Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health最新文献

{"title":"The Sexual Recidivism Rates of Women Are Still Low: An Updated Meta-Analysis","authors":"R. Karl Hanson,&nbsp;Franca Cortoni,&nbsp;Jeffrey Sandler","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to men, women are less likely to sexual offend. Previous reviews found low rates of sexual recidivism among women. The last published meta-analysis was based on studies from before 2010.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conduct an updated meta-analysis of the sexual recidivism rates of women returned to the community. We expected the rates to be low and to decline the longer they remained sexual offence free in the community.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fourteen studies met selection criteria. Their publication/presentation dates ranged from 1998 to 2023. Results were presented as raw proportions as well as meta-analytic averages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 4208 women, 3.1% (131) were known to have sexually reoffended. The rate was 2.4% during the first 5 years (64/2642, <i>k</i> = 8) and 1.1% between years 5 and 10 (6/535, <i>k</i> = 2). There was large and significant variability across studies (prediction intervals: &lt; 0.001%–11%). The rates of violent recidivism (7.8%) and general (any) recidivism (30.1%) were substantially higher than the rate of sexual recidivism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review confirms previous findings that the sexual recidivism rate of women is very low. Their risk is so low that it is unlikely to be reduced by sexual crime specific treatment or public protection measures (e.g., registration and notification). Instead, gender-responsive interventions should focus on the women's risk for general criminal recidivism and strive to promote successful reintegration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 2","pages":"53-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13063210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social-Therapeutic Custodial Treatment of Individuals Who Committed Sexual Offences: A Comprehensive Controlled and Multicentred Evaluation","authors":"Friedrich Lösel,&nbsp;Eva Link,&nbsp;Lena C. Carl","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70029","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In-prison treatment of persons who committed sexual offences often showed nonsignificant, small or sometimes even negative effects, particularly in sexual recidivism. Various reasons for this situation seem to be relatively short and standardised group-based programmes, isolated implementations and insufficient attention to context factors and needs for replication.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study contains a controlled evaluation of males who had committed serious sexual offences and received treatment in German social-therapeutic prison units (STUs) versus a control group from regular prisons without treatment. STUs offer a broad range of treatment (including CBT) and rehabilitation measures during about 2 years of incarceration.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Valid recidivism data were available for 1245 individuals, of which 710 were treated (TG) and 535 were not treated (CG). In addition to the individuals from STUs, there was also a subsample that received individual or group treatment in normal prisons. The mean follow-up period after release was 9.3 years. As there were expectable differences between treated and untreated persons, a comprehensive propensity score matching (PSM) of relevant variables was applied that led to balanced equivalence of TGs and CGs. In addition to various criteria of recidivism (e.g., general, sexual, violent), we developed a harm index of seriousness. Offender characteristics were assessed by the regular documentation form of the Criminological Service in Bavaria that also contained the Static-99 risk measure. For the assessment of therapeutic context factors, prisoners and staff filled in the EssenCES on the institutional climate in the STUs.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;There were significant treatment effects on general recidivism (TG = 35.9% vs. CG = 41.4%) and nonsignificant tendencies on sexual recidivism (6.0% vs. 8.0%) and other outcomes. In contrast to general recidivism, sexual recidivism did not occur later after release. There were more promising results in a more recent cohort than in a previous cohort, and the sexual harm of treated persons decreased post-treatment (as compared to pretreatment). Men who had committed rape of adult victims showed more violent and less sexual recidivism than individuals who had victimised children. The seven STUs differed substantially in recidivism and dropout rates. These differences were related to the risk level of the inmates, but prison climate was also associated with o","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 2","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13063203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Previous Suicide Attempts and Risk Level According to the Static-99R in Men Who Have Sexually Offended","authors":"Jordyn Monaghan,&nbsp;Krystal Lowe,&nbsp;Michael C. Seto,&nbsp;Marc W. Patry,&nbsp;Skye Stephens","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Suicide is a leading cause of death within correctional institutions, with men convicted of sexual offences over-represented among those who have attempted suicide. Despite an increased risk for suicidality, limited research has examined how past suicide attempts are associated with sexual offending and specific risk domains on assessment tools.