Progress in Planning最新文献

{"title":"Planning for Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Lessons from Japan for British Columbia, Canada","authors":"David W. Edgington","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper I consider how international experience in the management of catastrophic natural disasters might be transferable across jurisdictions by comparing two study areas, the Tōhoku coastal region of northeast Japan, and the coastal area of southwest British Columbia (BC), Canada. I present a conceptual framework recognizing that good practice from one jurisdiction can be useful in improving disaster management planning in another. This framework also underscores that disaster management experience from overseas should be interpreted carefully, taking into account national and local conditions. Empirically, I re-examine the 2011 Great Japan Earthquake and the stricken Tōhoku region at the time of its tenth anniversary to see what lessons might be learned for disaster planning in southwest BC. Both study areas face exposure to hazards involving low probability/high impact mega-earthquakes and tsunami, and both have taken steps to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities and infrastructure. In the case of the BC southwest coast this region is vulnerable to both a catastrophic magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami resulting from the rupture of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). When compared to Japan, however, BC lacks a history of major seismic events close to population centers and has little direct experience of planning for large earthquakes and tsunami events along its coastline. To help discern which particular features of Japan’s planning for (and response to) the Great East Japan Earthquake might yield policy implications for BC, I use the four pillars of disaster management as analytical tools: (1) the mitigation of risk, (2) disaster preparedness, (3) the emergency response, and (4) post-disaster recovery. The study methodology involved extensive site visits to both the Tōhoku region of Japan and southwest BC, face-to-face interviews with disaster managers and first responders, a review of relevant policy documents and reports of the Great East Japan Earthquake, together with a review of current disaster management practice in BC. The results revealed interesting comparisons between the two jurisdictions, signaling that the Japanese system had moved to a ‘culture of preparedness’, whereas the BC system was still being modernized to focus on proactive disaster planning. There are many policy suggestions from the Japanese experience in 2011 that deserve consideration for adapting into BC earthquake and tsunami planning. These include the urgency of seismic retrofitting programs, the adoption of a pro-active approaches to triggering emergency recovery operations, advance coordination with construction companies to assist relief and recovery as well as advance planning for large-scale temporary housing programs. The challenges and policy missteps experienced in Japan’s planning and response operations at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake are also noted, such as an overreliance on sea walls to prevention tsunami i","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48070673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing real estate led start-up urbanism: An account from Greater Paris","authors":"Pedro Gomes ,&nbsp;Yoann Pérès","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In the past few years, calls for innovative urban projects (CIUPs) have become the most mediatized symbol of the ongoing transformations within the public-led French urban development system. In the name of urban innovation, CIUP is a policy instrument that brings together, early in the design phase of urban development projects, extended teams of real estate developers and other actors who usually intervene downstream in the development process. We explore these calls as a form of real estate led start-up urbanism and analyse its modalities in Greater Paris, with the first edition of the </span><em>Inventing the Greater Paris Metropolis</em><span> (IGPM) call as a case study. We begin by tracing the genealogy of CIUPs and their particular articulation of urban innovation and urban development principles. In the remainder of the paper, we explore the implications of such urban innovation and spatial planning hybrids, by honing in on the relational work of real estate developers, i.e. the production of social relationships and networks that enables real estate developers adherence to the political ambitions during the bidding process. After establishing their centrality in the social networks defined by IGPM, we explore the apparent paradox between projects that are perceived as ordinary by call organizers and a visible effervescence of the urban planning milieu, including recruitment practices within real estate development firms, the emergence of small operators embodying imaginaries of urban innovation and the growing role of consultancies in supporting developers in responding to public authorities’ ambitions. In the final empirical section of the paper, we focus on real estate developers’ innovation strategies as a way of understanding the apparent contradiction between project content and the changing organizational landscape of the urban development milieu. In the concluding section, we bring these elements together through a discussion of the policy outputs and outcomes of CIUPs in general, and of IGPM in particular.