ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research最新文献

{"title":"Resources Utilization Assessment and Cost-Minimization Analysis of the 6-Monthly Formulation of Triptorelin in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer in China.","authors":"Ying Chen, Jiahua Pan, Yan Zhong, Bin Wu, Mengxia Yan, Ruiyun Zhang","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S485856","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S485856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Prostate Cancer can be treated with various formulations of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists (GnRHa), but cost analyses of these treatments in China are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the differences in cost and resource utilization between various formulations of GnRHa for Prostate Cancer by conducting a resource utilization assessment and cost minimization analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From the perspective of society and medical healthcare, this study used the cost minimization model to generate cost and resource estimates for GnRHa drug acquisition and administration for \"Current practice\" and for a \"Base case\" scenario. In the \"Base case\" scenario, all of the patients who were receiving 1-monthly or 3-monthly GnRHa therapy in \"Current practice\" switched to a 6-monthly formulation triptorelin. Cost/Resource estimates were calculated per patient per administration and scaled to annualized population levels. Deterministic sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the uncertainty of the model variables and applied assumptions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From a societal perspective, if all 1-monthly and 3-monthly formulations of GnRHa were switched to a 6-monthly formulation triptorelin, it is conservatively estimated that the annual societal cost could be reduced by ¥13,382,951.13, with an average annual cost savings of ¥46.53 per patient. Additionally, the 6-monthly formulation could save 3,608,973.91 hours annually, translating to an average time savings of 12.55 hours per patient, reducing treatment time by 78%. From a healthcare system perspective, if the introduction of the 6-monthly formulation of GnRHa is delayed, it would lead to an annual increase of ¥94 million in medical costs, and require an additional 64,445.96 working days for doctors and nurses. Deterministic sensitivity analysis demonstrated the model's robustness, showing the 6-monthly GnRHa remains cost-effective across various parameter changes, with drug price being the most influential factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared to current 1-monthly and 3-monthly formulations, the 6-monthly GnRHa can reduce the total burden associated with prostate cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"869-875"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11651073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive and Interpretable Machine Learning of Economic Burden: The Role of Chronic Conditions Among Elderly Patients with Incident Primary Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC).","authors":"Yves Paul Vincent Mbous, Zasim Azhar Siddiqui, Murtuza Bharmal, Traci LeMasters, Joanna Kolodney, George A Kelley, Khalid M Kamal, Usha Sambamoorthi","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S456968","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S456968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate chronic conditions as leading predictors of economic burden over time among older adults with incident primary Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) using machine learning methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a retrospective cohort of older adults (age ≥ 67 years) diagnosed with MCC between 2009 and 2019. For these elderly MCC patients, we derived three phases (pre-diagnosis, during-treatment, and post-treatment) anchored around cancer diagnosis date. All three phases had 12 months baseline and 12-months follow-up periods. Chronic conditions were identified in baseline and follow-up periods, whereas annual total and out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare expenditures were measured during the 12-month follow-up. XGBoost regression models and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) methods were used to identify leading predictors and their associations with economic burden.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and depression had the highest average incremental total expenditures during pre-diagnosis, treatment, and post-treatment phases, respectively ($25,004, $24,221, and $16,277 (CHF); $22,524, $19,350, $20,556 (CKD); and $21,645, $22,055, $18,350 (depression)), whereas the average incremental OOP expenditures during the same periods were $3703, $3,013, $2,442 (CHF); $2,457, $2,518, $2,914 (CKD); and $3,278, $2,322, $2,783 (depression). Except for hypertension and HIV, all chronic conditions had higher expenditures compared to those without the chronic conditions. Predictive models across each of phases of care indicated that CHF, CKD, and heart diseases were among the top 10 leading predictors; however, their feature importance ranking declined over time. Although depression was one of the leading drivers of expenditures in unadjusted descriptive models, it was not among the top 10 predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among older adults with MCC, cardiac and renal conditions were the leading drivers of total expenditures and OOP expenditures. Our findings suggest that managing cardiac and renal conditions may be important for cost containment efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"847-868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11646392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Economic Strategies Increase Adverse Event Reporting in Pediatric Anesthesia.","authors":"Tiffany K Guan, Brittany L Willer, Jack Stevens, Joseph D Tobias, Vanessa A Olbrecht","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S499363","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S499363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Identification and reporting of severe adverse events (SAEs) during anesthesia care remains critical in identifying areas of improvement in perioperative patient care. Although many healthcare organizations rely on the self-reporting of SAEs, under-reporting may limit the identification of the true incidence of these events. To circumvent these barriers, many healthcare systems leverage the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) by incorporating an Anesthesia Information Management System (AIMS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We followed the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Model of Improvement and implemented behavioral economic-based interventions to our perioperative practice including adding a deliberation-promoting \"hard stop\" that required the anesthesiologists to report the occurrence or absence of a \"notable event\" prior to closing a patient's encounter in the EMR system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, 53% of SAEs were self-reported. The interventions resulted in a baseline shift to more than 75% self-reporting, a