History and Theory最新文献_第9页

TEXTS AND TRADITIONS IN CHINESE AND COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY 中国文本和传统与比较哲学

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12291

Sor-hoon Tan

{"title":"TEXTS AND TRADITIONS IN CHINESE AND COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY","authors":"Sor-hoon Tan","doi":"10.1111/hith.12291","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12291","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article considers Quentin Skinner's critique and methodology in his seminal essay “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas” vis-à-vis the current methodological debates in Chinese and comparative philosophy. It surveys the different ways in which philosophers who work with ancient Chinese texts in those related fields deal with the tension between textual contexts and autonomy and how some of the errors criticized by Skinner under the mythology of coherence, mythology of doctrines, mythology of parochialism, and mythology of prolepsis might apply to those fields. It argues that Skinner's insistence that understanding a text requires recovering its author's intended meaning by studying its linguistic context has limited application to Chinese and comparative philosophy because those fields’ most important texts are not best understood as means of communication by specific historical authors with intended messages to convey to readers. These texts are instead the means by which Chinese traditions perpetuate their respective beliefs and practices. Instead of being circumscribed by authorial intent, the meanings of traditional texts are dynamic and co-created in the process of producing, reproducing, and consuming texts as well as in the evolution of practices that also constitute each tradition. The meanings received by the audience are never exactly what authors or transmitters intended but have been transformed by each audience's own concerns and interests, even if the audience attempts to grasp what the former intended. Using the <i>Five Classics</i> and the <i>Analects</i> as examples, this article illustrates how such texts’ purposes to teach and perpetuate the practices that constitute a way of life determine their meanings. Understanding is not merely cognitive but practical as well. The meanings of such texts are not static but dynamic as traditions evolve. The debates about methods of reading and interpreting ancient Chinese texts are also debates about the nature of Chinese traditions and struggles over their futures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"62 1","pages":"88-105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47660865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HUME, HISTORY, AND THE USES OF SYMPATHY 休谟，历史，以及同情的作用

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2023-02-19 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12288

ADAM SUTCLIFFE

{"title":"HUME, HISTORY, AND THE USES OF SYMPATHY","authors":"ADAM SUTCLIFFE","doi":"10.1111/hith.12288","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12288","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article focuses on the role of sympathy and antipathy in David Hume's <i>History of England</i> (1754–1762) in relation to the broader place of sympathy in Hume's moral philosophy. Hume, in his earlier philosophical work, argues that sympathy is a naturally occurring responsiveness to others’ feelings, similar to the resonance between musical strings. In his <i>History</i>, however, he carefully curates his readers’ emotional responses, inviting sympathy with figures of suffering—such as King Charles I and Mary Queen of Scots—while also, often almost simultaneously, stirring intense antipathy for those whose religious extremism he regards as socially dangerous and beyond comprehension. After first situating the emergence of Hume's theory of sympathy in its early eighteenth-century context, this article explores in detail the techniques of sentimental management that appear across the six volumes of the <i>History of England</i>. The elaborate deployment of emotions in Hume's historiography is shown to be in tension both with some aspects of his philosophy of natural human sympathy and with his brief reflections on the writing of history. Hume channeled his readers’ sympathies toward particular targets and against others. A careful analysis of this usefully sheds light on the management of sympathy in modern historiography, on which Hume has had an enduring influence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"62 1","pages":"62-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hith.12288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47420317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RECONCEIVING THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY: FROM REPRESENTATION TO TRANSLATION 重新认识历史实践:从再现到翻译

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12292

Sanjay Seth

{"title":"RECONCEIVING THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY: FROM REPRESENTATION TO TRANSLATION","authors":"Sanjay Seth","doi":"10.1111/hith.12292","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12292","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arguing that history is not the application of a rigorous method to sources bequeathed to us from the past but rather a practice of coding that constructs “the past” in particular ways, this article seeks to delineate the key elements of this coding. Modern history treats past objects and texts as the objectified remains of humans who endowed their world with meaning and purpose while constrained by the social circumstances characterizing their times. This time of theirs is dead, and it can only be represented, not resurrected; the past is only ever the human past, and it does not include ghosts, gods, spirits, or nature. If, as argued here, “the past” does not exist independently of the means by which it is known and represented, then the many different modes of historicity that human beings developed and deployed before the modern form of history became dominant cannot be measured against “the” past in an effort to compare their accuracy or adequacy in representing it. The concluding section of this article asks what we are doing when we write the history of those who did not share the presumptions of the modern discipline but who had their own mode(s) of historicity. What, it asks, is the character and status of the knowledge produced when we write histories of premodern and non-Western pasts?</p>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"62 1","pages":"106-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hith.12292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

HISTORY MAKING AND ETHICS—AN INTEGRAL RELATIONSHIP? 历史创造与伦理——一个不可分割的关系?

