Baltic Carbon Forum最新文献

{"title":"Steel slag wastes to fight the climate change","authors":"Sina Rezaei Gomari, Kamal Elyasi Gomari, David Hughes","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23559","url":null,"abstract":"Steel slags are solid by-products generated from the steel-manufacturing industries. They are considered valuable wastes for capturing of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) directly from the air and industrial sources and storing it permanently in the form of mineral carbonation. In this study, two historic steel slags are presented as sustainable materials for mineral carbonation. The effects of contacting time between CO 2 and slags as well as temperature were investigated as two important parameters during mineral carbonation. The amount of carbonation, chemical and physical properties of carbonated samples have been characterised using Calcimeter, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that depending on the source and composition of the steel slags, the maximum CO 2 sequestration after 4 days at 60 °C is reached as high as 300 kg per tonne for samples. The FT-IR results showed the symmetric stretching of O-C-O bonds at 1400-1500 cm -1 , gradually increased with increasing temperature and contacting time, indicating the significant capture of CO 2 due to the carbonation process. SEM images confirmed that for both samples after the mineralisation, several carbonate layers were created in the structure of steel slags. The results indicated that CO 2 sequestration in steel slag is positively correlated with contacting time and temperature, hence the current study provides the optimal conditions to accelerate the process of carbonation for industrial application. It is estimated that these steel slags alone could carbonate about 150-200 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions which is equivalent to one third of annual UK greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability assessment of CO2 valorisation routes for Latvia: LCA, S-LCA and LCCA","authors":"Jelena Pubule, Viktorija Terjanika","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23594","url":null,"abstract":"To initiate and maintain the European Green Deal transformative policies, an evident-based multi-sectoral forecasting model needs to be timely and effectively deployed. The overall decarbonisation solutions proposed in this research can be defined as regional CO 2 “value spots”– areas in regions where CO 2 can be directly (CO 2 -based new products) or virtually (change in planning and implementation) utilised for the development of high-added value products, ensuring decarbonisation of rural areas, as well as promoting economic growth of the regions. Within the framework of this work, three scenarios for using carbon dioxide are analysed – its use in methanol production, cement production and open-air algae ponds. The analysis aims to assess the potential environmental impacts of CO 2 utilisation and consider the impact on the environment, human health, labour rights, working conditions, social equity, and other social factors, as well as costs and economic sustainability. LCA provides a decision-making platform to understand the mid-term and long-term environmental effects of CO 2 valorisation scenarios according to the ISO Standard 14044 standard requirements. Sensitivity analysis is performed to exclude high input data uncertainties (if any) and identify model behaviour factors. Effects of CO 2 valorisation scenarios on social endpoints (well-being of stakeholders) are identified via S-LCA based on multi-regional input/output methods of qualitative and quantitative generic data. The S-LCA include health and safety, cultural heritage, and governance impact categories covering the interests of such stakeholder groups as workers, the local community, society, and consumers. Cost-effectiveness of CO 2 valorisation scenarios is performed. Regional valorisation scenarios are assessed and benchmarked via regional development sustainability indicators. A comparative assessment of core indicators is performed.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CCS greensand project: CO2 pilot injection and monitoring","authors":"A. Szabados, S. R. Poulsen","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23608","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a proven, safe, reliable and affordable technology. CCS entails the capture of CO 2 (e.g. from power plants or industrial facilities) as well as its long-term storage in subsurface geological structures, such as depleted gas and oil reservoirs or deep-lying rock strata known as saline aquifers. This technology enables the reliable and cost-effective decarbonisation of industrial sectors with CO 2 emissions that are difficult or impossible to avoid. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and other leading organisations believe that CCS will play a key role in climate protection efforts and emphasising that ambitious climate targets cannot be achieved without CCS. In February 2023 INEOS Energy Denmark (Op.), Wintershall Dea and Nordseafonden (Danish State Participation) have been awarded the first Carbon Storage Exploration License (Iris) that covers the Siri oil fairway, a depleting oil production infrastructure hub, offshore Denmark. As part of the License work program it is planned to submit a Storage License Application by February 2024 to commission the first CO 2 permanent storage facility in Denmark by 2025. Initial research studies to convert the depleted oil field Nini West, one of many oil segments in the Siri Fairway, into a permanent CO 2 storage site started already in 2020 and is called Project Greensand Phase 1 and Phase 2, co-funded by the Danish Energy Development and Demonstration Programme (EUDP). Project Greensand Phase 2 is a large and comprehensive research and pilot project, consisting of 13 work packages and 120 individual tasks that are worked through by a consortium of 23 research partners, led by INEOS Energy Denmark, with altogether some hundreds of researchers and contributors involved. The project scopes are aiming to de-risk and specify all aspects related to carbon storage in the Nini West segment and to provide key documents ready for submission