Physiotherapy Research International最新文献

{"title":"Association Between Changes in Shoulder Strength and Self-Reported Shoulder Symptoms in Patients With Hypermobility Following 16-Weeks of High-Load or Low-Load Exercise: A Secondary Analysis of an RCT.","authors":"Thomas Christensen, Carsten Bogh Juhl, Birgit Juul-Kristensen, Søren T Skou, Jens Søndergaard, Karen Søgaard, Behnam Liaghat","doi":"10.1002/pri.70197","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) is a common musculoskeletal condition that impairs function and quality of life. While exercise therapy has shown to improve outcomes, treatment standardisation is lacking and the relationship between strength and symptoms remains unclear. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the association between changes in shoulder strength and self-reported shoulder function, pain, and perceived effect in patients with HSD and shoulder symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Data from 76 participants (58 women; median age 35.5) were included. Primary outcomes were percentage change in relative strength (Nm/kg) measured in external rotation, internal rotation, and scaption, the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Global Perceived Effect: Physical domain (GPEP). Secondary outcomes were achieving the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) in shoulder function and pain. Covariates were age, sex, Body Mass Index, hand dominance, previous shoulder dislocation, mechanical shoulder symptoms, and assigned intervention group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increasing strength in external rotation and scaption were linearly associated with an improvement in shoulder function (WOSI adjusted -3.5 (95% CI -5.9; -1.1), and WOSI adjusted -2.6 (95% CI -4.6; -0.6) respectively), while scaption strength was associated with a reduction in shoulder pain (NPRS -0.01 (95% CI -0.02; 0.00)). Improvement in external rotation and scaption were associated with higher odds of reporting an important improvement measured for every 10% increase in strength (adjusted OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.00; 1.38) and 1.30 (95% CI 1.07; 1.59), respectively).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Increased shoulder strength may be associated with improved outcomes in patients with HSD and persistent shoulder symptoms although our findings suggest limited clinical relevance. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between strength and symptom relief.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (11 March 2019, NCT03869307).</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Various Walkway Lengths on Comfortable and Maximum Gait Speed in Patients With Subacute Stroke.","authors":"Seung Heun An, Eun Joo Kim, Sung Phil Yang, Jun Min Lee","doi":"10.1002/pri.70206","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Gait speed is a key indicator of functional recovery and activity performance in patients with subacute stroke. However, walkway length for gait speed assessment has not been standardized, and findings regarding its influence remain inconsistent. This study investigated the test-retest reliabilities of comfortable gait speed (CGS) and fast gait speed (FGS) across 5-, 8-, and 10-m walkways in patients with subacute stroke and examined the effects of walkway length on both measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 21 patients with subacute stroke. Participants completed six experimental conditions in a randomized order to assess test-retest reliabilities and performance times for CGS and FGS on 5-, 8-, and 10-m walkways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reliability of CGS for the 5-, 8-, and 10-m walk tests was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.986-0.995. FGS also showed excellent reliability for the 5-, 8-, and 10-m walk tests, with ICCs of 0.985-0.994. There were no significant differences in CGS across the 5-, 8-, and 10-m tests. However, significant differences were observed in FGS for the 10-m walk test compared with the 5-m and 8-m walk tests. Additionally, there were significant differences between CGS and FGS for each of the 5-, 8-, and 10-m walk tests.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Within this study population of patients with subacute stroke who could walk independently without gait assistive devices, walkway length may influence the assessment of FGS in clinical settings. A 5-m walkway may still provide a reliable option for measuring CGS in space-limited environments, whereas a longer walkway may be more appropriate for assessing FGS.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Resisted Inspiratory Training Using the NU SpiroBreath Device on Diaphragmatic Muscle Activity: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy Adults.","authors":"Prayuth Poowaruttanawiwit, Narongrit Nuchnueng, Jetsada Maprom, Peeranut Juiwong, Weerapong Chidnok","doi":"10.1002/pri.70210","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The NU SpiroBreath device was developed as a novel respiratory training tool to support post-operative recovery in cardiac and thoracic surgery patients. While previous studies have demonstrated its safety and user acceptability, its effect on diaphragmatic muscle activation during resisted inspiratory maneuvers has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to assess diaphragmatic muscle activity during deep inspiratory breathing with and without resistance using the NU SpiroBreath device in healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve