ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research最新文献

{"title":"Development of an Efficient and Effective Clinical Pathway for Cesarean Section in West Sumatra (Indonesia).","authors":"Aladin Aladin, Werry Darta Taifur, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Dwiana Ocviyanti","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S447249","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S447249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong> As with several countries around the world, cesarean section rates are increasing also in Indonesia, raising issues of quality and cost-effectiveness of health care, especially with the shift from a fee-for-service to a prospective payment system. For hospital services to be effective (quality control) and efficient (cost control), clinical pathways are essential. However, no studies have been done to develop a clinical pathway for cesarean sections (CS) in the INA-CBG system that is both effective and efficient.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop clinical pathways for CS that are both effective and efficient by determining unit costs and tariffs for CS services, reviewing procedures and outcomes, and assessing performance efficiency and effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a sample of 110 patients undergoing cesarean sections consecutively recruited in 11 hospitals of West Sumatra (6 public hospitals and 5 private institutions), this mixed (qualitative and quantitative) study aimed at developing clinical guidelines for childbirth delivery modes responding both to criteria of efficacy and efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> Of 110 patients, 50 patients (45%) had efficient CS, 85 patients (77%) had effective CS, and 40 patients (36.4%) had both effective and efficient CS. A comprehensive clinical pathway for CS procedure was created by investigating 40 patients who underwent effective and efficient CS using interviews, a Delphi study, and professional advice.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Hospitals can adopt the effective and efficient clinical pathway for CS protocol to prevent cost-related losses (efficient) while retaining the quality of the service (effective).</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"461-469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Prostacyclin Pathway Agents Used in PAH: A Targeted Literature Review.","authors":"Charles D Burger, Yuen Tsang, Marie Chivers, Riya Vijay Vekaria, Gurinderpal Doad, Nikki Atkins, Sumeet Panjabi","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S460912","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S460912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive pulmonary vascular disease that can result in right heart failure and death. Oral prostacyclins play an important role in the management of intermediate-low risk PAH. This targeted literature review (TLR) aimed to identify and compare evidence supporting use of oral prostacyclin pathway agents (PPAs: selexipag and oral treprostinil) in intermediate-low risk PAH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A targeted literature review was conducted. Literature databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane reviews) were searched for studies describing clinical practice and treatment outcomes for oral treprostinil and selexipag globally, published in English (2012 to 2022). Electronic searches were supplemented by manual-searches of targeted conferences (2020 to 2022), and reference lists of identified publications were reviewed. One reviewer assessed studies for eligibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 95 publications met inclusion criteria: 47 full-text articles (selexipag n = 22; oral treprostinil n = 16; selexipag and oral treprostinil n = 9) and 48 conference materials. Selexipag and oral treprostinil target the prostacyclin pathway differently; their label-supporting trials had different primary endpoints (disease progression and hospitalization vs exercise capacity and disease progression), differing baseline therapy (0, 1 or 2 vs 0 or 1 baseline treatments), titration duration and dosing (personalized dose capped at 1600 ug twice daily (BID) vs increasing doses over time with no maximum dose), respectively. While both oral PPAs have demonstrated reduced risk of disease progression, only selexipag showed reduction in hospitalization rates. Oral PPAs have been shown to reduce healthcare costs in real-world clinical practice. This difference is reflected in labeled indications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given differences in trial- and real-world outcomes, number of prior therapies, and dosing, personalizing the choice of oral PPA is critical to maximizing the benefit for individual patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"447-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Privatization and Oligopolies of the Renal Replacement Therapy Sector on Contemporary Capitalism: A Systematic Review and the Brazilian Scenario.","authors":"Farid Samaan, Áquilas Mendes, Leonardo Carnut","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S464120","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S464120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Worldwide the assistance on renal replacement therapy (RRT) is carried out mainly by private for-profit services and in a market with increase in mergers and acquisitions. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative systematic review on privatization and oligopolies in the RRT sector in the context of contemporary capitalism. The inclusion criteria were scientific articles without language restrictions and that addressed the themes of oligopoly or privatization of RRT market. Studies published before 1990 were excluded. The exploratory search for publications was carried out on February 13, 2024 on the Virtual Health Library Regional Portal (VHL). Using the step-by-step of PRISMA flowchart, 34 articles were retrieved, of which 31 addressed the RRT sector in the United States and 26 compared for-profit dialysis units or those belonging to large organizations with non-profit or public ones. The main effects of privatization and oligopolies, evaluated by the studies, were: mortality, hospitalization, use of peritoneal dialysis and registration for kidney transplantation. When considering these outcomes, 19 (73%) articles showed worse results in private units or those belonging to large organizations, six (23%) studies were in favor of privatization or oligopolies and one study was neutral (4%). In summary, most of the articles included in this systematic review showed deleterious effects of oligopolization and privatization of the RRT sector on the patients served. Possible explanations for this result could be the presence of conflicts of interest in the RRT sector and the lack of incentive to implement the chronic kidney disease care