to the Danish mining authorities. Wintershall Dea is key partner in the research consortium, contributing to all work packages and is leading the monitoring related research scopes. The Greensand project has cleared a first major hurdle in fall 2020 with the independent 3rd Party certification of the Nini West reservoir as a feasible CO 2 storage. This certification confirms that the reservoir is conceptually suitable for injecting 0.45 million tonnes CO 2 per year per well for a period up to 10-years and that it can safely contain the CO 2 injected. In August 2021, the consortium moved ahead to the pilot phase. The pilot's first offshore injection was successfully conducted in winter 2022/2023 by injecting 4.000 tons of CO 2 into the depleted Nini West oil field and demonstrating the full value chain across international borders. This operation lasted 90 days and included 7 shipments of CO 2 to the Nini site. The CO 2 was captured and liquified in a chemical plant in Antwerp and loaded into 40 ISO-tanks that were mounted and piped together","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent CO2 injection: injectivity and capacity","authors":"Sarah Gasda, Roman Berenblyum","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23643","url":null,"abstract":"Сarbon capture and storage (CCS), especially offshore, involves a chain of complex and expensive infrastructure connecting emitters to the disposal site. The classic example of an industrial cluster sending CO 2 by a large pipeline to a nearby storage site is considered the most favorable solution in term of techno-economics. However, many emitters are located either too far from suitable offshore geology or are dispersed in harder to reach locations, making pipeline transport uneconomical. In these instances, ship transport is a viable option for shuttling CO 2 from source to sink. The Northern Lights project in Norway will implement this approach, using shuttle tankers to deliver CO 2 to an onshore receiving terminal. One should note that onshore terminals add significant cost to CCS, and their permanence can hinder flexibility and delay future expansion to new regions. High costs can also hinder small emitters to embark on CCS journey until the larger infrastructure is in place and the price for joining the value chain drops. Direct injection from ships can be a good supplement to the offshore transport portfolio, allowing ships to offload CO 2 directly to the injection well on a periodic basis. While direct ship injection introduces a planned intermittency into the CCS chain, intermittency can also be caused by planned maintenance and technical issues along the value chain; energy supply and demand (where either less emissions are available due to, for example, higher renewables production or less energy is available for injection, in, for example, offshore renewable energy driven case); seasonal variations (part of CO 2 used in agriculture or seasonal variation of injection temperature). The effect of intermittency, in general, is not fully understood. Part 1: aspects of intermittency on the storage reservoir Little is known about the impact of injectivity CO 2 injection on storage performance, i.e. injectivity and capacity. Recent studies indicate that cycling injection can delay bottom-hole pressure build-up, thus increasing capacity of the reservoir. On the other hand, evidence from field tests show that pressure relief can cause dissolved CO 2 to exsolve into bubbles that block pores and reduce injectivity. Salt precipitation is another aspect that can be either positively or negatively impacted by flow cycling. In this case, repeated drainage-imbibition cycles may dissolve salt crystals formed in a previous cycle, improving injectivity, or it may continue to feed the system with new saltwater, thus impairing injectivity. The topic of salt precipitation is an active area of research. Part 2: how to deal with it We present results of the recent study down for NEMO Maritime AS in a research council of Norway sponsored NEMO project. The talk will briefly highlight simulation outcomes on the near wellbore and field scale. Part 3: where do we go from here Finally, we shortly introduce a recently funded CTS project which will focus on several ","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135855025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Helsinki Convention – a legal obstacle for carbon storage in the Baltic Sea?","authors":"Henrik von Zweigbergk","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23671","url":null,"abstract":"The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area – also known as the Helsinki Convention – was originally signed in 1974 by all Baltic Sea coastal countries, seeking to address the increasing environmental challenges from industrialisation and other human activities and that were having a severe impact on the marine environment. It entered into force on 3 May 1980. The Convention includes the protection of the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution from land, air and sea. The Helsinki Convention was updated in 1992 to take into account the geopolitical changes and emerging environmental challenges in the region and was extended to ten Contracting Parties, including the European Union. The updated Helsinki Convention of 1992 entered into force on 17 January 2000. According to the articles in the Helsinki Convention [1] dumping in the Baltic Sea is generally forbidden. Carbon storage can be seen as dumping when regarding it as “deliberate disposal at sea or into the seabed of wastes or other matter” (article 2.4 a (i)). If there is not an applicable exemption (article 2.4 b – not seen as dumping, or 11.4 – exception from prohibition due to that safety of human life is threatened, or 29 – prohibition not applicable due to the relation to other Conventions) carbon storage then is forbidden (article 11.1), and that prohibition shall be implemented in national law through its national authorities (article 4.2). There is though a common interest among several countries around the Baltic Sea to be able to store carbon in the Baltic Sea in the future, in order to reduce CO 2 emissions and reach the common climate goals. For example, Sweden is right now, through its