Journal of Social History最新文献

{"title":"Social Stratification and Career Choice Anxieties in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe","authors":"Orel Beilinson","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Central Europe around 1900 was marred with anxiety around the choice of career. This article weaves histories of education, labor, bureaucracy, and the social sciences to show how families reacted to changes in the labor market, including the opening of careers to talent and the mechanization of handicrafts. Parents found themselves unable to guide their children to a safe profession. Whereas previously, career choices were limited, changes in education and the labor market offered adolescents more options. Simultaneously, however, some occupations became endangered and others overcrowded. The erosion of labor stratification gave families the hope of social mobility but also upended their ontological security, as traditional roads to adulthood became impossible to follow. This article uses the discourse on career choice to write a history of this crisis. The discourse was born in early modern Europe to stop parents from forcing their children into a profession against the children's wishes. In nineteenth-century Europe, however, parents and schools weaponized this discourse against each other to widen or narrow access to advanced education. Social scientists concerned with the industrial labor force joined the conversation by turning career choice into a matter of scientific expertise. Finally, the article shows how voluntary associations pioneered the provision of vocational guidance before state intervention after World War I. Thus, the article traces a significant transformation in the transition to adulthood and offers a prehistory of vocational guidance.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necrophilia, Psychiatry, and Sexology: The Making of Sexual Science in Mid-Twentieth Century Peru","authors":"P. Drinot","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this article, I draw on two sets of sources to explore how Peruvian doctors tried to make sense of what had driven a man to engage in necrophilia in late 1942. On the one hand, I examine the case history and other related documentation that I located in Lima's psychiatric hospital. On the other, I study a detailed article written on the case by Dr Lucio D. Castro and published in 1943. Together, these sources provide rich evidence on how Peruvian doctors addressed what they framed as an abnormality of the sexual instinct and, in turn, as a mental disorder. But the case also provides a fascinating vista on a major taboo—sex with the dead—and more generally on the history of \"perversion\" and therefore on the history of sexuality in Peru. I pay particular attention to how doctors mobilized an eclectic \"theoretical artillery\" of biomedical knowledge in trying to explain the man's psychopathology. I argue that through their \"unruly appropriation\" of sexological knowledge, doctors like Castro sought to make meaningful contributions to a global sexual science while proposing means to channel sexuality away from deviant forms in a manner consonant with broader projects of sexual regulation that Peru and other countries promoted at the time.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43661678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How White Men Won The Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America by Joseph Darda (review)","authors":"David Kieran","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac037","url":null,"abstract":"Two decades into the twenty-first century, the celebration of military personnel and veterans continues unabated. One can hardly attend a sporting event, board an airplane, or drive through a small town without either witnessing or being asked to participate in some celebration of military service. As scholars such as Andrew Bacevich have noted, these uncritical celebrations have made it easier for the United States to engage in perpetual warfare. Appeals to veterans’ exceptionality have also, Joseph Darda explains in his important book How White Men Won The Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America, become “an unassailable method for undercutting black activism in sports” (186). This phenomenon, Darda argues, is the product of a half century or cultural work, undertaken by liberals and conservatives, that has imagined veterans as an aggrieved and, notably, white population whose needs must be privileged. In response to “the civil rights, feminist, and antiwar movements,” he argues, “White men discovered that they could reclaim [their] standing [by] alleging that the government had neglected them to meet the demands of people of color and women while leaving them for dead in Vietnam. . . . The legitimate suffering of some vets gave them a figure through whom they could articulate a racial grievance without acknowledging it as racial” (34). Darda’s work is indebted to a generation of scholars of Vietnam’s legacy who precede him, including Marita Sturken, H. Bruce Franklin, Susan Jeffords, and Kathleen Belew. As a result, on first glance some of the texts he chooses to analyze and some of his specific points about them will be familiar to readers conversant with this literature. This is to be expected, to some degree; there is only so much one can say about Rambo, First Blood: Part II. Where Darda excels, though, is in his ability to locate these texts within the larger assertion of an aggrieved white identity. He begins by illustrating how the Vietnam War was constructed as a