line. The predominance of articles from a single nation may suggest that few countries have transparent mechanisms to monitor the quality of care and outcomes of patients on chronic dialysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"417-435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11100955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141066215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding Access to Patient Care in Community Pharmacies for Minor Illnesses in Washington State.","authors":"Julie Marie Akers, Jennifer C Miller, Brandy Seignemartin, Linda Garrelts MacLean, Bidisha Mandal, Clark Kogan","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S452743","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S452743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>As the shortage of primary care providers widens nationwide, access to care utilizing non-physician providers is one strategy to ensure equitable access to care. This study aimed to compare community pharmacist-provided care for minor ailments to care provided at three traditional sites of care: primary care, urgent care, and emergency department, to determine if care provided by pharmacists improved access with comparable quality and reduced financial strain on the healthcare system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pharmacy data was provided from 46 pharmacies and 175 pharmacists who participated across five pharmacy corporations over a 3-year period (2016-2019). Data for non-pharmacy sites of care was provided by a large health plan, matching episodes of care for conditions seen in the community pharmacy. Cost-of-care analysis was conducted using superiority study design and revisit data analysis was conducted using noninferiority study design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median cost-of-care across traditional sites of care was $277.78 higher than care provided at the pharmacies, showing superiority. Noninferiority was demonstrated for revisit care when the initial visit was conducted by a pharmacist compared to traditional sites.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The authors conclude community pharmacist-provided care for minor ailments improved cost-effective access for patients with comparable quality and reduced financial strains on the healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"233-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11075675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timeliness of Health Technology Assessments and Price Negotiations for Oncology Drugs in Canada","authors":"Nigel Rawson, David Stewart","doi":"10.2147/ceor.s462872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ceor.s462872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141132204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Utility Analysis Comparing Pegcetacoplan to Anti-C5 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.","authors":"Sergio Di Matteo, Roberto Freilone, Giacomo Matteo Bruno, Rosario Notaro, Sabrin Moumene, Nicoletta Martone, Cristina Teruzzi, Antonio Ciccarone, Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S442906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S442906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare, acquired disease characterized by hemolytic episodes and associated with significant clinical burden. The introduction of C5 inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (C5i) represented a major breakthrough in PNH treatment, effectively reducing intravascular hemolysis (IVH) but showing limited impact on extravascular hemolysis (EVH). In 2021, the C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan was approved by EMA and recently reimbursed in Italy, which also has the advantages in the reduction of both IVH and EVH, increasing hemoglobin values and simultaneously improving the quality of life and fatigue of patients. A cost-utility analysis was developed to compare pegcetacoplan to C5i (eculizumab and ravulizumab) in the PNH population who remain anemic after treatment with C5i for at least 3 months.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The analysis employed a Markov model with a 5-year time horizon whereby patients can transition among 3 PNH health states, adopting the perspective of the Italian NHS. Efficacy data were sourced from the PEGASUS study, with drug prices reflecting ex-factory costs. Additionally, costs associated with resource utilization, adverse events, and complications were estimated based on outpatient and hospital care rates, excluding indirect expenses. Utility and disutility values related to transfusions were also considered, with pegcetacoplan allowing for dose escalation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cumulative cost of treatment per individual patient at 5 years was estimated to be €1,483,454 for pegcetacoplan, €1,585,763 for eculizumab, and €1,574,826 for ravulizumab. Pegcetacoplan demonstrated a superior increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to both eculizumab (0.51 increase) and ravulizumab (0.27 increase). Furthermore, pegcetacoplan showed a reduction in complication management costs (€22,891 less compared to eculizumab and €22,611 less compared to ravulizumab) and lower transfusion-related expenses (€14,147 less than both C5i treatments).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pegcetacoplan emerged as the dominant strategy in this analysis, being more effective, less expensive and improves quality of life in the analyzed population affected by PNH.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"225-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11018133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Savings Associated with Multi-Disciplinary Team Approach for Reducing Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Predictive Model.","authors":"Abdulmajeed Alshowair, Saleh Altamimi, Faisal A Alruhaimi, Saad Alshahrani, Fatima Alsuwailem, Mona Alkhaldi, Haiam Abdalla, Fahad Hamad Alkhuraiji, Montaser Saad Alaqeel, Salman Sulaiman Almureef, Salman Alhawasy, Amro Abdel-Azeem","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S451739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S451739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to predict the expected cost savings associated with implementing a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to reduce macrovascular and microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This economic evaluation study was conducted in Riyadh First Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia as a predictive model conceptualized by the authors based on models used in previous studies, particularly the CORE Diabetes Model. Our model was designed based on 1) the level of glycemic control among 24,755 T2DM patients served by MDTs; 2) the expected incidence of diabetes-related complications without intervention; 3) the predicted risk reduction of developing diabetes-related complications with MDTs. Costs of complications and cost savings were then calculated and expressed as mean incremental annual cost savings adjusted for a 1% reduction in HbA1c, and a 10 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Along with the expected reduction in all diabetes-related complications, the average incremental cost savings per diabetic patient is predicted to be ($38,878) with approximately ($11,108) in the year of complication onset and ($27,770) over the subsequent post-index 10-years. On adjustment of cost savings, the average incremental cost savings are predicted to be ($22,869) for each 1% reduction in HbA1c per diabetic patient and ($27,770) for every 10 mmHg reduction in SBP per diabetic patient.