创新和创业促进可持续发展:埃塞俄比亚的经验教训

IF 5 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Jennifer Shkabatur , Raphael Bar-El , Dafna Schwartz
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引用次数: 19

摘要

本研究探讨了创新政策概念能否以及如何适应低收入发展中国家的需求,以及如何推进其可持续发展目标,如经济增长、提高生产率、创业和创造就业。我们设计了一种概念性的方法来确保低收入国家创新和创业的进步,设计和测试了一种实施概念性方法的方法,并利用埃塞俄比亚的案例进行了示范。埃塞俄比亚的案例值得注意,原因是多种因素的综合作用:过去几年经济和人口高速增长,迫切需要创造就业机会,关注社会边缘和弱势群体,需要关注区域和空间规划,以及相对较弱的创新表现。考虑到埃塞俄比亚面临的挑战,我们评估了低收入国家促进创新和创业的条件。此外,我们通过关键信息者访谈、焦点小组讨论和涉及所有生态系统参与者(政府、学术和研究机构以及商业领袖)的问卷调查,测试了七个生态系统因素(金融、人力资本、基础设施、信息、学术、政府服务和文化)的绩效。每个因素使用91个变量进行评估。每个变量在1-5的范围内评估了两个方面:变量对创新进步的感知重要性,以及该变量在埃塞俄比亚的当前可用性。两个分数之间的差距表明了受访者的“沮丧”程度。研究结果表明,中国经济形势充满挑战,创新水平较低,但同时增长潜力巨大——基于不断增长的市场、显著的GDP增长和相当大的政府承诺和努力。生态系统分析结果表明,受访者对所有生态系统因子的重要性都很高,但由于这些因子的可用性较低,以及它们在生态系统内的相互作用较弱,政府、产业和学术界之间的协调程度较低,因此表示沮丧;政府内部协调不足;企业之间的互动也很低。根据分析结果,提出了我国创新创业政策指导的几个方向。采用和适应。低收入发展中国家的创新政策不应侧重于新知识的创造。相反,政策应该支持采用和适应渐进式创新,这可能会产生重大的乘数效应,从而创造就业机会,影响众多消费者和企业,并促进经济增长。影响创新。低收入国家的创新战略应旨在对广泛的经济领域产生影响。2 .应优先考虑能够产生重大经济影响并促进生产力和就业的部门的创新类型,例如农业、传统工业和中小企业。需求为导向的创新。需求导向的创新,而不是供给导向的创新,关注的是市场需求。创新政策不应鼓励技术推动,而应注重市场拉动,回应人们的未满足需求,并支持私有化。空间的创新。低收入国家的创新政策应采用创新活动“集中分散”的概念,从而向特定区域的中小企业提供特别赠款或资金,或支持优先区域的影响投资。政府协调。通过相互学习过程和促进创新社区中利益相关者之间的互动,生态系统参与者的创新能力得到加强。因此,支持创新,特别是在低收入国家,需要一个政府协调平台,以确定发展重点,加强生态系统因素之间的协调与合作,并提供适当的法规、基础设施以及金融和法律服务。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainable development: Lessons from Ethiopia

This study explores whether and how innovation policy concepts can be adapted to address the needs of low-income developing countries and how they can advance their sustainable development objectives, such as economic growth, increased productivity, entrepreneurship, and job creation. We devise a conceptual approach for ensuring the advancement of innovation and entrepreneurship in low-income countries, design and test a methodology for implementing the conceptual approach, and utilize the case of Ethiopia for demonstration. The Ethiopian case is noteworthy due to a combination of various factors—high economic and demographic growth over the past years, acute need for job creation and focus on marginalized and vulnerable groups in society, need for regional and spatial planning focus, and relatively weak performance in innovation.

Considering the challenging conditions in Ethiopia, we assess the conditions for innovation and entrepreneurship promotion in low-income countries. Moreover, we test the performance of seven ecosystem factors (finance, human capital, infrastructure, information, academy, government services, and culture) through key informant interviews, focus-group discussions, and questionnaires involving all ecosystem actors: government, academic and research institutions, and business leaders. Each factor is evaluated using 91 variables. Two aspects are evaluated for each variable on a 1–5 scale: the perceived importance of the variable for innovation advancement, and the current availability of the variable in Ethiopia. The gap between the two scores indicates the “frustration” level of the respondents.

The findings indicate a challenging economic situation and low innovation level, but simultaneously high potential for growth—based on a growing market, significant GDP growth, and considerable government commitment and efforts. The ecosystem analysis results show that respondents attributed high importance to all ecosystem factors, but expressed frustration due to the low availability of the factors, as well as their weak interaction within the ecosystem—low coordination between government, industry, and academia; insufficient coordination within government; and low interaction among businesses.

Based on the analysis results, several directions for innovation and entrepreneurship policy guidelines are derived.

1. Adoption and adaptation. The innovation policy of low-income developing countries should not focus on new knowledge creation. The policy should instead support the adoption and adaptation of incremental innovations, which may have a significant multiplier effect, thereby generating jobs, affecting a numerous consumers and enterprises, and enhancing economic growth.

2. Impact innovation. The innovation strategy of low-income countries should aim to generate an impact on broad segments of the economy. Priority should be given to innovation types in sectors that can lead to major economic impacts and boost productivity and employment—for example, in agriculture, traditional industry, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

3. Demand-oriented innovation. Demand-oriented innovation, rather than supply-oriented innovation, focuses on market needs. Instead of encouraging technology push, the innovation policy should focus on market pull, respond to people’s unmet needs, and support privatization.

4. Spatial innovation. Innovation policies in a low-income country should adopt the concept of “concentrated dispersal” of innovation activities, thereby providing special grants or funds to SMEs in specific regions or supporting impact investments in priority regions.

5. Government coordination. The innovation capabilities of ecosystem actors are strengthened through mutual learning processes and by facilitating interactions among stakeholders in the innovation community. Therefore, supporting innovation, particularly in a low-income country, necessitates a governmental coordination platform that would set up development priorities, strengthen coordination and collaboration among the ecosystem factors, and provide appropriate regulations, infrastructure, and financial and legal services.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.70
自引率
1.60%
发文量
26
审稿时长
34 days
期刊介绍: Progress in Planning is a multidisciplinary journal of research monographs offering a convenient and rapid outlet for extended papers in the field of spatial and environmental planning. Each issue comprises a single monograph of between 25,000 and 35,000 words. The journal is fully peer reviewed, has a global readership, and has been in publication since 1972.
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