拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的国家空间治理和规划系统:巴西、玻利维亚和古巴的结构

IF 5 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Maurizio Pioletti
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引用次数: 0

摘要

空间治理与规划系统(SGPS)分析诞生于欧洲的研究,在欧洲已达到一定的成熟阶段,其他大洲的研究人员也可以采用。拉丁美洲及加勒比地区(LAC)国家目前是尝试这种分析方法的一个有趣领域,原因有几个。其中一个原因是,拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的 SGPS 深受正在进行的国家民主化的影响,这种民主化是在保守的右翼专制政权消亡之后开始的,在某种程度上属于后殖民政治流派,并受到帝国主义和新殖民主义的压力。就其本质而言,民主化作为一个整体,是一个极其复杂、明确和多维的过程,值得特别对待。在民主化的框架内,这项工作仅仅考虑了空间治理和规划活动及进程的制度化,因此,也考虑了小额赠款和小额担保贷款机制的结构。据称,机构的形成和运作是巩固民主国家进程的核心,民主国家确保公民的权利并重新分配资源。为此,本文以作者博士论文中对三个不同国家的 SGPS 整体重建为基础,对巴西、玻利维亚和古巴 SGPS 的所谓 "结构 "进行了分析。可以说,这些国家的 SGPS "结构 "集在拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的广泛案例中具有特别的代表性。事实上,巴西、玻利维亚和古巴是不同空间结构的标志性案例。巴西经历了工业化、第三产业化和大都市化,已成为以结构民主的公共机构为特征的新兴经济体。尽管采取了一系列众所周知的再分配政策,但巴西社会仍然极度不平等和分层。玻利维亚尝试在政治和社会方面推行多民族主义,这有可能改善不同民族和文化的相互融合。然而,与其他拉丁美洲和加勒比国家相比,玻利维亚的社会和经济指标显示其发展严重滞后。古巴几十年来一直在尝试自己的社会主义形式,但它仍然是一个社会主义共和国,在一个扁平化的社会中存在着普遍贫困的悲剧性问题。为了分析所选三个国家的结构,我们采用了四个主要调查范围:(i) 国家空间结构,(ii) 后殖民遗留的空间治理和规划,(iii) 作为再分配实践的空间治理和规划,(iv) 大都市治理。这些范围的确定是 2018-2019 年在这些国家开展实地研究的第一个成果。可以推测,这四个范围足以全面描述拉丁美洲和加勒比国家体系的空间治理与规划结构,至少有助于系统化主要的 "结构 "因素(本文将逐一介绍),并描述拉丁美洲和加勒比空间治理与规划的特征。文章按照个案逻辑,介绍了每个国家的四个范围。然后,文章同时分析了四个范围,并对三个案例进行了比较。在对四个范围内的主要因素进行分析比较的基础上,文章讨论了出现的一系列问题,以便对国家 SGPS 结构的质量和特征进行问题分析和方便的概括。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The national spatial governance and planning systems in the LAC region: The structure of Brazil, Bolivia, and Cuba

The Spatial Governance and Planning System (SGPS) analysis was born in European studies, has reached a certain stage of maturity in Europe and can be adopted by researchers in other continents. Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries currently represent an interesting field to experiment with this analytical approach for several reasons. One of them is the ascertainment that LAC national SGPSs are deeply influenced by the ongoing national democratization which started after the demise of conservative right-wing authoritarian regimes, somehow belonging to the postcolonial political stream and pushed by imperialist and neocolonial pressures. By its own nature, democratization as a whole is an extremely complex, articulated, and multidimensional process that deserves to be treated ad hoc. Within democratization, this work merely considers the institutionalization of spatial governance and planning activities and processes and so, the Structure of SGPSs. Supposedly, the formation and functioning of institutions are central in the process of consolidation of a democratic state which ensures rights and redistributes resources to citizens. To do this, based on the reconstruction of the overall SGPSs of three different countries included in the doctoral thesis of the author, this article presents the analysis of the so-called “Structure” of the Brazilian, Bolivian and Cuban SGPSs. Arguably, the set of Structures of the SGPSs of these countries is especially representative of the wide range of the LAC national cases. In fact, Brazil, Bolivia, and Cuba are iconic cases of distinguished spatial configurations. Brazil, which has experienced industrialization, tertiarization and metropolisation, has become an emergent economy characterized by structured democratic public institutions. Despite a range of well-known redistributive policies, however, Brazilian society remains extremely unequal and stratified. Bolivia has experimented with the promotion of plurinationalism in political and social terms, potentially improving the reciprocal integration of different ethnic groups and cultures. Nevertheless, a great developmental delay is shown by social and economic indicators, if compared to other LAC countries. Cuba, which has experimented with its own form of socialism for decades, is still a socialist republic with tragic problems of widespread poverty in a flattened society. To analytically present the Structure of the three selected national cases, four main scopes of investigation were adopted: (i) National spatial configuration, (ii) Postcolonial legacy in spatial governance and planning, (iii) Spatial governance and planning as redistributive practices, (iv) Metropolitan governance. The identification of these scopes represented the first result of the field research carried out in 2018–2019 in those countries. Assumably, those four scopes are sufficiently comprehensive to describe the Structure of SGPS of a LAC national system and they help systematize at least the main “Structural” factors – which are described one-by-one in this article – and characterize the LAC SGPSs. The article presents the four scopes for each country, according to a case-by-case logic. After that, it analyses the four scopes simultaneously comparing the three cases. Based on the analytical comparison of the main factors from the four scopes, the article discusses a range of issues that emerged, to problematize and operate convenient generalizations on the quality and characterization of the Structure of national SGPSs.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.70
自引率
1.60%
发文量
26
审稿时长
34 days
期刊介绍: Progress in Planning is a multidisciplinary journal of research monographs offering a convenient and rapid outlet for extended papers in the field of spatial and environmental planning. Each issue comprises a single monograph of between 25,000 and 35,000 words. The journal is fully peer reviewed, has a global readership, and has been in publication since 1972.
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