healthy male participants (aged 20-30 years) participated in a single-blind, randomized, two-period crossover trial. Participants performed deep inspiratory breathing maneuvers using the NU SpiroBreath device under two conditions: 0 cm H₂O (sham) and 10 cm H₂O (resistance), with a 2-week washout period between sessions. Each session included a 5-min baseline control followed by three sets of 10 deep inspiratory efforts (DI1-DI3), separated by 1-min rest intervals. Diaphragm muscle activity was assessed using high-resolution surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded at 4000 Hz, filtered (20-500 Hz), and analyzed using root mean square (RMS) values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases in diaphragmatic muscle activity were observed from baseline at both resistance levels (p < 0.05). At 0 cm H₂O, activity increased during DI1 and DI2; at 10 cm H₂O, increased activation was sustained across DI1, DI2, and DI3. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the 0 cm H₂O and 10 cm H₂O conditions (p > 0.05), suggesting that even minimal resistance elicits robust diaphragmatic recruitment in untrained healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Inspiratory training using the NU SpiroBreath device significantly enhances diaphragmatic muscle activation regardless of resistance level. These findings support its utility as a safe, low-burden respiratory training tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and Procedural Imaging Curricula in Musculoskeletal Physical Therapist Residency and Fellowship Education.","authors":"Evan Othmer Nelson, Emily Claire Goetz-Sutinen, Tyler Alan James Amborn, Dale A Gerke","doi":"10.1002/pri.70218","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Educational standards require physical therapy (PT) orthopedic and sports residency and fellowship curricula to include diagnostic imaging instruction. Prior research found that clinicians with advanced training through post-professional education had the requisite diagnostic imaging knowledge and skills. Curricular design or graduate proficiency in diagnostic imaging has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess diagnostic and procedural imaging curricula, instructional methods, and graduate expertise in orthopedic and sports physical therapy residency and fellowship programs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 42-item electronic survey was distributed to all American Board of Physical Therapy Residency & Fellowship Education (ABPTRFE) orthopedic and sports programs. Content categories included (1) program characteristics, (2) diagnostic imaging curriculum, (3) instructional methods, (4) self-reported graduate proficiency, and (5) perception that direct referral for diagnostic imaging is within the scope of PT practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Survey responses from 101 programs (84 residency; 17 fellowship) represent 67 orthopedic and 34 sports PT programs. Curricula include radiography (n = 90), magnetic resonance imaging (88), computed tomography (77), bone scintigraphy (55), and ultrasound (60). Eighty-two (97%) curricula instruct how to integrate imaging results with other clinical data and 80 (94%) how to incorporate imaging results into clinical decisions. Twenty-five (29.4%) taught how to directly refer patients for imaging studies. Curricula include diverse educational methods, resources, and assessment techniques. Programs perceived graduates were proficient in all requisite diagnostic imaging skills, but the lowest perceived proficiency was referring to imaging studies.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Imaging curricula are widely included in post-professional orthopedic and sports PT programs. Learning experiences embedded in the clinical setting are well positioned to provide meaningful training for appropriate imaging utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"A Pilot Study of a Synchronous Virtual Ultrasound Imaging Module for Physiotherapy Education\".","authors":"Duyu Nunya, Kanika Bhatia","doi":"10.1002/pri.70207","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A pilot study of a synchronous virtual ultrasound imaging module in physiotherapy education found positive effects on knowledge and skill acquisition.</p><p><strong>Commentary: </strong>Although positive effects were found, more research is needed to support the validity and reliability of assessing students' competency. A control group design is needed to make causal conclusions. Additionally, retention of competency is needed to make conclusions regarding competency retention. It may be useful to incorporate competency models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, although useful preliminary findings were found, more research is needed to support the effectiveness of virtual ultrasound education.