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138405358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betterment capture for social redistribution: A developer obligation for touristic developments","authors":"Emília Malcata Rebelo","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents the results of a research project on the design of a particular value capture instrument in the form of a development obligation. This has been modelled to capture part of the betterment engendered by tourism-oriented plans. The article subsequently explores the potential of applying this levy in the interest of social goals, thus complementing traditional municipal funding sources. The concept is applied to the Urban Zoning Plan of the Planning Unit 11 of the municipality of Lagoa, located in the Algarve, Portugal. It tries to overcome several gaps and contradictions identified in the literature and in the planning practices of different value capture instruments in diversified urban contexts. These shortcomings refer to: (i) uncertainties as to why the land value rises; (ii) undefined thresholds between betterment and profit; (iii) the classification of value capture whether as a tax or as an instrument of wealth redistribution; (iv) the application of the captured value; (v) dilemmas between private property rights and citizens’ rights over betterments due to public decisions; (vi) public regulation versus free market operation; (vii) responsibilities, benefits and obligations of private individuals in urban development; and (viii) the design, execution as well as the risks of capture instruments. This adds to the specific requirements enforced by the Portuguese Land Act regarding the economic and financial sustainability of urban development.</p><p>This instrument is based on objective, reliable, and comparable data. This data is organised into a management information system which supports a flexible and continually updatable model to assess betterments engendered by public decisions. This model is easily generalizable to other urban contexts.</p><p>Finally, the potential of the proposed instrument to achieve social goals is assessed against the background of factors such as the fiscal challenges currently faced by municipalities, the rising importance of increasingly diversified stakeholders and their awareness of issues of sustainability in urban development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305900621001070/pdfft?md5=796b854b0ad1fb291587701e19c0ef3d&pid=1-s2.0-S0305900621001070-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45598269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainable development: Lessons from Ethiopia","authors":"Jennifer Shkabatur ,&nbsp;Raphael Bar-El ,&nbsp;Dafna Schwartz","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores whether and how innovation policy concepts can be adapted to address the needs of low-income developing countries and how they can advance their sustainable development objectives, such as economic growth, increased productivity, entrepreneurship, and job creation. We devise a conceptual approach for ensuring the advancement of innovation and entrepreneurship in low-income countries, design and test a methodology for implementing the conceptual approach, and utilize the case of Ethiopia for demonstration. The Ethiopian case is noteworthy due to a combination of various factors—high economic and demographic growth over the past years, acute need for job creation and focus on marginalized and vulnerable groups in society, need for regional and spatial planning focus, and relatively weak performance in innovation.</p><p>Considering the challenging conditions in Ethiopia, we assess the conditions for innovation and entrepreneurship promotion in low-income countries. Moreover, we test the performance of seven ecosystem factors (finance, human capital, infrastructure, information, academy, government services, and culture) through key informant interviews, focus-group discussions, and questionnaires involving all ecosystem actors: government, academic and research institutions, and business leaders. Each factor is evaluated using 91 variables. Two aspects are evaluated for each variable on a 1–5 scale: the perceived importance of the variable for innovation advancement, and the current availability of the variable in Ethiopia. The gap between the two scores indicates the “frustration” level of the respondents.</p><p>The findings indicate a challenging economic situation and low innovation level, but simultaneously high potential for growth—based on a growing market, significant GDP growth, and considerable government commitment and efforts. The ecosystem analysis results show that respondents attributed high importance to all ecosystem factors, but expressed frustration due to the low availability of the factors, as well as their weak interaction within the ecosystem—low coordination between government, industry, and academia; insufficient coordination within government; and low interaction among businesses.</p><p>Based on the analysis results, several directions for innovation and entrepreneurship policy guidelines are derived.</p><p>1. <em>Adoption and adaptation</em>. The innovation policy of low-income developing countries should not focus on new knowledge creation. The policy should instead support the adoption and adaptation of incremental innovations, which may have a significant multiplier effect, thereby generating jobs, affecting a numerous consumers and enterprises, and enhancing economic growth.