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12294

Stefan Berger

引用次数: 0

HISTORICAL PRACTICE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL HISTORY 数字历史时代的历史实践

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12276

JESSE W. TORGERSON

{"title":"HISTORICAL PRACTICE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL HISTORY","authors":"JESSE W. TORGERSON","doi":"10.1111/hith.12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current digital historical moment is an opportunity to formulate a new theory of historical practice. Our field's long-standing passive reliance on the widespread explanation of historical practice as deriving information from “primary sources” is unhelpful, incoherent, misleading, and an active inhibition to new opportunities. Our reliance on an incoherent explanation means our students are not given a precise description of our historical practice but instead learn to imitate us by gradually adopting disciplinary norms conveyed through exemplary models and the critique of work performed. Furthermore, our reliance on a misleading explanation of method means we lack a common terminology with which we all can coherently explain to our peers what we actually do. We know this, and yet we have provided no alternative. The current moment offers an opportunity to provide a theory of the practice of history that encompasses contemporary, traditional, and even ancient historical methods: capturing <i>sources</i>, producing <i>data</i>, and creating <i>facts</i>. Wide acceptance and implementation of a sources-data-facts model of historical practice will accelerate student understanding, improve communication with other disciplines, erase the apparent distinction between (so-called) analog and digital history, and provide a framework for the publication of historical data as a valuable end in and of itself.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"61 4","pages":"37-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41720636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

DIGITAL DOPING FOR HISTORIANS: CAN HISTORY, MEMORY, AND HISTORICAL THEORY BE RENDERED ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT? 历史学家的数字兴奋剂:历史、记忆和历史理论能被人工智能渲染吗?

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12282

WULF KANSTEINER

{"title":"DIGITAL DOPING FOR HISTORIANS: CAN HISTORY, MEMORY, AND HISTORICAL THEORY BE RENDERED ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT?","authors":"WULF KANSTEINER","doi":"10.1111/hith.12282","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial intelligence is making history, literally. Machine learning tools are playing a key role in crafting images and stories about the past in popular culture. AI has probably also already invaded the history classroom. Large language models such as GPT-3 are able to generate compelling, non-plagiarized texts in response to simple natural language inputs, thus providing students with an opportunity to produce high-quality written assignments with minimum effort. In a similar vein, tools like GPT-3 are likely to revolutionize historical studies, enabling historians and other professionals who deal in texts to rely on AI-generated intermediate work products, such as accurate translations, summaries, and chronologies. But present-day large language models fail at key tasks that historians hold in high regard. They are structurally incapable of telling the truth and tracking pieces of information through layers of texts. What's more, they lack ethical self-reflexivity. Therefore, for the time being, the writing of academic history will require human agency. But for historical theorists, large language models might offer an opportunity to test basic hypotheses about the nature of historical writing. Historical theorists can, for instance, have customized large language models write a series of descriptive, narrative, and assertive histories about the same events, thereby enabling them to explore the precise relation between description, narration, and argumentation in historical writing. In short, with specifically designed large language models, historical theorists can run the kinds of large-scale writing experiments that they could never put into practice with real historians.</p>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"61 4","pages":"119-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hith.12282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43960304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

REPRESENTING SPATIAL CONCEPTS: MODERN EAST ASIAN HISTORY IN A DIGITAL PUBLICATION FORMAT 代表空间概念:现代东亚历史在数字出版格式