traumatic site for white veterans, eliding the experiences of servicemembers of color (43-44, 47, 52). In his strongest chapters, Darda provides compelling readings of a range of cultural products while also attending to their production and reception. Noting that Larry Heineman’s Paco’s Story beat out Toni Morrison’s Beloved for the National Book Award in 1987, for example, he argues that Heineman nonetheless “maintained that the war novelist had no home in American literature, that critics looked down on him . . . . for reminding them of a war that they wished to forget” (65). Through such analyses,","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43311876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immigration: An American History by Carl J. Bon Tempo and Hasia R. Diner (review)","authors":"Brenda Shanahan","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac038","url":null,"abstract":"In co-authoring Immigration: An American History, two of the nation’s leading experts on the subject—Carl Bon Tempo and Hasia Diner—have taken on possibly their greatest challenge yet: surveying four centuries of U.S. immigration history in a captivating yet concise narrative that engages general interest, student, and academic readers alike. Their adroit organization of the book, incorporation of classic and recent works of scholarship covering a wide array of subfields and subjects, and crisp narration of major immigration policy developments alongside concrete demonstrations of representative migrant experiences combine to produce an excellent and original work of synthesis. At a succinct 364 pages of main text, the book proceeds briskly. After a short introduction, the authors divide their work into thirteen chapters, each about twenty-five pages in length. While the chapters largely cover distinct historical eras and advance in chronological order, lengthier time periods—especially those which witnessed high rates of immigration—often receive two chapters split along thematic lines. Though the book prudently eschews broad theorizations in favor of a narrative synthesis, the authors do offer three bigpicture conclusions in their epilogue: that “Immigrants came . . . in search of a better life,” that “the state . . . shaped immigration,” and that “Immigrants are like us” (italics in original; 362, 363). The paired chapters stand out among the book’s many strengths as especially efficacious. They afford the authors enough space to dive into social, cultural, and economic histories of immigrants in one chapter while describing contemporaneous immigration politics and policy developments in the other. This organization, in turn, allows the authors to lean into their respective areas of expertise and past publications (such as Diner’s socioeconomic and cultural explorations of Jewish, Irish, and/or women’s immigration history and Bon Tempo’s work on the development of post-World War II U.S. refugee law) while interweaving older and newer examples of immigration scholarship (on subjects ranging from the evolution of the federal immigration apparatus to various immigrant rights movements). While this structure does produce occasional complications (with content about the Dillingham Commission split among back-to-back chapters, for instance), its benefits far outweigh these slight costs.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45413140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Deportation Express: A History of America Through Forced Removal. By Ethan Blue","authors":"Adam Goodman","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60887939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Utopias: The Art and Politics of Hope in Germany by Jennifer Allen (review)","authors":"Jake P. Smith","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac039","url":null,"abstract":"Rather than interpreting the 1980s in the Federal Republic of Germany as a time of fear, neoliberal retrenchment, resurgent nationalism, collapsing leftist futures, or no-future nihilism, Jennifer Allen encourages us to view these years as a period of democratic awakenings and new utopian imaginaries, an era that witnessed “a reconceptualization of the idea of utopia itself” (28). No longer was utopia singular, totalizing, or abstracted from the present; rather, over the course of the 1980s, it became something towards which one could work, a set of sustainable, everyday strategies for building a better world. In making the case for this transformation and renaissance of utopian thought, Allen focuses on three different groups: site-specific performance artists, amateur historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop, and the political activists of the nascent Green Party, all of whom engaged in practices that democratized, decentralized, and normalized utopian practices, thus making utopia sustainable. Over the course of six chapters, Allen traces how these different groups imagined and actualized their sustainable utopian visions. She begins with an analysis of experimental artists such as Joseph Beuys and Gunter Demnig, who designed projects intended to actively intervene in and transform public space. With ventures such as Beuys’s “7000 Oaks,” in which thousands of oak trees were planted throughout the city of Kassel, these artists sought to decentralize and democratize the production of art and, in so doing, to encourage citizens to participate in the critical reconstitution of their everyday environments. The historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop sought to initiate similar changes in how people engaged with the past. Instead