Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Stability and Constancy of Bully-Victim Behavior","authors":"Dagmar Strohmeier, Petra Wagner, C. Spiel, A. Eye","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000028","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper (1) focused on variables to investigate the stability of bully-victim behavior over time and constancy across settings in preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls and (2) looked at persons to examine whether patterns of change were the same or different between bully-victim groups identified. Data were drawn from two independent short time longitudinal studies. In Study 1, 100 adolescents (59% female) aged 15–19 years (M = 16.4 years) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school before and after the summer break. In Study 2, 116 preadolescents (49% female) aged 9–15 years (M = 12.2) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school and in a summer camp. While adolescents did not enter a new group after the summer break, preadolescents entered a new group in the summer camp. On the whole sample level, both over time and across settings bullying showed moderate to high stability and a decrease. Victimization was moderately stable over time but rather unstable across setti...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"10 1","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87871669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for Papers: “Using Tools: From Movements to Environmental Effects”","authors":"Cristina Massen, M. Rieger","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"180 1","pages":"249-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77308537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit Measures of Social Cognition","authors":"N. Dasgupta","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74588644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conducting Person-Oriented Research","authors":"A. Eye, C. Spiel","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000024","url":null,"abstract":"In this topical issue, four articles present state-of-the-art scholarship concerning person-oriented research. The articles, authored by the teams of Bergman and Andersson; Schmidt, Perels, and Schmitz; Mutz and Seeling; and Strohmeier, Wagner, Spiel, and von Eye, cover an interesting range of topics and methods. Before introducing readers to these articles, we present an introduction to concepts of person-oriented research, from a conceptual and philosophy of science perspective (an overview taking a broader perspective, including the relation of person-oriented research to holistic thinking, can be found in the Bergman and Andersson article).","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"29 1","pages":"151-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84128508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrusive Memories and Modality-Specific Mental Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"L. Jelinek, S. Randjbar, M. Kellner, Angnes Untiedt, J. Volkert, C. Muhtz, S. Moritz","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000013","url":null,"abstract":"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by vivid intrusive memories of the trauma. Among these, visual sensations of the trauma are most commonly reported. However, intrusions may involve other senses as well (e.g., acoustic, olfactory, or bodily sensations). It has been proposed that enhanced mental imagery may predispose individuals with traumatic experiences to intrusions and ultimately to PTSD. A total of 58 victims of interpersonal violence with current (n = 20), past (n = 19), and no lifetime PTSD (n = 19) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 23) were assessed with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and a modality-specific imagery questionnaire. Moreover, the sensory quality of the traumatic intrusions was assessed in traumatized participants. Participants with recovered PTSD displayed less overall mental imagery than the other three groups who were indistinguishable. No relation was found between the modality-specific mental imagery and the sensory quality of the...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"90 1","pages":"64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75631359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classical Conditioning in Borderline Personality Disorder With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Jana Mauchnik, U. Ebner-Priemer, M. Bohus, C. Schmahl","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000015","url":null,"abstract":"Conditioning studies in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) revealed intact acquisition and within-session extinction for patients with low acute dissociation and impaired acquisition for patients with high acute dissociation. In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) delayed short-term extinction as well as reduced discrimination learning was found. Controlling for acute dissociation, with a subgroup analysis of BPD patients with and without comorbid PTSD we aimed to further understand the influence of both disorders on altered conditioning processes. Aversive differential conditioning was assessed in 33 non-medicated female patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BPD (15 with and 18 without co-occurring PTSD). An aversive sound served as unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli (CS+, CS−). Conditioning was assessed by skin conductance responses (SCRs) and ratings of valence and arousal. BPD patients without PTSD revealed a significant differentiation between CS+ and CS− ...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"61 1","pages":"80-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91056543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Idiographic Emotional Script-Driven Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"P. Frewen, R. Lanius","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000016","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormal emotional responses to standardized emotional stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate problems in emotional processing less obviously linked to traumatic experiences. However, the personal meaningfulness and association of standardized emotional stimuli with specific episodic memories in PTSD participants has not been investigated. This paper takes the position that emotional processing of standardized stimuli cannot be divorced from the personal meaning these stimuli are ascribed, such as via the priming of episodic memory. Women with PTSD reported greater priming of episodic memories within the context of emotional imagery of standardized scripts, and episodic recall predicted emotional responses to script-driven imagery. Furthermore, greater priming of episodic recall during imagery of fear-anxiety scripts was associated with less response within the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Clinical, theoretical, and methodological issues