Medical Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Tallying Abandonment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Consequences of Counting in the Afterlife of Aid.","authors":"Stephanie Peel","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2198709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2198709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork from one rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in this article I trace Community Health Workers' sentiments of abandonment, which they expressed after the termination of an internationally funded global health program. The program's open inclusion criteria meant that many children were enrolled during its implementation, signifying its success. However, after the program ended, the enumeration of many children produced residual feelings of abandonment. Grounded in a historical context, I illuminate the specific consequences of counting social lives and the ways in which global health programs and their practices continue to have a phantom presence after they end.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ecological Origins and Consequences of the Rodent Bait Station: From WWII Britain to Contemporary California.","authors":"Christopher M Kelty","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2213390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2213390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the origin of the rodent bait station, a globally distributed system for controlling rats, currently creating a secondary ecological crisis affecting wildlife who eat rats that have eaten the poison. I argue that this system is tied to settler colonial places like California and that banning poison will not address the crisis. It details the history of this box as a scientific ecological solution to rat control, created by Charles Elton and his research group during WWII. I pair this account with an account of contemporary science into the ecological crisis of rodenticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9898347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Researching the Ebola Reservoir with the Heuristic of the Fetish in Guinea.","authors":"Emmanuelle Roth","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2214671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2214671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unprecedented character of the 2013-2016 epidemic of Ebola in West Africa paved the way for a wave of investigations into the reservoir of the disease. A novel economy of health projects arose, which employed Guinean professionals to sample animals and fortify a hypothesis: that the disease spilled over from a bat. Through exploring virology research and its dangers in post-Ebola Guinea, I argue that the hypothesis of a bat reservoir has taken on a heuristic role that can be compared to the way that a fetish polarizes relations between the people who manipulate and fear this idea.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9898350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between Deserts and Jungles: The Emergence and Circulation of Sylvatic Plague (1920-1950).","authors":"Matheus Alves Duarte da Silva","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2189110","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2189110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>I trace the development of the concept of sylvatic plague - the first sylvatic disease - examining its invention by Ricardo Jorge to describe a global phenomenon of plague reservoirs among wild rodents, and its circulation. The concept implied a space where plague was enzootic, and relied on a division between inhabited and uninhabited spaces and between domestic rats and wild rodents. Some of the characteristics of this space varied, but it always referred to places imagined as empty of humans and rats. In 1927, it designated ambiguously deserts, in 1935, uninhabited regions in general, and in Brazil, it referred to the jungle.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10642352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10365361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contesting the Reservoir: Guarani-Mbya Criticisms of Zoonosis, Race, and Dirt in the Jaraguá Indigenous Land, Brazil.","authors":"Bruno Silva Santos","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2199356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2199356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Brazil, epidemiological understandings of zoonosis have historically articulated with race and class hierarchies, placing so-called non-modern bodies at the core of etiological theories and sanitary interventions. I describe how the Guarani-Mbya people living in the Jaraguá Indigenous Land in the city of São Paulo question the racialized narratives that human-rat contact is a major driver of infections such as leptospirosis. By analyzing Indigenous concepts of body, disease, and dirt, I suggest that the Guarani-Mbya disease ontology reflects a criticism of urbanization, in that it is considered to have pathogenic effects on the lives of Indigenous peoples and rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9901076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Disease Reservoirs: From Colonial Medicine to One Health.","authors":"Matheus Alves Duarte da Silva,&nbsp;Oliver French,&nbsp;Frédéric Keck,&nbsp;Jules Skotnes-Brown","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2214950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2214950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction of the special issue \"Disease Reservoirs: Anthropological and Historical Approaches\" sets out the origins and trajectories of disease reservoir frameworks. First, it charts the emergence and elaborations of the reservoirs concept within and across early 20th-century colonial contexts, emphasising its configuration within imperial projects that sought to identify, map and control spaces of contagion among humans, animals, and pathogens. Following this, it traces the position the reservoir framework assumed within post-colonial practices and imaginaries of global health, with particular reference to the emerging infectious disease paradigm. The introduction shows that, in contemporary usages, while the concept continues to frame animals, humans and their bodies as containers of previously identified pathogens, it also emphasises the imperative of anticipating as-of-yet unknown diseases, harboured in the bodies of certain animals, through networks and techniques of surveillance. Consequently, the introduction argues that the notion of disease reservoirs remains intimately intertwined with concerns over the classification, organization, and management of peoples, pathogens, animals, and space. Finally, the introduction outlines the seven papers that form this special issue, stressing how they dialogue, complement, and challenge previous historical and anthropological approaches to disease reservoirs, with an eye to opening up new avenues for cross-disciplinary exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9911039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"Reservoir\" Metaphor in Anti-Venereal-Disease Campaigns in Mid-Twentieth-Century North America.","authors":"Richard A McKay","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2196621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2196621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Focusing on British Columbia during the mid-twentieth century, this article illuminates how North American medical, public-health, and law-enforcement professionals used the \"reservoir\" metaphor in efforts to control venereal disease (VD). It traces the transition from a pre-Second-World-War paradigm of VD eradication - what I call an <i>epidemio-logic -</i> focused on the single reservoir of female sex workers, to one concerned with several groups, including the White \"male homosexual.