of simply producing written studies that challenged dominant and exclusionary interpretations of history, Workshop participants designed exhibits that allowed citizens to encounter the past in their everyday lives. For example, they organized walking tours that highlighted local resistance to Nazism, they worked to change street names, and they created the “Mobile Museum,” a bus that took historical exhibits (such as the T-4 exhibit on the Nazi euthanasia program) to neighborhoods throughout the city. By changing how people interacted with traces of the past in their everyday environments, members of the Workshop believed they could cultivate critical counter publics that would actively work towards creating utopian futures. Allen’s last example comes from the activists of the German Green Party, which emerged in the early 1980s as an","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The World That Latin America Created: The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America in the Development Era. By Margarita Fajardo","authors":"Christy Thornton","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46584119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unintended Lessons of Revolution: Student Teachers and Political Radicalism in Twentieth-Century Mexico. By Tanalís Padilla","authors":"K. A. Aguilar","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus by Waleed Ziad (review)","authors":"S. Haroon","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac036","url":null,"abstract":"This book explores the teachings and activities of the Mujaddidi Sufi Fazl Ahmad and his spiritual and familial descendants to construct a cultural landscape stretching from Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan in late precolonial India to Bukhara and Khoqand under imperial Russia. Mujaddidis took their identity from their training in the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624). Ziad argues that Mujaddidi sainthood constituted a “hidden caliphate” in the form of a Persianate sacro-cultural sphere; this study of Fazl Ahmad’s lineage maps out a domain of exchange and circulation of Mujaddidi “scholarly, sacred, and diplomatic goods and services.” Chapter 3 and the associated Appendix B track the reproduction of two manuals in print and manuscript form (thirteen of one and nine of the other) presenting a model for understanding the transmission of spiritual knowledge and the extension of the Mujaddidi Sufi order. These manuals served as a Mujaddidi curriculum and, repackaged with texts produced by other lineages, constitute a continuous Mujaddidi tradition from Sindh to Khoqand. Ziad tells us that these texts were demanded by disciples who carried them back to remote villages to serve as teaching aids. Commissions reveal a literate reading class, rulers, and courtiers among the audience for these texts. Ziad’s presentation of this material is highly instructive in proposing a model for understanding the regional dispersal of a spiritual tradition and undergirds his treatment of the Mujaddidi Sufi order as a unified tradition by providing evidence of Mujaddidi teachers providing spiritual services demanded by their students and other social elites. In chapters 4–9, Ziad examines the lives and careers of Fazl Ahmad and some members of his family and lineage “beyond the Oxus and the Indus.” Chapters 4 and 5 present Fazl Ahmad’s teaching and activities in Peshawar, a node of activity in which Fazl Ahmad’s personnel managed caravan trade routes, correspondence and land grants from the 1760s until his death in 1816, and in Bukhara where he established a second khanqah. Ziad makes good use of twentieth century Urdu language hagiographies and waqf documentation located in the Uzbekistan national archives to situate Fazl Ahmad. Chapter 7 examines Fazl Ahmad’s adaptation to a non-sedentary environment through his deputization of the illiterate Faqir Sahib who was already a spiritual leader in his own right, and the latter’s base of operations in Zakori and in the Powindah tribal","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49178496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Of Two-Tailed Lizards: Spells, Folk-Knowledge, and Navigating Manila, 1620–1650","authors":"D. M. Findley","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although seventeenth-century Manila has been anointed the birthplace of global trade and its diversity is well-established, how individuals navigated that milieu is only recently coming to light. To elucidate how various persons experienced Manila, this article assembles and analyzes nearly one hundred denunciations of sorcery (hechicería) made to the Philippine branch of the Inquisition between ca. 1620 and 1650. The hexes and spells sold in this period promised material and physical benefits. Individuals purchased or learned about spells primarily from Indigenous Philippine peoples, but also from Manila's Moluccan, Indian, and Japanese residents who either imitated Philippine hexes or marketed their own, distinct spells. This exchange took place outside Manila's city walls, in the sprawling city of Extramuros, where frequent interactions between diverse peoples facilitated exchange and even contributed to the emergence of novel, hybridized hexes mixing Catholic invocations and Philippine rituals. Cumulatively, what these denunciations of a minor crime capture is the everyday interactions between diverse peoples that defined Manila. In the process, they establish how residents experienced and navigated the world's first global city.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}