Radiography最新文献

{"title":"Simulation-based education at level 4: The role of multidisciplinary team input in the design and facilitation of a simulated radiographic placement","authors":"R. Scott,&nbsp;E. Monaghan,&nbsp;D. Chebsey,&nbsp;S. Meighan-Davies,&nbsp;C. Gebbett","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Simulation based education (SBE) and creatively designed placements are becoming increasingly well established in radiography pedagogy and allow a more efficient use of clinical resources in the training of new radiographers to meet workforce demands. Student radiographers have expressed concern about striking a balance between providing patient centered care and developing their radiographic competency. A co-designed simulated placement was developed with a focus on these two aspects of radiography education aiming to increase the competence and confidence of level 4 students while incorporating patient centred care (PCC) into their practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A multidisciplinary approach was used to develop a nine-day simulation where activities were scaffolded to help student radiographers to learn, develop and revisit critical skills. The students completed a reflective journal during this placement, the contents of which were thematically analysed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Students reported a statistically significant improvement in perceived confidence levels related to both radiographic and broad-based skills after simulation sessions. Several additional themes emerged from the reflective data related to communication skills, preparation for practice, perceptions of simulation and an empowered identity as a student radiographer. The students’ reflective diaries also explored students’ perceptions of their roles in the promotion patient centred care and they reported that the addition of realistic stressors inspired by the clinical environment, allowed them to practice dealing with these situations in a safe space.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>: SBE effects students’ perceptions of their competence and confidence in the clinical environment. By providing a safe space, SBE empowers students to respond to some stressors that might be encountered in clinical practice. A carefully scaffolded, multidisciplinary approach to simulated placement is good for confidence and competence building.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>The multi-professional dynamic partnership enabled effective collaboration to deliver a positively evaluated simulation package. Students were motivated to deliver enhanced PCC and had a strong desire to drive change, to guarantee patient safety and high-quality care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"30 ","pages":"Pages 158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing radiography education: Bridging theory and practice","authors":"A. Tootell,&nbsp;M. Jackson,&nbsp;Y. Jiminez,&nbsp;L. Rainford","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"30 ","pages":"Pages 156-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing radiography education: The roles and challenges of preceptors in the clinical supervision and training of student radiographers","authors":"B. Ofori-Manteaw ,&nbsp;H.S. Yeboah ,&nbsp;A.-R. Wuni","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Clinical training is an essential component of radiography education. However, the increasing number of radiography educational institutions and students in Ghana exposes preceptors to challenges in the performance of their preceptorship roles.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate the roles and challenges of preceptors in the clinical supervision and training of radiography students in Ghana and provide recommendations for addressing these challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional web-based survey was used in gathering the data. Participants were practicing radiographers involved in preceptorship roles in the training of radiography students. A non-probability convenient sampling method was used in gathering the data and analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>90 valid responses were received within the time frame with majority having 3–5 years post-qualification experience. 78 % of the participants (N = 70) expressed strong interest in preceptorship roles. The respondents were involved in various roles including clinical supervision (N = 90), assessment and evaluation (82 %, N = 74) and mentorship (72 %, N = 65). Inadequate equipment (82 %; N = 74), increased workload (78 %, N = 71), overcrowding (71 %; N = 64), lack of collaboration (68 %; N = 61), no renumeration (70 %; N = 63), and lack of clear objectives/guidelines from educational institutions (66 %; N = 59) were key challenges to preceptorship roles.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preceptors play an essential role in clinical supervision and training, yet they face numerous challenges. The findings highlight the need for effective collaboration between educational institutions and the professional workforce in student training. Support from educational institutions and the development of institutional guidelines for preceptors could help improve the preceptorship roles of radiographers in Ghana.</div></div><div><h3>Implication for practice</h3><div>The challenges identified can significantly impact the effectiveness of preceptorship roles. Addressing them would enhance the teaching and learning experiences of student radiographers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"30 ","pages":"Pages 149-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prelim ii - EFRS Member","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1078-8174(24)00366-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1078-8174(24)00366-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"30 ","pages":"Page ii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From classroom to global impact: How radiography education advances the sustainable development goals","authors":"M. Chau ,&nbsp;E. Arruzza ,&nbsp;K. Spuur ,&nbsp;B. Ofori-Manteaw","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Radiography education is uniquely positioned to advance the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). This narrative review explores the role of radiography education in supporting the SDGs through curriculum development, interdisciplinary learning, and global partnerships.