\" The article also demonstrates how conceptualizing VD control in terms of human reservoirs led to analogical reasoning, improvements and setbacks to disease-control efforts, shifting understandings of infection risks, and changes to the built urban environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9911038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afterword: Disease Reservoirs and Spatial Imaginaries in the Time of COVID-19.","authors":"Christos Lynteris","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2196721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2196721","url":null,"abstract":"Disease reservoirs, as the contributions to this multidisciplinary special issue show, form heterogeneous epistemic objects related to disease maintenance, which have attracted an array of epidemiological concerns, biopolitical interventions, and metaphorical investments over the past 150 years. The latter, as Richard McKay’s article in this special issue shows, was far from an idle trope, with both medical experts and law enforcement apparatuses mobilizing reservoir metaphors in order to frame and blame vulnerable communities and individuals. Thinking with reservoirs thus requires both historians and anthropologists to take ethnographically and historically seriously specific epistemic, semantic, and biopolitical iterations of the disease reservoir. And, at the same time, it requires a degree of epistemological reflexivity. Whether we analyze, for example, Guarani approaches to understandings of rats as reservoirs of leptospirosis by the Brazilian state in the 2020s (Silva Santos, this issue) or Charles Elton’s rodent bait station as an “ecological” means of rat control (Kelty, this issue), we need to reflect seriously on the fact that we are doing this from within the context of a global pandemic that is creating its own epistemological and biopolitical affordances around configurations of humans and nonhumans as disease reservoirs. The challenge is paramount, as it is now clear that whatever the original animal reservoir of SARSCoV-2 (COVID’s causative pathogen) may have been, the virus has come to spread – or “spillback” – from humans back to nonhuman animals. It was already noted in early 2020 that humans were infecting other animals with COVID-19, most worryingly large numbers of farmed mink in Denmark and the Netherlands (ECDC 2021). But it was the discovery that large numbers of white-tail deer in Utah are infected with the disease (Kuchipudi et al. 2022) that really set off the alarm that COVID-19 spillback may be creating vast reservoirs of the disease among nonhuman animals across the globe, which may lead to the emergence of new variants of the disease and threaten humans with recurring pandemics. What is even more worrying is that very few countries have the capacity to investigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to non-domesticated animal populations, and those that have that capacity are neither interested in doing it themselves nor in facilitating others to do it, thus creating an epidemiological blind spot of global proportions. Yet what is striking is the lack of media attention or indeed public opinion interest in these disease reservoirs and their consequences for global health. This may be contrasted to the heated interest and debate over the “origins” of COVID-19, which is dominated by two master narratives at opposite spectrums of the science/anti-science spectrum: the lab-leak conspiracy theory, which assumes SARSCoV-2 to have been manufactured/modified at and escaped/leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s maximum-security","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Back to the Jungle\": Investigating Rats, Grass, Scrub Typhus, and Plantations in Malaya, 1924 - 1974.","authors":"Jack Edward Greatrex","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2185887","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2185887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, I examine epidemiological research into scrub typhus in British Malaya between 1924 and 1974. Interwar research, I show, explained the incidence of the disease through conjunctions of rats, mites, plantations, <i>lalang</i> grass, and \"jungle.\" In the process, interwar researchers bridged a novel scientific vocabulary centering on disease \"reservoirs\" with older suspicions of plantations enabling \"pests,\" as well as with a later, explicitly ecological understanding of infectious disease. In exploring this history I thereby help to re-historicize the emergence of ecological notions of disease reservoirs, whilst also pushing at the limit-points of influential notions of \"tropicality.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10267414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagating Visions of a Forest Reservoir: A Supposed Zoonotic Outbreak in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana.","authors":"Freya L Jephcott","doi":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2166411","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01459740.2023.2166411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When examined closely, the backgrounds of some of the most widely cited origin stories for zoonotic disease outbreaks have been found to be irreconcilable with empirical data. Stated simply, these explanatory landscapes do not appear to have existed. Here, I present a detailed case study of one such fictional landscape, that of a monkey-filled forest which was identified as the source of a suspected zoonotic outbreak in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana in 2010. Taking my approach from cultural epidemiology, I elucidate the mechanisms by which this fictional landscape was constructed and transmitted among the professionals involved in the response.</p>","PeriodicalId":47460,"journal":{"name":"Medical Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9899635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}