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In consideration of shared risk factors for suicidality and sexual offending, the present study examined the association between previous suicide attempts and sexual offending, particularly in terms of risk domains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study sample comprised 369 men who underwent a comprehensive psychosexual assessment at a large sexual behaviour clinic between 1995 and 2006. Suicide attempt history was coded from clinical files and the association with Static-99R scores, recidivism, sexual interest in children, antisocial traits and diagnosis, and demographic variables was examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of our participants, 12.5% self-reported having previously attempted suicide. Although there was no significant association between Static-99R scores and previous suicide attempts, the magnitude of the effect was the same as previous research. Previous suicide attempts were significantly associated with an individual's age, prior non-sexual violence, and four or more previous sentencing dates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the limited research in this area, the findings are important for increasing the understanding of suicide risk among people who have sexually offended. Study results suggest the need for an increasing understanding of suicide risk and more targeted suicide assessment and management strategies for those with sexual convictions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 2","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13063205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapport Features Moderate Treatment Readiness of Incarcerated Male Sex Offenders After Forensic Risk and Needs Assessment Interviews","authors":"Boon Siang Kwek,&nbsp;Rebecca P. Ang,&nbsp;Olivia Choy","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forensic risk and needs assessment interviews are commonly conducted for incarcerated sex offenders to inform treatment planning. Despite strong evidence showing the positive influence of rapport-based investigative interviews on sex offenders' cooperation, disclosure and confession, the impact of rapport-based interviews on treatment readiness has yet to be examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As rapport features are mostly addressed in offender treatment and less in pre-treatment assessments, this study aimed to examine the influence of perceived rapport features and personal factors on treatment readiness of incarcerated sex offenders after forensic risk and needs assessment interviews. We hypothesised that sex offenders' perceived rapport levels of the interviewers and personal factors significantly moderate positive change in their treatment readiness after the interviews.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Incarcerated male sex offenders (<i>n</i> = 80) participated in interviews conducted by trained correctional professionals (<i>n</i> = 33). Treatment readiness ratings (pre- and post-interview) and rapport features ratings (post-interview) were collected from the sex offenders using pen and paper questionnaires. Personal data of interviewers and sex offenders were obtained from prison records and case files.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All ratings of rapport features (expertise, trust/respect, connected flow, cultural similarity, and attentiveness) and sex offending risk level (moderate and high) significantly moderated the change in treatment readiness of sex offenders after the interview.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rapport formed during forensic risk and needs assessment interviews can positively influence the treatment readiness of moderate and high risk sex offenders. Results suggest that correctional agencies may implement policies and training to apply rapport-based interviewing techniques during forensic risk and needs assessment interviews to increase the likelihood of sex offenders starting and engaging in treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 2","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147522400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current International Research on the Assessment and Treatment of Individuals Who Committed Sexual Offences","authors":"Friedrich Lösel,&nbsp;Georgia Zara","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 2","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Offenders With Mental Disorder in Brunei's Dual Criminal Procedure System: Challenges and Possible Solutions","authors":"Nehaluddin Ahmad,&nbsp;Ummi Fai'zah Abdul Rahman,&nbsp;Danish Iqbal Ariffin,&nbsp;Norulaziemah Zulkiffle,&nbsp;Zheimie H. Zamri","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article examines how offenders with mental disorders are managed within Brunei Darussalam’s dual criminal procedure system, which operates through both common law and Sharīʿah frameworks. It seeks to identify the structural and procedural difficulties that arise at the intersection of mental health, criminal responsibility, and religiously grounded legal principles, and to advance practical and doctrinal reforms suited to Brunei’s institutional context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative approach, analysing the Criminal Procedure Code, Mental Health Act 2014, Sharīʿah Court Criminal Procedure Code, and Sharīʿah Courts Evidence Order 2001. Provisions concerning fitness to plead, insanity, detention, consent to treatment, confidentiality, and expert testimony are examined alongside Islamic jurisprudential concepts such as <i>taklīf</i> (moral accountability) and <i>maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah</i> (the higher objectives of Islamic law). Comparative reference is made to England and Wales to illuminate structural contrasts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Four interconnected challenges emerge. First, the absence of specialist forensic psychiatric facilities restricts assessment and diversion options and limits compulsory treatment pathways. Second, the Sharīʿah criminal process lacks a dedicated internal mechanism for psychiatric evaluation. Third, statutory safeguards governing detention review and treatment consent remain underdeveloped. Fourth, the absence of a recognised forensic psychiatry specialty and clear guidance on expert admissibility generates uncertainty, particularly in religiously sensitive cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While both legal traditions recognise impaired mental capacity as relevant to criminal liability, effective implementation is constrained by institutional fragmentation. The article proposes coordinated legislative reform, development of forensic psychiatric capacity, structured expert witness guidance, strengthened procedural safeguards, and the establishment of a national advisory framework to ensure a coherent, rights-compliant, and culturally grounded approach to mentally disordered offenders in Brunei.