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Peripheral Tissue Oxygenation Behavior in Individuals With COPD: A Randomized Crossover Study.","authors":"Natália Mota da Silva Borges, Dyego Tavares de Lima, Arthur Bruno de Abreu Morais, Laura Natália Freitas Cavalcante Tenório, Sandyelle Teixeira Vieira, Hellen Maria Lacerda de Oliveira Carneiro, Annicia Lins Freitas, Daniele Ferreira de Santana Silva, Elysson da Silva, Maria Anita Oliveira Souza Paiva, José Vinicius Bulhões da Silva, Kauane Paulino Guedes, Tatiana Onofre Gama, Ana Tereza do Nascimento Sales Figueiredo Fernandes, Ingrid Guerra Azevedo, Pollyana Soares de Abreu Morais, Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira, Rafaela Pedrosa, José Heriston de Morais Lima, Eduardo Eriko Tenório de França","doi":"10.1002/pri.70177","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a pulmonary condition characterized by airflow obstruction, which progresses with systemic alterations such as changes in muscle composition and metabolism, anticipating the activation of the inspiratory metaboreflex. This study aimed to analyze the acute effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) on peripheral muscle metabolism in individuals with COPD, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized, blinded, crossover study included 29 individuals with COPD who underwent three distinct sessions: high-load IMT (IMT-Strength, 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure-MIP), low-load IMT (IMT-Endurance, 30% of MIP), and a sham protocol. Tissue oxygenation of the gastrocnemius muscle was assessed using NIRS before and after each protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Differences in mean final tissue oxygen saturation were observed only during the IMT-Endurance protocol. The oxygen desaturation time was shorter during the IMT-Strength protocol compared with the other groups. Although not statistically significant, patients with more severe COPD (GOLD 3-4) exhibited an oxygen desaturation rate higher during the strength IMT compared with the endurance and sham protocols.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acute high-intensity IMT may accentuate the reduction in peripheral perfusion, especially in patients with advanced COPD, suggesting possible metaboreflex activation. Conversely, endurance IMT may improve peripheral perfusion. These findings reinforce the need for careful and individualized prescription of IMT in the COPD population.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Clinical Trials number: NCT06827379 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06827379.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12934197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Current Procedural Terminology Codes for Physical Therapist Evaluations in the United States: Results of a Feasibility Study.","authors":"Kat K Rethman, Cody J Mansfield, Julie A Stephens, Chelsea C Lahman, Kathy J Wayman, Catherine C Quatman-Yates, Matt S Briggs","doi":"10.1002/pri.70203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Physical therapy evaluation Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes have been in practice for 8 years in the United States with limited understanding of their accuracy, reliability, and utilization. This creates challenges for physical therapists (PT) to justify their services and demonstrate their impact on patient outcomes, while also hindering systematic international comparisons with other physical therapy coding systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of assessing evaluation CPT code metrics in outpatient physical therapy and to determine preliminary accuracy and reliability of these codes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Outpatient PTs from an academic health care institution were recruited to review 15 patient evaluations and select the CPT code they deemed most appropriate at baseline and again for the same cases 1-2 weeks later. Gold standard answers were created by expert consensus based on national guidelines to calculate accuracy for each case. Krippendorff's alpha was used to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study was successful in recruiting and retaining 20 PTs (median age: 34 years [IQR 29, 37], median experience: 7 years [IQR 3, 12]). Regarding preliminary results, participants were 49% accurate in choosing the correct CPT code, had poor inter-rater reliability (α = 0.58 [95% CI 0.55-0.61]) and moderate intra-rater reliability (α = 0.67 [95% CI 0.58-0.75]).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Assessing the reliability and accuracy of PTs' determination of evaluation CPT codes is feasible; a larger multisite study is recommended to generalize results. There was a broad range of variability in evaluation CPT coding relative to what is deemed accurate. Refining coding reliability and accuracy within the U.S. system may enable meaningful international comparisons of coding and reimbursement frameworks, supporting the identification of strengths, gaps, and best-practice models to advance high-value physical therapy services globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13039762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of the Dynamic Foot Index for Observational Assessment of Foot Motion During Gait.","authors":"Guilherme Augusto Santos Araujo, George Schayer Sabino, Francisco D'Paula Vitor Ferreira, Matheus Hissa Lourenço Ferreira, Renan Alves Resende","doi":"10.1002/pri.70196","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Reliable clinical tools for observational assessment of dynamic foot motion during gait are limited. Although three-dimensional motion analysis is considered the reference standard, its cost and complexity restrict routine clinical use. The Dynamic Foot Index (DFI) is a simple, low-cost observational tool designed to assess foot motion during gait.