</div></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><div>In line with SDG 3, radiography plays a pivotal role in non-communicable disease prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment through advanced imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and mammography. Programs such as BreastScreen Australia exemplify the contribution of radiography in reducing mortality through early detection. SDG 4 is reflected in the continuous evolution of radiography curricula to incorporate sustainable practices, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared for the future of healthcare. SDG 17 emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, and radiography education exemplifies this through partnerships with global institutions. These collaborations enhance knowledge exchange, capacity building, and research efforts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Radiography education is integral to achieving the SDGs by equipping healthcare professionals with the necessary skills to promote sustainable healthcare practices. Through interdisciplinary learning, curriculum enhancement, and international partnerships, radiography programs contribute to both local and global health initiatives. To strengthen its impact, radiography education must prioritize the integration of sustainability-focused practices, expand interdisciplinary collaborations, and advocate for equitable access to education and healthcare services. Future efforts should focus on leveraging innovative teaching strategies, such as AI-enhanced learning and remote imaging operation, while addressing global health inequities through targeted initiatives. By fostering these sustainable education practices, radiography can have a lasting global impact on public health and development.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>By fostering these sustainable education practices, radiography can have a lasting global impact on public health and development, address critical healthcare challenges and contribute to a more sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 224-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of epicardial adipose tissue volume of normal and coronary artery disease patients during diastolic and systolic phases of retrospective electrocardiogram-gated volume scan","authors":"H. Nakamura ,&nbsp;T. Masuda ,&nbsp;N. Yui ,&nbsp;T. Amano ,&nbsp;T. Naoto","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The abundance of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) correlates with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). If the quantity of EAT varies between diastole and systole during an ECG-synchronized volume scan, it can potentially affect the diagnostic accuracy of CAD. The aim of this study was to compare the EAT volume between the diastolic and systolic phases during an ECG-gated volume scan of patients with or without CAD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, 47 patients (11 with and 36 without CAD) underwent coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography between September 2022 and August 2023. All patients underwent a second-generation 320-row computed tomography (CT) scan with a retrospective ECG-triggered volume scan. The data volumes obtained at 5 % steps of the R–R interval were automatically analyzed on a Ziostation2 Plus workstation using a CT coronary artery analysis application. Myocardial fat components ranging from −160 to −70 in CT value were extracted to determine fat content. EAT volumes between R–R intervals were compared for 40 % diastolic and 75 % systolic phases in the scans of patients with and without CAD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median and interquartile range (IQR) of the EAT volumes were 130 (112–183) mL and 98 (67–129) mL for the groups with and without CAD, respectively, indicating a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). For the ECG-gated scan without CAD, the median and IQR of the EAT volumes were 98 (66–129) and 94 (68–134) mL in the diastolic and systolic phases (p = 0.82), respectively, and for CAD, 166 (129–191) and 158 (113–178) mL (p = 0.56), respectively. Thus, the differences in the EAT volume were not significant between diastolic and systolic phases (p &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Differences in EAT volume between patients with and without CAD were significant. However, the EAT volume differences between the diastolic and systolic phases were not significant, irrespective of CAD, during the ECG-gated volume scans.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>The diastolic and systolic cardiac phases did not significantly influence EAT volume measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 220-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of ADC measurements in diffusion MRI: A multicenter phantom study using multi-point b-values","authors":"M.S. Alshuhri ,&nbsp;A.A. Alhulail ,&nbsp;A.G.M. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Y. Madkhali ,&nbsp;M. Aljuhani ,&nbsp;R.A. Alghuraybi ,&nbsp;S. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;O.I. Alomair ,&nbsp;M. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;A.H. Qaisi ,&nbsp;M.S. Almalki","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from diffusion MRI provides critical insights into tissue microstructure and is influenced by various b-values. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of multiple b-values on ADC measurements using a multicenter observational approach with different MRI scanners and phantoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study utilized a liquid isotropic phantom across eight different 1.5 T MRI scanners from five centers. The phantom contained four fluids with different viscosity and relaxation properties. ADC measurements were obtained at b-values of 0, 50, 500, 1000, and 1500 s/mm² using standardized protocols, which involved applying consistent imaging parameters across all MRI scanners. Each scan was repeated three times, and statistical analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis and Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney U tests, were performed to evaluate variability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant variations in ADC values were observed among different MRI scanners. Higher b-values generally resulted in lower ADC readings, reflecting restricted diffusion. The comparison between 2-point and multiple-point b-value techniques revealed that the latter provides more consistent ADC measurements. Bland–Altman analysis indicated a systematic difference between single-shot echo-planar imaging (ssEPI) and turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences, with TSE showing more homogeneous ADC values.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the significant variability in ADC measurements across different MRI scanners and sequences, emphasizing the critical role of standardization in diffusion MRI protocols. The findings demonstrate that multiple-point b-value techniques offer greater consistency compared to 2-point methods, and TSE sequences yield more homogeneous ADC values than ssEPI.