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146167356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Self-Rated Empathy Among Language Interpreters Before and After a Simulated Task Interpreting for Police","authors":"Taojie Yin","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70023","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Police interview interpreting often requires conveying emotionally charged content. Although interpreters are expected to maintain neutrality, exposure to such material may heighten empathy and increase vulnerability to vicarious trauma. Few empirical studies have examined how empathy levels change during simulated police interview interpreting, particularly among interpreter trainees.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study explored whether exposure to emotionally charged information in a simulated police interview affects interpreters' empathy levels. Specific questions were: (1) are empathy scores significantly different after interpreting than before and (2) what kind of emotionally charged information in police interview contributes to this change.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A mixed-methods design was adopted with 25 postgraduate interpreter trainees. Participants completed the basic empathy scale (BES) immediately before and after interpreting a simulated police interview containing emotionally charged material. Quantitative data were analysed using paired-samples &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-tests. In addition, three randomly selected participants took part in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Mean overall empathy scores increased significantly after the simulation, from a mean of 3.2 (SD 1.0) to 4.0 (SD 0.9; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Subscale analysis indicated that this increase was driven by affective empathy (means pre: 3.1, post 4.4; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001); cognitive empathy showed no significant change. Thematic analysis of interview data suggested three interrelated mechanisms underlying empathy change: (1) emotional contagion from the suspect's distress, (2) ethical conflicts between neutrality and personal moral response and (3) personal identification with the suspect's circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Interpreting emotionally charged material in simulated police interviews significantly heightens interpreters' affective empathy. Whereas this may support engagement, it also poses risks of emotional strain and vicarious trauma if sustained over time. These findings highlight the need for interpreter training to integrate emotional regulation strategies, and structured support systems. Future research should extend to professional interpreters and examine long-term effects of repeated exposure in real-world legal contexts.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 &lt;/d","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146012827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility Internationally—History, Systems and the Future","authors":"Enys Delmage,&nbsp;Philip Anderson,&nbsp;Aileen Blower,&nbsp;Aaron Brown,&nbsp;Mary Davoren,&nbsp;Sofia Enell,&nbsp;Ross Gibson,&nbsp;Ann Karina Henriksen,&nbsp;Diana Johns,&nbsp;Riittakerttu Kaltiala,&nbsp;Maria João Leote de Carvalho,&nbsp;Thimo Martijn van der Pol,&nbsp;Eva Mulder,&nbsp;Sanne Oostermeijer,&nbsp;Mirian S. Orlando,&nbsp;Fleur Souverein,&nbsp;Pamela Taylor,&nbsp;Florence Thibaut,&nbsp;Heidi Hales","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70024","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In most countries, a criminal conviction requires evidence that the individual committed the act &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; that they had the mental capacity to understand what they were doing and that it was wrong. Youth, as an indicator of brain development, is one factor affecting criminal capacity. Worldwide, this has commonly been managed in part by setting in law an age below which criminal incapacity is presumed, so no prosecution is possible. Considerable variation in the MACR was confirmed across 195 countries. Some countries have no MACR. Otherwise, the MACR ranges from 7 years (some African and South Asian countries) to 18 (some South American countries); many North Asian, European and a few African countries set theirs at 14 which is the most frequently found level, and also the minimum age recommended by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Therefore, how do countries set or change their MACR?&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;To explore change, efforts to change and impact of change in MACR internationally.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Between February 1st 2022 and December 31st 2023, members of an international research group (GIRAF—Group of International Researchers in Adolescent Forensics) were asked to complete an emailed questionnaire about changes in the MACR, or efforts to change it, in their country since 2000. Reports were then collated, circulated and discussed within the group.