</p><p>2. <em>Impact innovation</em>. The innovation strategy of low-income countries should aim to generate an impact on broad segments of the economy. Priority should be given to innovation types in sectors that can lead","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42362743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impacts of greenery on urban climate and the options for use of thermal data in urban areas","authors":"Petra Hesslerová ,&nbsp;Jan Pokorný ,&nbsp;Hanna Huryna ,&nbsp;Josef Seják ,&nbsp;Vladimír Jirka","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban greenery substantially influences the distribution of solar energy in urban areas and thus plays an irreplaceable role in creating local climate. This paper introduces the principles of urban vegetation functioning as a perfect air conditioning system that efficiently cools the environment and balances temperatures through evapotranspiration. It is based on the basic physics of energy transformation and known physiological processes of plants. We demonstrate the possibilities of quantification of the air conditioning role of vegetation in energy units, including the assessment and monetary quantification of ecosystem services and examples of different types of thermal data for assessing the urban environment and climate. We offer the possibility of implementing this approach to spatial planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47447971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liveable streets in Shanghai: Definition, characteristics and design","authors":"Aura-Luciana Istrate ,&nbsp;Fei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2021.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This monograph focuses on the concept of ‘liveable streets’ in China, which has been overlooked in the existing literature. This research has firstly developed an analytical framework with a hierarchy of liveability qualities, factors, and specific indicators for Shanghai. The framework was initially informed by the literature and then refined through questionnaires and interviews with urban </span>development professionals in China (n = 107). Interviews with residents (n = 242) on residential streets were also conducted. The research applied and tested the framework’s usefulness in practice on fifteen selected street segments. Some street segments are rooted in the Chinese tradition, while others showcase strong international influences. According to their historical-morphological characteristics, the selected streets are categorised as S, M, L, XL, and XXL streets. Each category includes three parallel street segments that carry different volumes of vehicular traffic. The study reveals many physical and functional characteristics of streets that are conducive to vibrant social life, particularly manifested in the S and M streets in Shanghai. The analytical framework developed through this research informs a localised definition of liveable streets. Among six definitory liveability qualities, ‘social interaction’ and ‘sense of belonging’, reinforced by ‘local economic activities’ are specific to Shanghai and distinct from the Western context. The three other qualities include a ‘local humanised environment’, ‘facilities and mixed-uses’, and ‘safety’, which are also vital for liveable streets in Chinese cities. This research sheds light on contextualising liveability qualities and informs the design and planning of liveable streets in China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49476326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving away from equality","authors":"Yaara Mann ,&nbsp;Ravit Hananel","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Planning and housing policies influence our daily lives. They determine where we live, where we work, where our children study, and the time it takes us to commute between these places. As such, planning and housing policy often affects individuals’ and households’ satisfaction with each of these and determines the price to be paid by anyone who is not satisfied and wishes to make a change. On the basis of this fundamental premise, we set out to examine how Israel’s planning and housing policy has influenced the decision of middle-class families to migrate away from the metropolitan core and the implications of the move for the employment situations of these families, and of women in these families in particular. The analysis is based on a large survey of women and men in Israel who moved away from the heart of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area<span> into smaller municipalities on its outskirts. The study has three theoretical pillars: planning and housing policy, internal migration, and women’s employment. We examine the relationship between these pillars, focusing on its implications for various aspects of women’s employment. The findings show that women are more likely than men to change their place of work following the move and to suffer a decrease in income, and to trade higher-paying jobs for a shorter commute. These findings show how planning and housing policies can increase gender inequality in the labour market and point to how it can be avoided. This issue is relevant today more than ever in the face of the dramatic changes women’s employment has undergone over the last century, and in particular, in face of the current global housing affordability crisis and its impact on migration trends of middle-class families.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41385403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergence in planning for affordable housing: A comparative analysis of England and Portugal","authors":"Sónia Alves","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Academic and political debates about the extent to which planning influences the volume, type, location and affordability of new housing have not gained as much prominence in Portugal as in England, where planning obligations are aimed at providing new affordable housing, as well as a mix of housing tenures. Yet, in England, the use of Section 106 in planning agreements to secure affordable housing as a proportion of new developments has received mixed reactions: at times considered a successful public value-capture tool while, at others, as a neoliberal policy that is not generating the expected results.