhibitory learning, and HF-HRV was taken as a measure of vagal activity. Results revealed that those with high pre-treatment HRV reported less negative implicit attitude towards public speaking after exposure (b = -0.044, p =.047) and showed reduced residual symptoms one month after treatment. (b = 2.247, p =.013). Taken together these results support exposure therapy models that emphasize the importance of inhibitory learning in extinction and are consistent with research linking HRV to inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the Correlation of Physiological Stress Signals with Student Exam Performance: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Ayşegül K Kasap, Burçin Kurt","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09685-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09685-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress responses in real-world settings are less studied compared to controlled laboratory environments, limiting our understanding of their impact on cognitive performance. This study investigates the relationship between physiological stress signals and academic performance using an open-access dataset of 10 students assessed across three exam sessions (Midterm 1, Midterm 2, and Final Exam). Physiological measures, including electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), and skin surface temperature (TEMP), along with exam grades, were analyzed using traditional hypothesis testing, bootstrap method, correlation analysis, and regression tree modeling. To address the small sample size, we validated traditional hypothesis test results with the bootstrap method, and both approaches were compatible. Hypothesis testing revealed no significant differences in physiological measures across exam sessions, supporting the null hypothesis. Grades differed significantly between the final exam and both midterms (p < 0.05). Stress fluctuations were also analyzed across three periods (beginning, middle, and end) for each exam, revealing temporal response variations. Correlation analysis showed a moderate negative relationship between EDA and HR (r = - 0.504, p < 0.01) and a weak positive relationship between EDA and TEMP (r = 0.417, p < 0.05), both intensifying during the final exam. Regression analysis explained 78% of the variance in grades (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.78), with regression tree modeling identifying lower skin temperature (< 28 °C) and higher EDA (≥ 0.19) as predictors of poorer performance. These findings underscore the interplay between physiological stress responses and academic outcomes, emphasizing the need for further research and interventions to support student success.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Biofeedback on Constipation, Sleep, Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life in Patients with Dyssynergic Defecation: a QUASI Experimental Study (Before and After Study).","authors":"Seyede Zahra Emami Razavi, Alaleh Amirak, Negin Rahimi, Maryam Hosseini, Mohaddeseh Azadvari, Maryam Rafiei","doi":"10.1007/s10484-024-09680-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-024-09680-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyssynergic defecation(DD) is the inability to coordinate abdominal and anorectal muscle contraction during defecation. Patients with constipation often report poor quality of life, sleep issues, and increased risk of mood disorders. Biofeedback is a recommended treatment for DD. we evaluated the effect of EMG-biofeedback on constipation symptoms as the primary outcome and also on insomnia, mood disorders (depression and anxiety), and quality of life as secondary outcomes in patients with dyssynergic defecation. Thirty-one patients with DD (74.2% women, mean age 46.23 ± 13.42 years), diagnosed using Rome IV criteria, Bristol Stool Form Scale, and anorectal manometry, were included. Patients underwent six to ten sessions of EMG-based biofeedback. We evaluated symptoms using the Wexner constipation questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), SF-36 for quality of life, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Hamilton questionnaires for anxiety and depression (HAM-A and HAM-D) before and after treatment. As consistent with study hypotheses, the Wexner scores significantly improved after biofeedback (p < 0.0001, t = 6.98). ISI scores improved (p = 0.01, t = 2.74), as did VAS scores (p < 0.0001, t = 5.14). HAM-A and HAM-D scores showed significant reductions (HAM-A: p = 0.0001, t = 5.01; HAM-D: p = 0.003, t = 2.17). However, SF-36 did not show significant improvement in quality of life (p > 0.05, t = -0.93). Biofeedback effectively improved constipation symptoms, insomnia, and mood disorders but did not impact quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoni Wang, Jingli Nie, Yuchen Lu, Haoyu Zhang, Jianbao Zhang
{"title":"The Effects of Resonance Frequency Breathing on Cardiovascular System and Brain-Cardiopulmonary Interactions.","authors":"Xiaoni Wang, Jingli Nie, Yuchen Lu, Haoyu Zhang, Jianbao Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10484-024-09683-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-024-09683-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resonance frequency (RF) is characterized as the specific frequency at which a system, equipped with delayed self-correction or negative feedback mechanisms, exhibits maximal amplitude oscillations in response to an external stimulus of a particular frequency. Emerging evidence suggests that the cardiovascular system has an inherent RF, and that breathing at this frequency can markedly enhance health and cardiovascular function. However, the efficacy of resonance frequency breathing (RFB) and the specific responses of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems during RFB remain unclear. In this study, we recruited 27 healthy young male subjects (aged 20-30 years) and used the corrected sliding method to accurately determine each subject's RF. We then investigated cardiovascular activity, cardiorespiratory coupling, and the brain-cardiovascular network to clarify the effects and mechanisms associated with RFB. Our results indicate that: (a) the corrected sliding method can precisely evaluate RF; (b) the reduction in blood pressure is unique to RFB and not observed in other slow-paced breathing patterns (RF + 1 and 6 breaths per minute), which we attribute to the α-wave and parasympathetic-BRS pathway; (c) during slow-paced breathing, cardiorespiratory coupling predominantly favors the respiration-to-heart direction, with the RF stage eliciting the most significant response, while brain-cardiopulmonary information transfer increases across all tasks. These findings offer valuable insights into the impact of RFB on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems, potentially laying the groundwork for future research to optimize respiratory training protocols and improve health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chase S Sherwell, Deanna Varley, Claudia Kinnane, Wesley Turner, David Zimmerman, James N Kirby