relative increase of 42%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An increase in reporting of SAEs was achieved with simple interventions including modifications of the EMR which were done with limited financial impact or interruption in the work flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"841-845"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Service Satisfaction and Sustainability of the Afya Health Insurance Scheme in Kuwait: An Exploratory Analysis [Response to Letter].","authors":"Maha Alnashmi, Nuzhat Masud Bhuiyan, Nour AlFaham, Ahmad Salman, Hanadi AlHumaidi, Nabeel Akhtar","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S504544","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S504544","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"839-840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of High-Cost Beneficiaries of Prescription Drugs in Kazakhstan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Outpatient Data from 2022.","authors":"Adilet Nazarbayev, Ardak Nurbakyt, Bibigul Omirbayeva, Anuar Akhmetzhan, Lyazzat Kosherbayeva","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S470632","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S470632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Limited information is available regarding the distribution of increasing pharmaceutical expenditures within large representative samples of national populations globally. The aim was to investigate the distribution of pharmaceutical costs in outpatient treatment and analyze the primary characteristics of users of expensive drugs within the healthcare system of Kazakhstan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized data from the Information System for Outpatient Drug Supply, which includes nationally representative data from all regions of Kazakhstan, covering both rural and urban populations. The key explanatory variables in this study included age, gender, number of prescribed medications, disease categories based on ICD-10 codes, and insurance coverage status. These variables were selected to capture demographic, clinical, and healthcare access factors influencing prescription drug costs. In total, 2.2 million people, who were prescribed outpatient medications were included. High-cost users (HCUs) were characterized as individuals whose prescription drug expenses ranked within the highest 5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The distribution of pharmaceutical costs exhibits significant discrepancy, with 5% of the population receiving prescription drugs covered by the state budget and social medical insurance fund contributing to nearly three-quarters of all costs. Notably, these HCUs tended to be younger than low-cost drug users. HCUs, on average, consumed a greater quantity of medications compared to non-HCUs. Among children, the top diseases contributing to high costs were rare hereditary diseases and malignancies, while in adults, cancer and diabetes were the primary cost drivers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a concentration of public drug program spending within a small percentage of beneficiaries with high drug costs in Kazakhstan. This discovery offers valuable insights for shaping policies tailored to this specific population, aiming to mitigate escalating costs and enhance the optimal use of medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"827-837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost Analysis of Thromboprophylaxis in Patients at High Thromboembolic Risk with Enoxaparin, Dalteparin and Nadroparin in Colombia: A Systematic Literature Review-Based Study.","authors":"Jose Rojas-Suarez, Juan Camilo Gutiérrez Clavijo, Josefina Zakzuk, Juan-Felipe López, Liliana Silva Gomez, Sergio Londoño Gutiérrez, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S472192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S472192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze the costs of high thromboembolic risk patients who require low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) as a thromboprophylaxis strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cost analysis was conducted to assess LMWHs (enoxaparin versus comparators: nadroparin and dalteparin) as thromboprophylaxis for hospitalized patients with high thromboembolic risk in Oncology, General or Orthopedic Surgery, and Internal Medicine services from the healthcare provider's perspective in Colombia. A decision tree was developed, and the health outcomes considered in the analysis were deep vein thrombosis, major bleeding, pulmonary thromboembolism, and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Clinical inputs were obtained from a systematic review of the literature and the economic parameters from micro-costing. Inputs were validated by three clinical experts. Costs were expressed in 2020 US dollars (USD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients with a thromboprophylaxis use rate of 40%, the use of enoxaparin was less costly than that of dalteparin in Oncology (difference of USD 624,669), Orthopedic Surgery (difference of USD 275,829), and Internal Medicine (difference of USD 109,119) patients. For these services, using enoxaparin was more efficient than using nadroparin (cost differences of USD 654,069, USD 416,927, and USD 92,070, respectively). Sensitivity analysis showed an important influence of the number of patients undergoing thromboprophylaxis, as well as the unit cost, and the risk of events (DVT, PTE, and CTEPH).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Enoxaparin is the least expensive health technology for thromboprophylaxis in most of the medical contexts analyzed in Colombia due to its efficacy and the lower risk of complications than dalteparin and nadroparin.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"813-825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Evaluation of Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec from Italian NHS Perspective.","authors":"Enrico Torre, Sergio Di Matteo, Giacomo Matteo Bruno, Chiara Martinotti, Luigi Carlo Bottaro, Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S475461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S475461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Icodec, once-weekly basal insulin, aims to simplify therapy management by reducing injection frequency for diabetic patients. The efficacy and safety of icodec were evaluated in the ONWARDS clinical development program. This study evaluates icodec economic and quality of life impact from the Italian National Healthcare System (NHS) perspective.