</p><p>The purpose of this research, which is based on literature reviews and semi-structured interviews with government advisors, local officials, and academics, is to investigate why and how planning for affordable housing has been used in England and not in Portugal. The data shows that divergence in the adoption of planning obligations for affordable housing is the result of different but interdependent causes: path dependency (a concept which suggests that past events influence present and future ones), ideology (values, beliefs and a general political orientation regarding how society ought to be and how to improve it), and planning cultures (collective social practices with their specific roots, legal traditions, ethos, etc.).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48958630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s new town movements since 1949: A state/space perspective","authors":"Lili Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The remarkable growth of new towns in China in the past two decades has amazed the world. How shall we make sense of these mushrooming megaprojects, which profoundly reshape the social and economic landscape not only within China but also globally? Successive reports of epic failures – with many projects evolving into ghost towns – further obscure the picture. Existing literature has been useful in highlighting the political-economic logic behind China’s new town frenzy, attributing the latter to China’s marketization, decentralization, and globalization. These accounts, however, focus mostly on the recent past. Lacking a truly longitudinal approach, they tend to lose sight of the underlying links between the socialist past and the postsocialist present. This paper offers a relatively holistic historical review of China’s three new town movements since 1949. While problematizing these historical processes, the paper draws insights from the theory of new state spaces, viewing new town development as a distinctive spatial strategy and project of the state to facilitate accumulation, social regulation, and state-building during specific historical periods. Based on such theoretical constructs, the paper reveals the historical trajectory and patterns of China’s new town movements in the past seven decades.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44357688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financing urban development, three business models: Johannesburg, Shanghai and London","authors":"Jennifer Robinson ,&nbsp;Philip Harrison ,&nbsp;Jie Shen ,&nbsp;Fulong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2020.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There has been growing interest in the expansion of global investment in urban areas, and the financialisation of urban development, both of which bring new business logics into the production of the built environment and shape urban outcomes. At the same time, mega urban projects have continued and spread as a significant format of urban expansion and renewal, often strongly linked to transnational investors and developers. Nonetheless, the distinctive regulatory and political contexts within which transnational actors must bring such projects to fruition matter greatly to outcomes, with territorialised governance arrangements both shaping and being shaped by transnational dynamics. However, there has been little systematic comparative consideration of these diverse regulatory contexts in their own right, rather than as contributors to wider circulating processes such as neoliberalisation. As a result, the implications of different regulatory regimes for urban outcomes have not been effectively assessed. In this paper we therefore broaden the discussion from globalised processes of “financialisation” to consider three large-scale urban development projects from the perspective of their distinctive “business models”, including their place in achieving wider strategic objectives at national and metropolitan scales, their agile and often bespoke institutional configurations, and their different forms of financing, taxation and land value capture. Our cases are Lingang, Shanghai (one of nine planned satellite cities), the Corridors of Freedom project in Johannesburg (a linear transport oriented development seeking to integrate the racially divided city), and Old Oak and Park Royal in north-west London (under a mayoral development corporation, associated with significant new metropolitan and national transport investments). We observe that the business models adopted, notably in relation to financial calculations and income streams associated with the developments, are a result of strongly path dependent formats of governance and income generation in each case. However we want to move beyond seeing these as residual, as contingent and contextual to wider accounts of urban development focussed on globalised financial flows and calculations. Using a comparative approach we initiate a systematic analytical conversation about the implications of different business models for the form and socio-economic potential of mega-urban development projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38476207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}