Progress in Planning最新文献

{"title":"Coding urban design: Constructing a wireframe for a place-focused urbanism","authors":"Matthew Carmona","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper explores the nature and use of coding in urban design, both conceptually and as a tool for delivering a greater attention to place-focused urbanism. It discusses how these practices have been used on both sides of the Atlantic before conceptualising this role in the light of different ‘model’ coding prescriptions and processes. The paper draws from two major pilot programmes, 17 years apart, that examined the use and potential of codes in England, alongside evidence on the spread and effectiveness of coding in the country. The work is particularly relevant internationally as the only known large-scale and longitudinal evaluation of coding practices in urban design. Ultimately, the evidence points to the value of codes as a distinct urban design governance tool that can establish a ‘wireframe’ of essential urbanistic elements with the potential to optimise place value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42650443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does landscape play a role in the governance of the coastal region? An evolutionary perspective from Portugal since 1950","authors":"Carla Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Paulo Pinho","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The landscape crisis and the climate crisis strongly affect coastal landscapes in many coastal regions worldwide. Evidence shows that the difficulty of governing coastal regions has increased alongside the attractiveness of contemporary societies for settlements near the coastline. There is a growing debate in landscape governance conceptualisation and operationalisation, in landscape research. Despite the significant progress on this theme, empirical discussions on coastal landscapes are scarce, a trend already followed by landscape and coastal planning and management debates, highlighting the need for empirical research. This article explores this research gap, conducting an evolutionary analysis of the governance of the coastal region in Portugal, tracing the co-evolution of its institutions and actors since 1950 to understand whether the landscape concept has been integrated into the governance of the coastal region. Our research design comprised two main parts. Firstly, we conducted a literature review comparing the Portuguese landscape and coastal governance diachronic analysis with the evolution at the European level. Secondly, we undertook a content analysis of the principal legislative institutions over the analysed time frame. Results reveal that Portuguese governance evolution diverges somehow from European trends, particularly after the European Landscape Convention, and show that the integration of the landscape concept into the coastal governance system was strongly dependent on powerful actors, their particular interests, values and stocks of knowledge. Along its evolutionary path, the imperative for coastal landscape governance arises from recognising its pivotal role in addressing the intricate and interconnected challenges inherent to coastal regions, needing further research to advance its theoretical and empirical knowledge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305900623000727/pdfft?md5=4b740bdd4b31c3ec53292fdbd9e4bc12&pid=1-s2.0-S0305900623000727-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart villages concept — A bibliometric analysis and state-of-the-art literature review","authors":"Katarzyna Bokun ,&nbsp;Joanicjusz Nazarko","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rural areas are multidimensional and complex structures. The multitude and spatial diversity of processes occurring in their internal and external environment challenges the creation of a uniform and comprehensive approach to planning their development. The smart village concept, which has been gaining popularity in recent years, is supposed to answer the needs of contemporary rural areas. Essentially, it uses the area’s potential, considers its specificity, involvement of the local community in the process of change, and the rational use of new and existing technologies. Despite its growing popularity, the concept is in the early formulation stage. This article determines the current state-of-the-art of the smart village concept based on a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles collected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases and on a qualitative document analysis of the major smart village initiatives. The bibliometric analysis included 351 articles published until the end of 2021. Qualitative document analysis was performed on nine initiatives implemented in different world regions. As a result, detailed bibliometric metrics of the global smart village publication output were presented, characterizing the development and current state of the smart village concept. The authors point out the multidimensionality of the concept, propose its contemporary definition, and identify its basic dimensions: people, economy, living, energy, environment, mobility, and governance, thus creating a methodological basis for the planning, design and implementation of smart village projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 100765"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49174410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbourhood planning in England: A decade of institutional learning","authors":"Gavin Parker ,&nbsp;Matthew Wargent ,&nbsp;Kat Salter ,&nbsp;Andy Yuille","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2023.100749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drawing on a mix of policy learning and new institutionalist theory, the paper sets out the empirical evidence regarding the unfolding of neighbourhood planning (NP) in England during more than ten years of participatory practice. What has been learned about how this policy has been shaped reflexively by institutional actors is reviewed, drawing on two significant national research studies. The contribution of the paper is to provide a detailed consideration of neighbourhood planning as practiced over a decade and the policy iterations that have featured in that time, including what this tells us conceptually. We conclude this process has produced a range of neighbourhood planning forms that are reflected through the interplay of institutionalised agency, local conditions, policy iterations and varied community-local scale dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 100749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50203564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generative urban design: A systematic review on problem formulation, design generation, and decision-making","authors":"Feifeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Christopher