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A pharmacoeconomic study was developed to assess the once-weekly insulin icodec value, highlighting its potential to decrease needle use while improving adherence and quality of life. In the base case, a differential cost and cost-utility analysis over one year compared to once-daily insulin degludec were developed. Based on the comparison with degludec, a scenario analysis was planned between icodec and the mix of basal insulins available on the market. Economic evaluations included drug and administration costs, needles, and impact on adherence. The cost-utility analysis measured the utility associated with the weekly injection compared to the daily ones, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), measured as Δ€/ΔQALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years). To assess the robustness of the results, a deterministic one-way sensitivity analysis and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis were carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At an annual cost 25% higher than degludec, considering the economic benefits generated by the needle use reduction (-€51.10) and adherence improvement (-€54.85), once-weekly icodec grants no incremental cost and even potential savings per patient. Furthermore, icodec reported a utility advantage (0.023). It achieved a dominant incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) compared to degludec. The comparison with the mix of basal insulins also reported a cost-effectiveness profile. Sensitivity tests conducted confirmed the robustness of the findings, highlighting the key drivers of the analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Icodec represents a new therapeutic option to simplify basal insulin treatment. It also improves the patient's management and his quality of life, without increasing the economic burden for the Italian NHS, while guaranteeing an excellent cost-effectiveness profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"799-811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11550686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Utility of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring versus Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in People with Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes in Spain.","authors":"Juan Francisco Merino-Torres, Sabrina Ilham, Hamza Alshannaq, Richard F Pollock, Waqas Ahmed, Gregory J Norman","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S483459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S483459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Management of advanced type 2 diabetes (T2D) typically involves daily insulin therapy alongside frequent blood glucose monitoring, as treatments such as oral antidiabetic agents are therapeutically insufficient. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) has been shown to facilitate greater reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and improvements in patient satisfaction relative to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). This study aimed to investigate the cost-utility of rt-CGM versus SMBG in Spanish patients with insulin-treated T2D..</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis was conducted using the IQVIA Core Diabetes Model (CDM V9.5). Baseline characteristics of the simulated patient cohort and treatment efficacy data were sourced from a large-scale, United States-based retrospective cohort study. Costs were obtained from Spanish sources and inflated to 2022 Euros (EUR) where required. A remaining lifetime horizon (maximum 50 years) was used, alongside an annual discount rate of 3% for future costs and health effects. A willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of EUR 30,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was adopted, based on precedent across previous cost-effectiveness studies set in Spain. A Spanish payer perspective was adopted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over patient lifetimes, rt-CGM yielded 9.933 QALYs, versus 8.997 QALYs with SMBG, corresponding to a 0.937 QALY gain with rt-CGM. Total costs in the rt-CGM arm were EUR 2347 higher with rt-CGM versus SMBG (EUR 125,365 versus EUR 123,017). The base case incremental cost-utility ratio was therefore EUR 2506 per QALY gained, substantially lower than the WTP threshold of EUR 30,000 per QALY. The analysis also projected a reduction in cumulative incidence of ophthalmic, renal, neurological, and cardiovascular events in rt-CGM users, with reductions of 16.03%, 13.07%, 7.34%, and 9.09%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared to SMBG, rt-CGM is highly likely to be a cost-effective intervention for patients living with insulin-treated T2D in Spain.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"785-797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11549913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Impact of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Italy. Analysis and Perspectives.","authors":"Enrico Torre, Sergio Di Matteo, Chiara Martinotti, Giacomo Matteo Bruno, Umberto Goglia, Gianni Testino, Alberto Rebora, Luigi Carlo Bottaro, Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S472446","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S472446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a multisystem condition destined to become pandemic in the coming decades. This study aimed at evaluating the economic impact of MASLD in the Italian population from the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The economic impact of the MASLD was assessed by developing a calculation model in Microsoft Excel^® from the Italian NHS perspective, considering healthcare resources and direct costs. The target population was based on the prevalence data. Through a literature search, complications of MASLD were identified, including MASH, with relative risk of evolution into CC, DCC, HCC, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, in particular AMI and stroke, CKD, and CRC. The differential impact between complication development in the population with MASLD and the same sample size population without-MASLD was evaluated. Differential risk data, mortality rates, and event unit costs were drawn from the published international literature. Frequency and cost data were applied to the total target population, the total annual costs and mortality data, referring to the two arms, were then calculated, and the differential value was obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on an estimated 11,546,370 MASLD target population, an annual illness impact of €12,251,631,822 was calculated, corresponding to a difference of €7,731,674,054 compared with the same sample size without MASLD. Moreover, the MASLD population is expected to experience 13,438 additional deaths annually.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The growing epidemiological impact of MASLD and its complications represent a huge economic burden for healthcare services worldwide. An integrated approach, including changes in lifestyle behaviors, will be the first step. Specific drugs for MASLD are not yet available; however, studies are underway, and combined pharmaceutical therapies may be an inevitable choice to achieve adequate control of MASLD and its complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"773-784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11514691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Service Satisfaction and Sustainability of the Afya Health Insurance Scheme in Kuwait: An Exploratory Analysis [Letter].","authors":"Ahmad Yani Noor, Harinto Nur Seha","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S498925","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S498925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"771-772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}