authority Geological Survey of Sweden, investigating the possibility of storing carbon within Swedish territory in the Baltic Sea. Therefore, there is also a discussion among the countries who have signed the Helsinki Convention about how to go forward making sure carbon storage is in agreement with the Convention. One way could be to look at how this problem was dealt with in the London Protocol – 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 (see article 4.1, and Annex I 1.8 and 4) [2], where carbon dioxide was added to the list of matter that may be considered for dumping if certain conditions are being met (disposal into a sub-seabed geological formation, consisting overwhelmingly of carbon dioxide, no wastes or other matter are added for the purpose of disposing of those wastes or other matter).","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"53 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of CO2 leakage using mechanistic modelling approach for CO2 injection in deep saline aquifer of Lithuanian basin in presence of fault and fractures","authors":"Shankar Lal Dangi, Shruti Malik, Pijus Makauskas, Vilte Karliute, Ravi Sharma, Mayur Pal","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23619","url":null,"abstract":"Injecting CO 2 into deep saline aquifers is a prominent strategy for carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, ensuring the long-term integrity of CO 2 storage is crucial to prevent leakage and potential environmental hazards. This paper investigates the impact of fracture permeability on CO 2 leakage volumes in the context of CO 2 injection into Syderiai deep saline aquifer for carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. It explores the relationship between fracture permeability and the potential for CO 2 leakage, as well as the volume of CO 2 dissolved in water above and below the cap rock. Furthermore, the study examines how the leakage volume may evolve over time in Syderiai deep saline aquifer. A mechanistic model of Syderiai deep saline aquifer, of Lithuanian basin, was developed based on average permeability, porosity, NTG and thickness (Fig. 1) and is used in this analysis.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithuanian renewable energy landscape: CCUS, hydrogen and geothermal","authors":"Viltė Karaliūtė, Pijus Makauskas, Shruti Malik, Ieva Kaminskaitė-Baranauskienė, Mayur Pal","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23654","url":null,"abstract":"Lithuanian energy landscape is changing because of as strong push to reduce carbon emissions and reliance of fossil based energy production. EU climate directive promotes investments into carbon capture and storage technologies along with renewable energy resource development. CCUS, hydrogen and geothermal are some technologies which could promote reduction in carbon emissions and along with reducing dependence on fossil based energy sources. Lithuania already has large potential for carbon and hydrogen storage and in past had a working geothermal power plant for district heating. In this work we revisit the carbon storage potential in Lithuania subsurface and also provide a high level estimates of potential of generating hydrogen energy from depleted hydrocarbon fields using in-situ methods. We also evaluate the prospects of development of geothermal energy production from deep Cambrian reservoirs where temperature above 85 degrees C have been documented.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives of the offshore CCS development in the polish EEZ on a Baltic Sea: insights from ongoing preliminary research for pilot CO2 injection","authors":"Mirosław Wojnicki, Renata Cicha-Szot, Helena Cygnar, Grzegorz Leśniak, Karolina Olszewska, Tomasz Topór, Jarosław Tyburcy, Artur Wójcikowski, Krzysztof Sowiżdżał","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23574","url":null,"abstract":"The key to effectively combatting progressive climate change lies in promptly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), whose concentration continues to rise due to human activities. The European Union (EU) has established legally binding targets, including achieving climate neutrality by 2050, with an intermediate goal of reducing GHG emissions by 55 % by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Poland, one of the major CO 2 emitters in Europe, also possesses significant storage potential in terms of projected CO 2 capacity within its sedimentary basins. Considering this, the implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology could play a crucial role in Poland's efforts to decarbonize its economy. For several years, the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute (INiG – PIB) has been at the forefront of domestic research activities concerning underground CO 2 injection. The involvement dates back to 1996 by pioneering the development of a concept, design, and implementation of one of Europe's earliest industrial installations for reinjecting acid gas, consisting of approximately 80 % CO 2 and 20 % H 2 S, into the reservoir water underlying a productive natural gas field. This facility in Borzęcin operated by PGNiG (now part of ORLEN GROUP), is a unique testing ground where the injection process has been running continuously for 27 years. The research conducted at INiG – PIB has played an important role in identifying appropriate geological structures in Poland with a total storage capacity of 10-15 Gt CO 2 . Around 90-93 % of the CO 2 storage capacity is found in saline aquifers, with a significant portion of approximately 7-10 % identified within mature hydrocarbon fields. Despite recent progress in managing industrial CO 2 emissions, the peace of CCS development falls short of meeting the objectives set by the Paris Agreement. The main hindrance lies in the absence of a suitable regulatory framework for CO 2 transport and storage infrastructure. Recognizing this challenge, the national offshore operator, Lotos Petrobaltic (LPB), presented in 2021 a Green Paper on CCS development in Poland. This document outlines a set of recommendations for legislative alternations to facilitate the initiation of large-scale, commercial CCS projects within the country. Given the current national regulations and assumptions