John Webster ,&nbsp;Alain J.F. Chiaradia ,&nbsp;Yulun Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical forms of cities, towns, and suburbs. It involves the arrangement and design of street systems, groups of buildings, public spaces, and landscapes, to make the urban environment performative and sustainable. The typical design process, reliant on manual work and expert experience has unavoidable low efficiency in generating high-performing design solutions due to the involvement of complex social, institutional, and economic contexts and the trade-off between conflicting preferences of different stakeholder groups. Taking advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational capacity, generative urban design (GUD) has been developed as a trending technical direction to narrow the gaps and produce design solutions with high efficiency at early design stages. It uses computer-aided generative methods, such as evolutionary optimization and deep generative models, to efficiently explore complex solution spaces and automatically generate design options that satisfy conflicting objectives and various constraints. GUD experiments have attracted much attention from academia, practitioners, and public authorities in recent years. However, a systematic review<span> of the current stage of GUD research is lacking. This study, therefore, reports on a systematic investigation of the existing literature according to the three key stages in the GUD process: (1) design problem formulation, (2) design option generation, and (3) decision-making. For each stage, current trends, findings, and limitations from GUD studies are examined. Future directions and potential challenges are discussed and presented. The review is highly interdisciplinary and involves articles from urban study, computer science, social science, management, and other fields. It reports what scholars have found in GUD experiments and organizes a diverse and complicated technical agenda into something accessible to all stakeholders. The results and discoveries will serve as a holistic reference for GUD developers and users in both academia and </span></span>industry and form a baseline for the field of GUD development in the coming years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 100795"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44656889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning in the face of diversity: A re-orientation of power relations","authors":"Mohammad Ghazaie,&nbsp;Mojtaba Rafieian,&nbsp;Hashem Dadashpoor","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper explores the individuals' lived experiences of living next to different others. Its main focus is on diversity which signifies possible ways of working with differences. Hence, the analysis aims to explore individuals’ perceptions of diverse neighbourhoods, manifestations of differences’ co-existence and the procedure called planning for diversity. To these aims, a qualitative study encompassing interviewing 95 individuals in five neighbourhoods of Tehran, which is one of the most diverse cities in the middle east, is conducted through a phenomenographic approach. Results indicate that individuals' perceptions of diversity are location-based and related to structural inequity or welfare they experienced. Managerial, functional, sociological and physical aspects are the four main perceived pillars of a diverse neighbourhood, which as a spatial unit not only sets the scene for numerical and hierarchical representations of differences but is tolerant of differences. Nevertheless, residents’ lived experiences suggest that diverse populations in Tehran caused individuals' hunkering down – rooted in constrict theory – in general, although intergroup contacts – rooted in contact theory – are also frequent in neighbourhoods where diversity exists in all of its dimensions. Economic diversity is introduced as a catalyst for social diversity that can let outgroup interactions emerge whereas wealth concentration and indifference to differences are two primary components for the emergence of individualism in Tehran. Moreover, Conscious efforts through planning for diversity, which is people-oriented and procedural and looks for a reorientation of power relations, could let differences work, intergroup interactions form and interest-based identities, which introduce neighbourhood as ends, not means, emerge. Therefore, planning for diversity is more based on becoming ontology and is rooted in radical planning theory. Differences, which have always been run through a bottom-up approach, take the initiative and voice policy, set interest-based identities and try to reach them; that is how differences find the opportunity to be reunited.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 100794"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305900623000557/pdfft?md5=2ba07c03c698fe3f0d92b050febe9d1c&pid=1-s2.0-S0305900623000557-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55035146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and prospects in planning: A bibliometric review of literature in Urban Studies and Regional and Urban Planning, 1956–2022","authors":"Ayyoob Sharifi ,&nbsp;Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir ,&nbsp;Zaheer Allam ,&nbsp;Asad Asadzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The global population has rapidly urbanized over the past century, and the urbanization rate is projected to reach about 70% by 2050. In line with these trends and the increasing recognition of the significance of cities in addressing local and global challenges, a lot of research has been published on urban studies and planning since the middle of the twentieth century. While the number of publications has been rapidly increasing over the past decades, there is still a lack of studies analyzing the field's knowledge structure and its evolution. To fill this gap, this study analyzes data related to more than 100,000 articles indexed under the “Urban Studies” and “Regional &amp; Urban Planning” subject categories of the Web of Science. We conduct various analyses such as term co-occurrence, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and citation analysis to identify the key defining thematic areas of the field and examine how they have evolved. We also identify key authors, journals, references, and organizations that have contributed more to the field's development. The analysis is conducted over five periods: 1956–1975 (the genesis period), 1976–1995 (economic growth and environmentalism), 1996–2015 (sustainable development and technological innovation), 2016–2019 (climate change and SDGs), and 2020 onwards (post-COVID urbanism). Four major thematic areas are identified: 1) socio-economic issues and </span>inequalities<span>, 2) economic growth and innovation, 3) urban ecology and land use planning<span><span>, and 4) urban policy and governance<span> and sustainability. The first two are recurring themes over different periods, while the latter two have gained currency over the past 2–3 decades following global events and policy frameworks related to global challenges like sustainability and climate change. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, issues related to smart cities, big data analytics, </span></span>urban resilience, and governance have received particular attention. We found disproportionate contributions to the field from the Global North. Some countries from the Global South with rapid urbanization rates are underrepresented, which may have implications for the future of urbanization. We conclude the study by highlighting thematic gaps and other critical issues that need to be addressed by urban scholars to accelerate the transition toward sustainable and resilient cities.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 100740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42601298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemic mobility, second homes and housing market change in a rural amenity area during COVID-19 – The Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales","authors":"Nick Gallent,&nbsp;Phoebe Stirling,&nbsp;Iqbal Hamiduddin","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2022.100731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2022.100731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Covid-19 pandemic has been presented as a critical change driver for rural amenity areas, precipitating urban flight and a decentralisation of housing choice and investment. House prices in both near-urban and more distant rural markets saw considerable growth in 2020 and 2021, linked to a mix of second home investment, expanded demand for holiday letting, migration to exploit flexible-working opportunities, and homebuying for early retirement. These demand-side pressures, apparently accentuated by the pandemic, combine with supply-side constraints on development in rural areas (which can accommodate a limited amount of additional housing) to produce significant housing stress. However, processes affecting some areas, in different parts of the world, have arguably been generalised to all areas, and localised processes remain under-investigated. This monograph explores the experience of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales, UK – an amenity area with good connectivity to a number of major urban centres and therefore sources of extra-local housing demand. Focusing on second home buying, as a leading element of extra-local pressure in amenity areas, the monograph considers the particular circumstances of this area. It shows that a combination of amplified demand-side factors, linked to the pandemic, and heightened supply-side constraints, due to a phosphate crisis affecting the National Park’s major river catchments, requires a programme of actions that extends beyond the housing domain in order to resolve escalating housing market challenges and associated community and economic risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 100731"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9526293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental movements shaping the landscape in Genoa and Girona: From reactive to regenerative local mobilizations?","authors":"Sergi Nuss Girona ,&nbsp;Ilaria Delponte ,&nbsp;Joan Vicente Rufi’ ,&nbsp;Valentina Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2023.100777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This paper discusses the results of the “SavingScapes” research project that examined the role and relevance of civil society in landscape and heritage conservation, comparing Girona in Spain and Genoa in Italy. These two sub-regional areas are both on the Western Mediterranean coast. Tourism and international trade are the main drivers of development. Landscape is an important asset. In both areas, strong and constant transformative pressures and deeply rooted place attachment clash in the form of environmental protest movements or ‘social mobilizations’. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the approaches and results of these mobilizations in the two areas. In order to assess the impact of these mobilizations on local planning and projects, the study has developed an outcome-based taxonomy with seven different categories, ranging from </span><em>defeat</em> (= no relevant impacts occurred) to <em>sustainable plan/policy prefiguration</em> (= cases in which mobilizations have led to the emergence of an alternative project). This taxonomy has then been applied to seven territorial conflicts in both case studies. Research shows that the impact of mobilizations may not be immediately significant in either region (always taking into account the differences between them). However, these movements have led to the development of novel approaches of dealing with the changing context and have emerged as co-partners in the process of constructing social and local identity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 100777"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The conversion of buildings to housing use: England’s permitted development rights in comparative perspective","authors":"Manuela Madeddu ,&nbsp;Ben Clifford","doi":"10.1016/j.progress.2022.100730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progress.2022.100730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Faced with acute housing crises, some governments are inclined to strip away the ‘bureaucracy’ of planning, relaxing rules on the scrutiny of planning applications and seeking to accelerate the building of new homes. The planning that remains becomes a ‘client service’ for the development industry – a system of housing licensing that follows on from a basic consideration of legal compliance. Such a system has been introduced in England, rooted in the extension of permitted development rights (PDR) for office-to-residential conversions. This article examines the determinants of housing quality through the conversion process, comparing the deregulated approach to conversion in England with Italy’s regulated approach, set within its zonal planning system. The conclusion drawn, after the examination of case studies, is that good quality housing cannot be delivered from the conversion of buildings without either the retention of strong case-by-case planning control or a much more detailed prescriptive approach to housing standards, which would have halted the majority of recent office-to-residential conversions in England.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47399,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Planning","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41494035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}