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Athlete-Centric Employer Branding During Rival Leagues’ Market Entry 竞争联盟进入市场时以运动员为中心的雇主品牌
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.304.1221.01
Christopher M. Mcleod
{"title":"Athlete-Centric Employer Branding During Rival Leagues’ Market Entry","authors":"Christopher M. Mcleod","doi":"10.32731/smq.304.1221.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.304.1221.01","url":null,"abstract":"New sports leagues use employer branding to promote themselves as distinctive and desirable employers so they can attract talented athletes. A multiple case analysis was used to examine the employer branding strategies of four leagues that entered markets with incumbents: the National Women’s Hockey League, BIG3, Alliance of American Football, and Premier Lacrosse League. All four leagues used athlete-centric employer branding, which uses symbolic and instrumental employment information to signal commitment and involvement to athletes. Leagues also directed their employer branding to consumers. The findings suggest adding an employment dimension to theories of league brand architecture as well as reconsidering the audience for employer branding. Athlete-centric employer branding is a strategy for entering markets from a rival position and is likely to become more popular as public pressure on leagues increases.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44848357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Delay Effect of Sport Media Consumption on Sport Consumers’ Subjective Well-Being: Moderating Role of Team Identification 体育媒体消费对体育消费者主观幸福感的延迟效应:团队认同的调节作用
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.304.1221.05
W. Jang, J. Lee, D. Wann
{"title":"Delay Effect of Sport Media Consumption on Sport Consumers’ Subjective Well-Being: Moderating Role of Team Identification","authors":"W. Jang, J. Lee, D. Wann","doi":"10.32731/smq.304.1221.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.304.1221.05","url":null,"abstract":"Although empirical evidence indicates that sport media consumption has a positive effect on sport consumers’ subjective well-being (SWB), there is little information regarding how these enhancements in SWB change over time. Th e current research demonstrates that less identified sport consumers experienced greater levels of purpose in life when it was measured right after they recalled their past sport media consumption than when it was measured aft er a 15-minute delay. Meanwhile, the level of purpose in life was similar for highly identified sport consumers whether it was measured right aft er recalling past sport media consumption or aft er a 15-minute delay. On the basis of a moderated mediation test, we further demonstrate that highly identified sport consumers experience a greater degree of eudaimonic value aft er recalling past sport media consumption, which delays hedonic adaptation among them. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed as they relate to SWB and hedonic adaptation.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
How Sports Sponsorship Influences a Sponsor’s Financial Performance: A Case Study from the Korea Baseball Organization 体育赞助如何影响赞助商的财务绩效:以韩国棒球组织为例
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.304.1221.06
Hyun-min Kim, Woon-Kyung Song, Sanghak Lee
{"title":"How Sports Sponsorship Influences a Sponsor’s Financial Performance: A Case Study from the Korea Baseball Organization","authors":"Hyun-min Kim, Woon-Kyung Song, Sanghak Lee","doi":"10.32731/smq.304.1221.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.304.1221.06","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the effects of sponsorship on the sponsor’s financial performance. Th is study investigates return on sponsorship (ROS) with a quantitative analysis. Nexen Tire’s title sponsorship agreement with the Heroes baseball club in the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) in 2010 is studied. The positive effect of sponsorship on the sponsor’s Tobin’s q is confirmed by comparing the non-sponsorship period (2000‒2009) with the sponsorship period (2010‒2018). It is also shown from an event study that the sponsor experiences negative abnormal stock returns on the news of the sponsorship agreement, though this was not found to be statistically significant. Still, when the sponsee enters the postseason, positive cumulative abnormal returns are observed, particularly significant 10 days before the postseason games. Th is study confirms the positive influence of sponsorship on the sponsor’s financial performance and, with evidence from South Korea, provides insight into Asian markets in need of research. Th e results suggest that 10 days before a postseason game would be an ideal time to leverage marketing and activate a sponsorship strategy.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46668435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Examination of Partitioned Pricing and the Influence of Culture and Familiarity on Sport Consumer Behavior 分区定价与文化熟悉度对体育消费行为的影响
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.01
M. Won, S. Shapiro