regarding low social barriers, the most expeditious approach to implementing a First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) large-scale CCS project in Poland seems to involve deploying depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs located at the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) within the Baltic Sea. The LPB, with research and scientific support from INiG – PIB, has launched a program aimed at conducting a preliminary assessment of CO 2 injection in Middle Cambrian sandstones. The project is scheduled to begin with a pilot injection into the well-identified, depleted structure of the B3 oil reservoir. Subsequently, it may be ex","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring CO2 storage potential in Lithuanian deep saline aquifers using digital rock volumes: a machine learning guided approach","authors":"Shruti Malik, Pijus Makauskas, Ravi Sharma, Mayur Pal","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23615","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing significance of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) as a climate mitigation strategy has underscored the importance of accurately evaluating subsurface reservoirs for CO 2 sequestration [1]. In this context, digital rock volumes, obtained through advanced imaging techniques such as micro-Xray computed tomography (MXCT), offer intricate insights into the porous and permeable structures of geological formations [2]. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing CO 2 storage viability within Lithuanian deep saline aquifers, namely Syderiai and Vaskai, by utilizing petrophysical properties estimated from digital rock volumes [3, 4]. These petrophysical properties were derived from core samples collected from these formations. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, porosity was estimated while the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was applied to determine permeability [5]. The methodology employed for estimating these petrophysical parameters was initially validated using samples from formations analogous to Lithuanian formations. Subsequently, it was applied to rock samples specifically obtained from Lithuanian formations. The estimated petrophysical properties were compared with peer-reviewed data from published literature. When fluids such as CO 2 or H 2 are injected into sub-surface reservoirs, they can alter pore and grain characteristics. Therefore, it is crucial to extract representative element volumes (REVs) from segmented volumes to study the impact of fluids on porosity and their distribution [6]. These mini models, representing small portions of the larger formation, assist in predicting fluid flow within the formation, which is vital for assessing the efficiency and safety of carbon capture and storage (CCS) operations. Subsequently, numerical modelling was conducted using the petrophysical parameters as inputs to assess the storage capacity of the Lithuanian formations using tNavigator software [7]. This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of pore space distribution and its role in various aspects of long-term CO 2 storage. It also demonstrates the potential of integrating advanced imaging techniques, machine learning, and numerical modeling for accurate assessment and effective management of subsurface CO 2 storage. This study shall aid in enhanced understanding of pore space distribution and their contribution towards various aspects of long-term storage. The results can be extended to study the geochemical reactions and geo-mechanical behaviour of the rocks. Such studies shall further facilitate identification of reservoir(s) wherein sequestration potential can be reliably explored.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135855187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAGNEX and PILCCU in Finland: deployment of CO2 mineralisation in circular economies","authors":"Ron Zevenhoven, Päivö Kinnunen, Jarkko Levänen, Heikki Pirinen, Erkki Levänen","doi":"10.21595/bcf.2023.23569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21595/bcf.2023.23569","url":null,"abstract":"Two ongoing projects in Finland, MAGNEX ( Viable magnesium ecosystem: exploiting Mg from magnesium silicates with carbon capture and utilization ) and PILCCU ( Piloting of ÅA CCU ) aim at using CO 2 mineralisation technology for the overlapping purposes of large-scale CO 2 emissions mitigation and bringing several valuable material streams into circular economies, including construction. Of central importance are magnesium-based materials, such as magnesium carbonate hydrate (MCH), besides (amorphous) silica and several metallic species. On top of revenues from these, CO 2 emissions mitigation lowers the financial penalty from CO 2 emission rights under for example the European ETS. The ÅA process routes are stepwise processes based on extraction of magnesium (and other species) from serpentinite-containing mining tailings from Finland, followed by precipitation of metallic species, carbonation using a CO 2 containing gas-stream (no separate capture step needed) and recovery of solvent salt, respectively. Several separation steps involve (ion-selective) membrane electrodialysis. Besides ongoing mapping and characterisation of Finnish rock resources as tailings or other side-streams at metal and mineral mines in Finland, the projects address public acceptance, legislation and other non-technical issues related to large-scale roll-out of this type of CCU technology. For the use of the solids, magnesium-based cement binders and plaster-like recipes are investigated as well as applications for the (amorphous) silica and other residues, including the use of MCH for cyclic thermal energy storage (TES). Special focus is on accelerating the carbonation step and the final outcome of MCH production, considering pressure (including supercritical CO 2 levels), and the role of recoverable catalysts and other additives. The work receives funding from the Academy of Finland (2022-2025) and from Business Finland plus industry partners (2022-2024), respectively.","PeriodicalId":472427,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Carbon Forum","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}