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12285

Christian Wachter

{"title":"REPRESENTING SPATIAL CONCEPTS: MODERN EAST ASIAN HISTORY IN A DIGITAL PUBLICATION FORMAT","authors":"Christian Wachter","doi":"10.1111/hith.12285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How do we adequately capture multivocal history? What are good ways to represent multiple narratives and arguments in an open-ended fashion? The online publication Bodies and Structures 2.0: Deep-Mapping Modern East Asian History, edited by David R. Ambaras and Kate McDonald, addresses these questions for modern East Asian spatial history. Mainly a tool for teaching and research, the website works by interlinking historiographical information and primary sources. Complementarily, Bodies and Structures 2.0 displays all its contents via a set of visualizations. In this review essay, I argue that this multimodal format is innovative on two ends. First, the site convincingly implements what earlier research on hypertext and visualization has long sought—namely, to exceed traditional text and its limitations to represent intricate matters neatly. This is because of these media formats’ semiotic efficiency in analytically representing complex wholes and their parts. Second, Bodies and Structures 2.0 successfully translates its multivocal concept of spatial history into an interactive multimodal user experience. All in all, it demonstrates that representing concepts is not just about the applied language of narrative and argumentation; it is also about the publication's form. Bodies and Structures 2.0, therefore, is an exciting work from the perspective of theory of history.</p>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"61 4","pages":"178-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hith.12285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42232062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

APPROXIMATING ALGORITHMS: FROM DISCRIMINATING DATA TO TALKING WITH AN AI 近似算法：从辨别数据到与人工智能对话

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12283

N. Katherine Hayles

引用次数: 2

THE OLD AND NEW OF DIGITAL HISTORY 数字历史的新旧

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12284

STEFAN TANAKA

{"title":"THE OLD AND NEW OF DIGITAL HISTORY","authors":"STEFAN TANAKA","doi":"10.1111/hith.12284","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article reflects on the expectations and changes that digital technologies have brought to history, activities that are increasingly codified as digital history. Because of the breadth of digital technologies and communicative media, the contours of a digital history are still unclear, so I frame my discussion with two potential narratives that begin from different ideas that emerged from World War II weapons research. One narrative begins with Roberto Busa and the application of a computer to find concordances in the writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. The emphasis here is on the application of computer technologies to the practice of history. The second narrative begins with Vannevar Bush's essay “As We May Think” and focuses on digital technologies as a key element in an information system. This beginning invites a parallel between inscription technologies (especially the movable-type press) and knowledge systems. Both narratives imbibe the modern faith in technology to improve; the “new” is better, but the latter better involves humans and societies. Despite important differences between them, both narratives lead to an inquiry into the foundations of our modern knowledge system. In the case of history, the question is whether a knowledge system that was developed in the nineteenth century and designed to encompass and order the world into one system is still apposite in our digital world. I close by suggesting that one such presumption that needs to be reconsidered is the idea of the past as a prior and distant time-form. A shift from “the past” to “pasts” opens history to a broader field of previous happenings and a reconsideration of chronological time, of change, and to other modes of transmission, such as storytelling.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"61 4","pages":"3-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46627971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HISTORY AS ANTIDOTE: THE ARGUMENT FOR DOCUMENTATION IN DIGITAL HISTORY 作为解药的历史：数字历史中的文献学争论

IF 1.1 2区历史学

History and Theory Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/hith.12279

LAURA K. MORREALE

{"title":"HISTORY AS ANTIDOTE: THE ARGUMENT FOR DOCUMENTATION IN DIGITAL HISTORY","authors":"LAURA K. MORREALE","doi":"10.1111/hith.12279","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hith.12279","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ephemeral nature of computer-enabled historical work is a well-documented concern within the field of history. The quick pace of technological change often renders digital scholarship obsolete, which in turn encourages historians to retreat to the stable and durable comfort of print, even as digital methodologies enrich our research and expand the audience for it. What has been missing so far in the conversation about digital history is a clear understanding of how it differs from traditional historical products, what can be gained from it, and how we might document the work undertaken using these machine-based methodologies. Because it is best understood as a process rather than as a product, digital history must have a history of its own to tether it to the scholarly community and to ensure that it endures past the active phase of any project. This article argues that digital historians should catalog their work using a normalized template following the Digital Documentation Process, a guide for producing documentation that is suitable for computer-based historical scholarship and tailored to its specific parameters. Self-documentation is beneficial to those who create digital history and those who consume it. It is urgent to establish a field-wide expectation that digital history will be consistently documented as a matter of course, lest we lose scholarship that has already been produced and forgo the enormous opportunities that computer-enabled methodologies offer to historians.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47473,"journal":{"name":"History and Theory","volume":"61 4","pages":"64-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48137783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1