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Among the 14 countries responding in detail about the MACR, efforts to raise the MACR had been successful in three, but in nine such efforts had been unsuccessful; in at least two countries pressures were to lower their MACR, but in only one, Denmark, did that happen (from 15 to 14) in the data collection period (though this change was subsequently reversed). Factors most influencing retention of a lower age were exceptional individual cases, which triggered press and political interest in retaining a higher age, and well-evidenced and developed arguments from legal, social and medical or other clinical bodies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions and Implications&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The wide differences in the MACR between countries suggest under-use of evidence in deciding it. We need more governmental willingness to bring the MACR at least to the UN-recommended level—but accompanied by research into the impact of this. Efforts targeted exc","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"21-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12935286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Male Arrest Trajectories With Physical and Mental Health in Middle Adulthood","authors":"Weiwei Wu,&nbsp;Margit Wiesner,&nbsp;Deborah M. Capaldi,&nbsp;Weihua Fan,&nbsp;Norma Olvera","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective associations between distinctive offender trajectory groups and early health indicators have been quite well studied, but health in middle adulthood much less so.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To test associations between membership of distinctive offender trajectory groups and physical and mental health at age 37/38 years, controlling for baseline risks and earlier health indicators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Longitudinal data from the Oregon Youth Study (OYS) were used, yielding a community living sample of 206 men aged 37/38 years. The OYS is a study of boys aged 9/10 years on study entry and from high-crime areas, followed from 1983/4 to the present. For the study reported here, annual counts of arrests and periods of imprisonment were derived from court records. Self-report and objective measurements provided indicators of physical (general physical health, cardiovascular health, body mass index, traumatic injury) and mental (hostility/aggression, psychosis, depression, attention problems, social problems) health at age 37/38 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heterogeneity in latent group-based arrest trajectories was modelled using semiparametric group-based modelling and yielded three groups: 141 (69%) rare offenders, 43 (22%) low-level chronic offenders and 19 (9%) high-level chronic offenders. High-level and low-level chronic offenders showed significantly poorer mental (but not physical) health at ages 37/38 compared to rare offenders. Unexpectedly, few health differences emerged between the lower- and higher-level repeat offender groups. Child body mass index significantly predicted middle adulthood body mass index, regardless of offending trajectory.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Distinctive offender trajectory groups are not associated with physical health indicators in middle adulthood, but they are associated with a subset of indicators of mental ill-health at age 37/38, suggesting a need for greater investment in resources to address mental health problems for men showing chronic offending; this may even help prevent recidivism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146182570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elderly Offenders With Suspected Neurocognitive Disorders: An Explorative Study","authors":"Sigfried Schouws,&nbsp;Naomi Prent,&nbsp;Frank Jonker,&nbsp;Cees Jonker","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Life expectancy is increasing globally. A substantial expected rise in older age groups in the population is reflected in prisons, but focus on elderly offenders remains limited compared to other age groups. This is of concern, as cognitive impairments are often present among elderly offenders, possibly affecting their behaviour, criminal responsibility and responsiveness to treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to explore the associations between various cognitive variables, neurological diagnosis and different types of crime by offenders of 60 years or older.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this retrospective records-based clinical study, we used the reports about adult defendants who underwent a full forensic psychiatric evaluation at the request of the court to assess criminal responsibility for serious crime. Individuals aged 60 and over were included, resulting in a sample of 81 persons, just seven of them women. A homogeneity analysis (HOMALS) was conducted to examine the possibility of classifying such people according to cognitive and offence status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nearly two-thirds of these people under criminal charges had some evidence of cognitive impairment. Three main neurocognitive groups were apparent: those with clear cognitive deficiencies, and usually a clinical diagnosis of dementia, those with some cognitive impairment and those with equivocal or not cognitive impairment. The first group was older and most likely to have violence charge(s), the second to be characterised by both violent and sexual charge(s) and the third more various offending, albeit including violence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This first study of detailed neurocognitive assessment of older people under trial for a serious criminal offence indicates that it is important for older people charged with offences to have sound cognitive assessment, in their interests, and for planning effective management of risk of any further offending. Future studies should investigate relationships between cognitive problems and type of crime in a larger and perhaps more varied group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}