are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80875668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"H. Flor, M. Wessa","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000012","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue of the Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology we have assembled a number of articles and comments that deal with the relationship of trauma and memory, with an emphasis on the role of memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is uniformity in the assumption that memory is severely altered by traumatic events, but memory deficits may also contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. Although there is agreement that in PTSD memory mechanisms are at the core of the disorder, there is disagreement on the nature of the pathology and to what extent additional factors such as appraisal of the deficit are of importance. As Ehlers (2010) notes, there is clear evidence of a preponderance of emotional memories that are often sensory, fast, tied to very aversive moments of the traumatic experience, experienced as immediate rather than past, and related to non-declarative learning processes such as Pavlovian conditioning and priming. Whereas these memories seem to predominate, generalize (see Lissek & Grillon, 2010), and fail to extinguish (Wessa & Flor, 2007), episodic memories of the trauma and life in general seem to be affected, be it by fragmentation (Brewin, 2007), lack of connectedness (Michael, Ehlers, Halligan, & Clark, 2005), or overgeneralization (Schonfeld, Ehlers, Bollinghaus, & Rief, 2007). Early theories about memory mechanisms in PTSD suggested that the documented reduction of hippocampal volume in PTSD might lead to a dissociation of declarative and non-declarative memories (Elzinga & Bremner, 2002). However, these alterations are not as straightforward as it might seem since it could be shown that recall of trauma-related materials is similar in traumatized persons with and without PTSD (Wessa, Jatzko, & Flor, 2006). Retrieval-induced forgetting is also not significantly different in PTSD versus non-PTSD subjects as shown by Koessler and colleagues (2010). Diener, Flor, and Wessa (2010) demonstrate a specific deficit in encoding but not retrieval of episodic memory that is associated with hyperarousal symptoms. This suggests that a very thorough analysis of memory mechanisms is needed and that categories such as declarative/non-declarative or episodic versus semantic need to be further differentiated and specific aspects of these memory processes – such as elaboration, connectedness, or trauma-relevance – need to be considered. For example, the reduced hippocampal volumes could also lead to reduced context conditioning, which is also a form of emotional associative learning, whereas cue conditioning, which is more amygdala-dependent, seems to be enhanced. We (Lang et al., 2009) and others (Alvarez, Biggs, Chen, Pine, & Grillon, 2008; Marschner, Kalisch, Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, & Buchel, 2008) have shown that the hippocampus is involved in context conditioning in human beings and we have preliminary data that indicate impaired context conditioning in persons with small hippocamp","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"217 1","pages":"61-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89117048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociation Following Traumatic Stress Etiology and Treatment","authors":"M. Schauer, T. Elbert","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000018","url":null,"abstract":"We postulate that the cascade ''Freeze-Flight-Fight-Fright-Flag-Faint'' is a coherent sequence of six fear responses that escalate as a function of defense possibilities and proximity to danger during life-threat. The actual sequence of trauma-related response dispositions acted out in an extremely dangerous situation therefore depends on the appraisal of the threat by the organism in relation to her/his own power to act (e.g., age and gender) as well as the perceived characteristics of threat and perpetrator. These reaction patterns provide optimal adaption for particular stages of imminence. Subsequent to the traumatic threats, portions of the experience may be replayed. The actual individual cascade of defense stages a survivor has gone through during the traumatic event will repeat itself every time the fear network, which has evolved peritraumatically, is activated again (i.e., through internal or external triggers or, e.g., during exposure therapy).When a parasympathetically dominated ''shut- down'' was the prominent peri-traumatic response during the traumatic incident, comparable dissociative responses may dominate responding to subsequently experienced threat and may also reappear when the traumatic memory is reactivated. Repeated experience of traumatic stress forms a fear network that can become pathologically detached from contextual cues such as time and location of the danger, a condition which manifests itself as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusions, for example, can therefore be understood as repetitive displays of fragments of the event, which would then, depending on the dominant physiological response during the threat, elicit a corresponding combination of hyperarousal and dissociation. We suggest that trauma treatment must therefore differentiate between patients on two dimensions: those with peritraumatic sympathetic activation versus those who went down the whole defense cascade, which leads to parasympathetic dominance during the trauma and a corresponding replay of physiological and dissociative responding, when reminded. The differential management of dissociative stages (''fright'' and ''faint'') has important treatment implications.","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"109-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89301755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prejudice Implicit Association Test Effects","authors":"Maria Popa-Roch, F. Delmas","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000007","url":null,"abstract":"Self-concept is accessible information that can be used when facing a demanding task. Based on findings suggesting that effects observed in Implicit Association Tests (IATs) could be partially explained by the procedural features of the task, we investigated the role of participants’ self-inclusion in target categories for group IATs. We propose that IAT constraints lead participants to use self-relevant heuristics related to their membership of target categories in order to respond rapidly, which contributes to IAT group preferences. Thus positive IAT effects should dramatically diminish if participants were induced not to use self-related heuristics. Study 1 showed that when mapping outgroup names and idiosyncratic characteristics of participants onto the same category during the IAT task, the IAT effect no longer occurs. Study 2 replicated these findings when associating outgroup-participants’ idiosyncratic characteristics prior to the completion of the standard IAT. Therefore inhibiting the use of sel...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"9 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85081577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}