{"title":"An Examination of Partitioned Pricing and the Influence of Culture and Familiarity on Sport Consumer Behavior","authors":"M. Won, S. Shapiro","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.01","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has examined consumer behavior toward partitioned pricing in various capacities, including types and number of surcharges and the use of dollars versus percentages. Given the fact partitioned pricing is not employed in every country, this investigation focused on consumer behavior toward this pricing strategy based on familiarity with partitioned pricing and cultural differences. An experimental design was implemented to examine South Korean and US sport consumers’ attitudes and behaviors related to ticket prices for a mega-sporting event. The findings showed all-inclusive pricing, in general, is preferred and culture does not significantly impact consumer behavior in this context. Additionally, familiarity moderated the relationship between cultural differences and consumer behavior. Consumers who were familiar with partitioned pricing were more attracted to partitioned pricing ticket offers and had higher purchase intentions compared to consumers who were less familiar with the practice. Implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Effect of Advertising on Sales and Brand Equity in Small Sport Businesses 广告对小型体育企业销售和品牌资产的影响
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.02
Ted Hayduk, M. Walker
{"title":"The Effect of Advertising on Sales and Brand Equity in Small Sport Businesses","authors":"Ted Hayduk, M. Walker","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.02","url":null,"abstract":"Work in relationship marketing (RM) has implied that most large sport properties fail to enact sport relationship marketing (SRM) tactics that establish meaningful connections with consumers. Work in entrepreneurial marketing (EM) suggests that small businesses must innovate to implement elements of EM due to inherent resource constraints. Therefore, exploring SRM in an entrepreneurial, innovation-dependent context like small sport businesses (SSBs) may help explain why large sport fi rms struggle with SRM. Therefore, we examined whether SSBs’ marketing activities are generative of RM-specific outcomes and attempted to identify when and how these relationships can be augmented. Results from a dynamic panel estimator carried out on a sample of 332 SSBs over a 22-year span indicate that SSBs accrue only some of the benefits to be expected in the presence of successful SRM, highlighting the need to understand why sport properties of all sizes struggle to build meaningful relationships.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48038768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Applying the Customer-Centric Model to the Investigation of Brand Communities of Professional Sports Teams 应用客户中心模型对职业运动队品牌社区的调查
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.05
Anat Toder Alon, A. Shuv-Ami
{"title":"Applying the Customer-Centric Model to the Investigation of Brand Communities of Professional Sports Teams","authors":"Anat Toder Alon, A. Shuv-Ami","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs the customer-centric model of brand communities (including fan-fan, fan-management, fan-team, and fan-product relationships) to examine sports fans through the two lenses of team identification and fan loyalty and explore the effect of these constructs on fans’ behavior. The study used an online panel-based survey to collect data from 742 football fans. Also, the study utilized exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and nomological network analysis to establish the validity and reliability of a new scale of fan-centric relationships of team sports clubs (TSCs). Utilizing structural equation modelling, it was demonstrated that all four levels of fan relationships significantly predicted both team identification and fan loyalty. Furthermore, both team identification and fan loyalty significantly predicted intention to attend games. Identifying and classifying the different levels of fan-centric relationships may provide TSCs with the potential to strengthen fans’ identification with and loyalty to the team and, consequently, increase consumption.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49003136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
An Examination of Partitioned Pricing and the Influence of Culture and Familiarity on Sport Consumer Behavior 分割定价及文化和熟悉度对体育消费者行为的影响研究
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.092021.01
Misun Won,Stephen Shapiro
{"title":"An Examination of Partitioned Pricing and the Influence of Culture and Familiarity on Sport Consumer Behavior","authors":"Misun Won,Stephen Shapiro","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.092021.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.092021.01","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has examined consumer behavior toward partitioned pricing in various capacities, including types and number of surcharges and the use of dollars versus percentages. Given the fact partitioned pricing is not employed in every country, this investigation focused on consumer behavior toward this pricing strategy based on familiarity with partitioned pricing and cultural differences. An experimental design was implemented to examine South Korean and US sport consumers’ attitudes and behaviors related to ticket prices for a mega-sporting event. The findings showed all-inclusive pricing, in general, is preferred and culture does not significantly impact consumer behavior in this context. Additionally, familiarity moderated the relationship between cultural differences and consumer behavior. Consumers who were familiar with partitioned pricing were more attracted to partitioned pricing ticket offers and had higher purchase intentions compared to consumers who were less familiar with the practice. Implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138540828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sequential Effects of Indirect, Direct, and Virtual Sport Experiences on Consumer Learning 间接、直接和虚拟体育体验对消费者学习的顺序效应