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This methodological study investigated the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Dynamic Foot Index (DFI) in healthy adults. Forty-nine participants (98 feet) walked barefoot on a treadmill at a self-selected speed while being recorded from a posterior view using a smartphone camera. Two experienced physical therapists independently analyzed video recordings of one complete stride per limb, classifying foot motion across three stance-phase subphases (loading response, midstance, and push-off) using a three-point ordinal scale. Intra-rater reliability was assessed after a 30-day interval. Weighted Kappa coefficients with 95% confidence intervals and absolute percentage agreement were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intra-rater reliability ranged from moderate to substantial across gait subphases (weighted Kappa = 0.54-0.80), with higher agreement observed during loading response and push-off. Inter-rater reliability ranged from fair to substantial (weighted Kappa = 0.28-0.68), with lower values during midstance. Absolute agreement ranged from 65% to 92%, depending on the subphase and limb assessed.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The Dynamic Foot Index (DFI) demonstrated moderate to substantial intra-rater reliability and variable inter-rater reliability across stance-phase subphases in healthy adults. These findings support the use of the Dynamic Foot Index (DFI) as a clinically feasible observational tool for longitudinal assessment of foot motion during gait, particularly when applied by the same evaluator.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiregional Rehabilitation Targeting the Cervical and Temporomandibular Regions in Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Şeyma Delceoğlu, Elif Esma Safran, Ömer Şevgin, Ertuğrul Safran","doi":"10.1002/pri.70216","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) is highly prevalent and frequently associated with temporomandibular-related impairments, yet rehabilitation programs commonly focus on a single anatomical region. Given the functional and biomechanical interconnections between the cervical spine and temporomandibular region, this study aimed to compare the short-term effects of a cervical-focused rehabilitation program with an integrated cervical-temporomandibular rehabilitation approach in individuals with NSCNP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 42 adults with NSCNP were allocated to receive either cervical rehabilitation alone (45 min/session) or an integrated cervical-temporomandibular rehabilitation program (60 min/session), delivered five sessions per week for 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were pain intensity (VAS) and neck-related disability (NDI). Secondary outcomes included posture, cervical range of motion, muscle endurance, and sleep quality. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and immediately post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in pain and disability following the intervention period (p < 0.001). Between-group analyses showed greater short-term reductions in pain intensity and neck-related disability in the integrated rehabilitation group compared with cervical rehabilitation alone, with large effect sizes. More pronounced improvements were also observed across several secondary outcomes, including posture, cervical mobility, muscle endurance, and sleep quality. No adverse events were reported.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>An integrated cervical-temporomandibular rehabilitation approach was associated with greater short-term clinical improvements under a higher overall treatment dose than cervical-focused rehabilitation alone in individuals with NSCNP. These findings suggest the potential clinical value of a multiregional treatment perspective; however, they should be interpreted with caution because the Cervical + TMJ group received a higher overall treatment dose, which precludes definitive attribution of the observed effects specifically to the temporomandibular-directed components. Additionally, the findings are limited to immediate post-intervention outcomes.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with ID: NCT06005922.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change of the Brain Pro System for Assessing Upper Extremity Visuo-Motor Reaction Time in Physically Active Healthy Individuals.","authors":"Merve Keskin, Erhan Secer, Derya Ozer Kaya","doi":"10.1002/pri.70171","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pri.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>To determine the test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the Brain Pro System (Brain Pro System, Poland) for assessing upper extremity visuo-motor reaction time (V-MRT) in physically active healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-four physically active healthy participants (M age = 21.26, SD = 0.94 years) completed two assessments 1 week apart. Reliability was assessed using ICC2,1 with a 95% confidence interval. The standard error of measurement and MDC95 were calculated. Stability was analyzed with Cronbach's α and coefficient of variation (CV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Brain Pro System demonstrated excellent reliability for right, left, and randomly determined upper extremity V-MRT (ICC2,1 = 0.95-0.97, α = 0.95-0.97, CV = 0.01). The MDC values were 1.21 s for right and left V-MRT and 1.10 s for combined extremities.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The Brain Pro System is highly reliable for assessing V-MRT. The MDC values provide a reference for evaluating meaningful changes in reaction time for physically active, healthy adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":47243,"journal":{"name":"Physiotherapy Research International","volume":"31 2","pages":"e70171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}