</div></div><div><h3>Implication</h3><div>These findings underscore the need for standardized protocols and multicenter guidelines to enhance the reliability of ADC as a diagnostic biomarker in clinical and research settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 212-219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiographer chest x-ray reporting in Scotland in 2023: An exploratory study into the attitudes and challenges concerning the development of a standardised, countrywide reporting service","authors":"J. Sharkey-Mayers ,&nbsp;K. Brogan","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The increasing backlog of chest x-ray (CXR) reports in Scotland is well documented, as is reporting radiographer's (RR) ability to provide a cost effective solution to this. Despite this, only 8 CXR RRs currently work in Scotland. This qualitative descriptive study will explore the perceived reasons for this lack of role development by investigating the relevant enablers and challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>An 18 question survey was emailed to the members of the Reporting Radiographer Interest Group Scotland regarding the enablers and challenges surrounding CXR RR training and employment in Scotland. All Scotland based RRs were invited to contribute. The survey was live for approximately 6 weeks. Results were then thematically analysed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The survey returned 14 respondents from 9 different health boards, 3 of which were CXR RRs. Currently no CXR RR training is currently ongoing in Scotland with only 1 of the responding health boards claiming they had a sufficient quota of CXR RRs. Five main themes have been uncovered: service development, monetary factors, a lack of support from management, workforce issues and Scottish geopolitical challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This survey highlighted a desire for further CXR RR training from the current Scottish RR cohort however there was a lack of confidence that this would be facilitated. Resistance from MSK RRs to expand their scope of practice was also noted.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>It is recommended that the Scottish government increases engagement with the CXR RR service to better tackle historical biases, address infrastructural issues and provide further funding for future training and posts. Further research is also required into the evolving attitudes of managers and radiologists towards CXR RRs as is concerns RRs have over up-skilling to better facilitate workforce development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 201-211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perceptions and experiences of final year undergraduate diagnostic imaging students when facilitating peer-assisted learning within the simulated learning environment","authors":"M. Kay,&nbsp;K. Brogan","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The persistent shortage of radiographers in the UK has prompted the exploration of innovative education models to enhance practice-based learning. Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) has been advocated as a viable method to increase clinical training capacity, yet its application in Diagnostic Imaging is constrained by regulations on ionising radiation. This study investigates the perceptions and experiences of final-year undergraduate Diagnostic Imaging students facilitating PAL within a simulated learning environment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Final-year students were recruited via convenience sampling to act as mentors in simulated role–play activities. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with three student mentors following the simulation. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified key themes related to the research question.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed four main themes:</div></div><div><h3>Relationships</h3><div>Students valued the peer-to-peer teaching dynamic and the psychological safety provided by the simulation, which fostered reciprocal learning and enhanced inter-student relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Learning environment</h3><div>The informal, responsive nature of the simulation was perceived as beneficial for encouraging participation and allowing students to learn from mistakes without real-world consequences.</div></div><div><h3>Learning design</h3><div>The timing of the simulation was noted as effective, aligning with academic learning. Feedback delivery and mentor preparation were also discussed, with disagreement on the value of the latter noted.</div></div><div><h3>Confidence</h3><div>Students reported increased confidence in their clinical and mentorship abilities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings support existing literature on the benefits of PAL and simulation-based education (SBE), highlighting the positive impact on psychological safety, inter-student relationships, and confidence. However, the lack of formal training for mentors suggest areas for further research.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>The study underscores the potential for integrating PAL and SBE in radiography education to enhance readiness for clinical practice and foster effective peer mentoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"30 ","pages":"Pages 138-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic screening for active tuberculosis amongst refugees and asylum seekers in Western Europe: Is universal chest radiography justified? A literature review","authors":"N. Dooley ,&nbsp;P. Lockwood","doi":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radi.2024.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence is considered high amongst refugees and asylum seekers (RAAS). Active TB screening using universal (indiscriminate) chest radiography (CXR) has been adopted in several European countries. Universal CXR screening raises concerns for radiation protection; no existing research reviews the literature from a radiography perspective. This review aims to identify and analyse relevant primary research to discuss the justification of universal CXR for RAAS in an active TB screening context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The search strategy included the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ScienceDirect and used predefined Boolean search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. A critical appraisal evaluated the quality of papers included in the review, and a synthesis-analysis method was used to find common themes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eight papers were included in the review. The thematic analysis identified three themes for discussion: the 2014/15 crisis, the complexity of defining TB risk amongst RAAS, and the value of CXR-led versus symptom-led screening for RAAS. Findings support continued systematic screening for TB amongst RAAS but with re-evaluation of CXR eligibility or the screening algorithm.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The heterogeneity of TB risk amongst RAAS indicates that CXR-led screening should be targeted at specific high-risk groups rather than universally applied.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>Justification of CXR screening for RAAS is context-specific and should be informed by TB risk amongst the target population. The advantages of CXR-led screening over other screening algorithms (e.g. symptom-led) justify its use for TB screening in most settings. Considerations identified in this literature review could help inform the development of local protocols for justifying CXR for TB screening amongst RAAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47416,"journal":{"name":"Radiography","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 194-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}