{"title":"Examining the Impact of a Brief Compassion Focused Intervention on Everyday Experiences of Compassion in Autistic Adults Through Psychophysiology and Experience Sampling.","authors":"Chase S Sherwell, Deanna Varley, Claudia Kinnane, Wesley Turner, David Zimmerman, James N Kirby","doi":"10.1007/s10484-024-09681-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-024-09681-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autistic adults experience greater rates of anxiety and depression compared to the general population. Compassion-focused therapy interventions, aimed at promoting self-compassion capabilities, have shown efficacy in improving mental health outcomes in autistic and non-autistic samples suffering from self-criticism that contribute to difficulties in emotion regulation. We explored the experiences of autistic adults during a brief one-week online self-compassion exercise to evaluate it's feasibility and acceptability through self-report, experience sampling, and parasympathetic activity measured via HRV. Pre- to post-intervention comparisons showed significant improvement in trait self-compassion and fears of self-compassion, but this did not extend to acute measures of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) nor difficulties in emotion regulation. HRV measures displayed significant increases during self-compassionate practice, although there were no significant changes in physiological reactivity pre- to post-intervention. Experience sampling measures found that whether participants acted on opportunities to be self-compassionate was predictive of concurrent evaluations of affective system activation, whereby acting self-compassionately was associated with greater reported activation of the soothing affective system. Together, our findings support the use of multimodal approaches to investigating the accessibility and efficacy of compassion-focused approaches to resolving emotional difficulties experienced by autistic adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco J Cidral-Filho, Patrick Porter, Nathalia Nahas Donatello
{"title":"An Integrative Review of Brainwave Entrainment Benefits for Human Health.","authors":"Francisco J Cidral-Filho, Patrick Porter, Nathalia Nahas Donatello","doi":"10.1007/s10484-024-09682-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-024-09682-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brainwave Entrainment (BWE) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation based on the principle that auditory or visual stimulation at a specific frequency can lead the brain's electrocortical activity to oscillate at the frequency of the external signal or its multiples. This phenomenon could be used to alter physiological and psychological states. Therefore, we conducted an integrative review to answer the question: \"What are the observed benefits of BWE on human health and well-being?\" We searched for studies published in the last ten years in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), EMBASE, Virtual Health Library (BVS), PubMed, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases in April 2024. Searches were conducted in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. A total of 84 studies were included in our review. Studies showed improvements in various conditions, such as pain, sleep disturbances, mood disorders, cognition, and neurodegenerative disorders. In conclusion, our findings align with previous reviews and underscore the need for further research on BWE, particularly with larger sample sizes, robust control groups, and randomized clinical trial designs. Nevertheless, BWE demonstrates promising therapeutic potential and may support the management of various health conditions, enhancing individuals' quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert, Jaroslav Krc, Hanneke van Dijk, Roger J deBeus, L Eugene Arnold, Martijn Arns
{"title":"Theta/Beta Ratio Neurofeedback Effects on Resting and Task-Related Theta Activity in Children with ADHD.","authors":"Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert, Jaroslav Krc, Hanneke van Dijk, Roger J deBeus, L Eugene Arnold, Martijn Arns","doi":"10.1007/s10484-024-09675-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-024-09675-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The EEG theta band displays distinct roles in resting and task states. Low resting theta and transient increases in frontal-midline (fm) theta power during tasks are associated with better cognitive control, such as error monitoring. ADHD can disrupt this balance, resulting in high resting theta linked to drowsiness and low fm-theta activity associated with reduced cognitive abilities. Theta/beta ratio (TBR) neurofeedback aims to normalize resting state activity by downregulating theta, which could potentially unfavorably affect task-related fm-theta. This study examines the TBR neurofeedback's impact on both resting and fm-theta activity, hypothesizing that remission depends on these effects. We analyzed data from a multi-center, double-blind randomized controlled trial with 142 children with ADHD and high TBR (ICAN study). Participants were randomized into experimental or sham NF groups. EEG measurements were taken at rest and during an Oddball task before and after neurofeedback, assessing global electrodes for resting theta and fm electrodes during error dynamics. Post-intervention changes were calculated as differences, and ANOVAs were conducted on GROUP, REMISSION, and CONDITION variables. Final analysis included fewer participants for all analyses. Resting state analysis showed no significant effects on global or fm-theta after TBR neurofeedback. Error dynamics analysis was inconclusive for global and fm-theta in both remitters and non-remitters. Results suggest that the current TBR neurofeedback protocol did not reduce aberrant resting state theta, and emphasize the need for refined protocols targeting specific theta-band networks to reduce resting-state theta without affecting fm-theta related to cognitive control.</p>","PeriodicalId":47506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}