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MDT as a model of care is effective in glycemic control among T2DM patients with a predicted significant reduction of all diabetes-related complications and in turn, a predicted significant cost savings.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"211-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11001564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140872681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to Pay for Social Health Insurance Among Health Care Professionals in North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Mixed Method Study [Retraction].","authors":"","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S471182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S471182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/CEOR.S421461.].</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"209-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10999210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Initiation and Discontinuation of Antiarrhythmic Medications in Management of Atrial Fibrillation.","authors":"Ryan Kipp, Lee-Or Herzog, Rahul Khanna, Dongyu Zhang","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S457992","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S457992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Timely management and treatment are critical in alleviating AF disease burden. There is significant heterogeneity in patterns of AF care. It is unclear whether there are racial and ethnic differences in treatment of AF following antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) prescription.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart-Socioeconomic Status database from January, 2009, through March, 2022, multivariable logistic regression techniques were used to examine the impact of race and ethnicity on rate of AAD initiation, as well as receipt of catheter ablation within two years of initiation. We compared AAD discontinuation rate by race and ethnicity groups using Cox regression models. Log-rank analyses were used to examine the rate of AF-related hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 143,281 patients identified with newly diagnosed AF, 30,019 patients (21%) were initiated on an AAD within 90 days. Patients identified as Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) were significantly less likely to receive an AAD compared to Non-Hispanic White patients (NHW) (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.94). Compared to NHW, Hispanic (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.14) and Asian patients (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29) have a higher rate of AAD discontinuation. Following AAD initiation, NHB patients were significantly more likely to have an AF-related hospitalization (p < 0.01). However, NHB patients were significantly less likely to receive ablation compared to NHW (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.97), and less likely to change AAD (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients identified as NHB are 10% less likely to receive an AAD for treatment of newly diagnosed AF. Compared to NHW, Hispanic and Asian patients were more likely to discontinue AAD treatment. Once initiated on an AAD, NHB patients were significantly more likely to have an AF -related hospitalization, but were 17% less likely to receive ablation compared to NHW patients. The etiology of, and interventions to reduce, these disparities require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"197-208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10981895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Health Expenditure Trends and Disease Burden in India: A Cost per DALY Approach.","authors":"Bhavani Shankara Bagepally, Sajith Kumar S, Akhil Sasidharan","doi":"10.2147/CEOR.S452679","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CEOR.S452679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Efficient allocation of healthcare resources requires a comprehensive evaluation of healthcare spending and its impact on disease burden. This study aims to estimate the costs-per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in India. Data from 2010 to 2019 on DALYs and health expenditure per capita (HEp) for individual states in India were utilised.</p><p><strong>Design and methods: </strong>We followed the CHEERS statement 2022 to present our study's methodology and outcomes. Pearson's product-moment correlations were used to analyse associations between DALYs and HEp. A panel regression analysis was conducted using a log regression model to estimate changes in DALYs due to health expenditure changes. All costs are reported in Indian rupee (₹) along with its 95% CI, with a conversion factor of 1 US$ = ₹82.4 applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The costs-per-DALY were estimated for each state and India. DALY was negatively correlated with HEp. The estimated mean cost-per-DALY for India was ₹82,112 (₹55,810 to ₹1,08,413) [$997 ($667 to $1316)]. The mean cost per-DALY varied across states, with value of ₹27,058 (₹22,250 to ₹31,866) [$328 ($270 to $387)] for states in the first quartile based on Human Development Index (HDI) and ₹2,69,175 (₹1,05,946 to ₹4,32,404) [$3267 ($1286 to $5248)] for those in fourth HDI quartile. States such as Gujarat (0.16), Karnataka (0.17) and Maharashtra (0.22) have lower, and Arunachal Pradesh has the highest cost-per-DALY to Gross state domestic product per-capita ratio (2.41), followed by Nagaland (1.45).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher healthcare investment has a lower disease burden; however, reduction in DALY varies across states. Study findings provide evidence to aid the setting up of differential willingness-to-pay thresholds across Indian states for efficient and equitable healthcare resource allocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47313,"journal":{"name":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research","volume":"16 ","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10981371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}