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.06
Yongjae Kim, Seungbum Lee, Younghan Lee
{"title":"Sequential Effects of Indirect, Direct, and Virtual Sport Experiences on Consumer Learning","authors":"Yongjae Kim, Seungbum Lee, Younghan Lee","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.06","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to expand the theoretical knowledge of consumer learning by testing both the single and sequential effects of indirect, direct, and virtual sport experiences on sport brand knowledge, attitudes, and choice behavior in two laboratory experiments. Experiment I shows that virtual experience is as effective as direct experience in consumer learning. In Experiment II, designed to explore the impact of sequential combinations of sport experiences on consumer learning, the sequential combination of direct and virtual experiences results in greater brand knowledge than the combination of indirect and direct experiences. Exposure to direct experience proceeding with virtual experience is more effective at influencing brand attitudes than the combination of indirect and direct experiences. Th e results indicate that sport consumers are more likely to select sport brands at choice contexts when exposed to virtual experience in combination with direct experience.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49430297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Run for Their Money: Examining Changes in Runners’ Event-Related Expenditures 为他们的钱而跑:研究跑步者与赛事相关支出的变化
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.04
Colin Lopez, Koo Yul Kim, Joris Drayer, J. Jordan
{"title":"A Run for Their Money: Examining Changes in Runners’ Event-Related Expenditures","authors":"Colin Lopez, Koo Yul Kim, Joris Drayer, J. Jordan","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.04","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines spending changes between the first and second year of participation in a mass participation sport event. Previous research has been inconclusive about anticipated spending changes from year one to year two, which may be attributed to the prominence of cross-sectional research designs. This study utilized a within-person, year-to-year design with a seven-year sample from a US running event (n = 247) to track spending from participants. Using a within-subject ANCOVA, expenditures across eight categories were analyzed as individuals progressed from first-time to repeat participant. Results show no significant differences across any of the spending categories. From the same time frame, a sample of one-off participants was generated (n = 6,257) to compare with the repeat participants, and significant differences emerged. These findings provide event organizers and community officials with information regarding the spending behavior of customers in their first and second years, allowing for a more tailored marketing approach.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43761439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of eSports Playing Intention Formation: The Moderating Impact of Gender 电子竞技游戏意向形成的调查：性别的调节影响
IF 1.5 4区 管理学
Sport Marketing Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.32731/smq.303.0921.03
W. Jang, K. Byon
{"title":"Investigation of eSports Playing Intention Formation: The Moderating Impact of Gender","authors":"W. Jang, K. Byon","doi":"10.32731/smq.303.0921.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.303.0921.03","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in the formation of esports gameplay intention. To this end, the determinants and esports gameplay intention were adopted from the Esports Consumption Model (ESC; Jang & Byon, 2020a). A total of 498 respondents (male = 54.2%; female = 45.8%) who were adults and had experienced esports gameplay responded to the online survey. We examined the measurement invariance to examine if the constructs were being measured equivalently across gender. Also, we tested for structural invariance to examine if causal relationships exist the same way across gender. Th e results indicated that gender differences exist in the paths between hedonic motivation, habit, social influence, and esports gameplay intention. The findings and implications were discussed theoretically and practically, and suggestions were made regarding future studies aimed at overcoming the limitations of the current study.","PeriodicalId":47293,"journal":{"name":"Sport Marketing Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48651451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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