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The King’s Gambit: Rationalizing the fall of the Templars 国王的甘比特：合理化圣殿骑士的堕落
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231160657
G. Benzecry, M. Shera
{"title":"The King’s Gambit: Rationalizing the fall of the Templars","authors":"G. Benzecry, M. Shera","doi":"10.1177/10434631231160657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231160657","url":null,"abstract":"What can the fall of the Knights Templars teach us about medieval institutions? We highlight that the Templar’s annihilation results from the institutional shock of Pope Clement V’s decision to relocate the papacy from Italy to France. Prior to the relocation, an equilibrium persisted for more than a century where the Templars made loans to more powerful kings, with the reassurance that they were protected by the Church. The decision of Pope Clement V to relocate the papacy to France altered the Church’s relationship with the French Crown and imposed substantial constraints on the Church’s ability to safeguard one of its most important monastic orders, the Knights Templar. In a dynamic game scenario, we model Clement V and Philip IV’s decision making, emphasizing important choices that led to the Knights Templar’s demise. This historical episode illustrates the relationship between credible commitments and religious legitimacy, and the precarious and personal nature of pre-modern political institutions.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"167 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47076483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Does money strengthen our social ties? Longitudinal evidence of lottery winners 金钱能加强我们的社会联系吗？彩票中奖者的纵向证据
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231159567
Joan Costa‐Font, Nattavudh Powdthavee
{"title":"Does money strengthen our social ties? Longitudinal evidence of lottery winners","authors":"Joan Costa‐Font, Nattavudh Powdthavee","doi":"10.1177/10434631231159567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231159567","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effect of lottery wins on the strength of social ties and its different types, including support networks, in the United Kingdom. On average, we find that winning more in the lottery increases the probability of meeting friends on most days, which is consistent with the complementary effect of income on the strength of social ties. The opposite is true with regards to social ties held for more instrumental reasons such as talking to neighbours. Winning more in the lottery also lessens an individual support network consistently with a substitution of income and support network. However, further robustness checks reveal that such average lottery effects are driven by individuals exhibiting very large wins only, thus suggesting that small to medium-sized wins (below £10k) may not be enough to change people’s social ties and support network in a substantial way.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"139 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42536915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Camouflage: A dominant reaction to worsening conditions 伪装：对环境恶化的主要反应
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231157588
B. Frey
{"title":"Camouflage: A dominant reaction to worsening conditions","authors":"B. Frey","doi":"10.1177/10434631231157588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231157588","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals choose camouflage as a dominant response when a state’s political conditions worsen, particularly when a democracy turns authoritarian. Individuals hide their private preferences to survive under oppressive regimes. This paper argues that in many circumstances camouflage is the most rational, cost-minimizing reaction to oppression. The paper identifies five kinds of costs that induce individuals to resort to four different ideal types of camouflage: (1) avoidance of contact, (2) minimal participation, (3) restricted cooperation, and (4) full engagement with the oppressive regime. Camouflage is particularly advantageous as the costs of exit or voice are often high. Therefore, a large majority of citizens disagreeing with the ideology and policies of a regime are likely to camouflage.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"366 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49579763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Nudge in perspective: A systematic literature review on the ethical issues with nudging 透视助推:关于助推的伦理问题的系统文献综述
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231155005
Paul Kuyer, B. Gordijn
{"title":"Nudge in perspective: A systematic literature review on the ethical issues with nudging","authors":"Paul Kuyer, B. Gordijn","doi":"10.1177/10434631231155005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231155005","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we systematically review the literature on the ethics of nudging. Since the publication of the book Nudge by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein in 2008, a rich literature has been developed on the question whether it is ethical to nudge people. This is an important area for research as nudges are commonly used by governments and private corporations to alter the behaviour of citizens and consumers. In order to gain a complete overview of this literature, we conduct a systematic search of academic sources. We investigate which ethical issues with nudging are discussed. We find four major ethical issues, namely worries regarding 1) autonomy, 2) welfare, 3) long-term adverse effects, and 4) democracy and deliberation. We discuss each ethical issue by highlighting how it is defined, what the critique constitutes, what its sub-issues are, and which defences of nudging have been argued for. In this way, the systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the ethics of nudging to date. The results of our systematic review contribute to a better understanding of the ethical issues with nudging, as well as of the current state of the literature on these topics.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"191 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42021477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Political inequality in participation index - a Gini-based measure of inequalities in political participation 参与中的政治不平等指数——一种基于基尼系数的政治参与不平等指标
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221143614
Pál Susánszky, R. Somogyi, Gergely Tóth
{"title":"Political inequality in participation index - a Gini-based measure of inequalities in political participation","authors":"Pál Susánszky, R. Somogyi, Gergely Tóth","doi":"10.1177/10434631221143614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221143614","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring inequalities in political participation across social groups is a challenging task as participation is typically coded in dummy variables. For instance, social scientists record whether their respondents have voted in the previous elections (1) or not (0). In this paper, we identify a list of desirable criteria that an inequality index used for empirical comparative studies should meet. Existing inequality indices fail to satisfy one or more of these criteria. Building on our list, we define a new Gini-type index, the Political Inequality in Participation Index (PIPI), suitable for cross-country comparisons. We show that inequalities measured by the PIPI are correlated to, but are qualitatively different from the best-known measurements. In particular, using data simulation techniques, we demonstrate that this correlation is decreasing in the complexity of societies’ structure. Moreover, by replicating an existing study, we further demonstrate that when working with real-world data, the PIPI provides new empirical results.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"231 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43640687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Understanding the stickiness in high-SES students’ educational expectations: The role of private schools 理解高社会经济地位学生教育期望的粘性：私立学校的作用
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221142266
Manuel T. Valdés
{"title":"Understanding the stickiness in high-SES students’ educational expectations: The role of private schools","authors":"Manuel T. Valdés","doi":"10.1177/10434631221142266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221142266","url":null,"abstract":"Different studies have observed that performance is a worse predictor of educational expectations among high-SES students. This result has been referred to as stickiness in high-SES students’ expectations and explained as the outcome of the capacity and motivation of high-SES families to manage low performance so that it does not affect educational ambition and endanger social maintenance. However, little is known about how that stickiness is achieved. I use Spanish data from PISA 2018 to assess the role played by private schools in the stickiness of the expectation of enrolment in the academic track of upper secondary education. First, I report high stickiness in high-SES Spanish students’ expectations. Then, I find that low performance is less detrimental to educational ambition in private schools, particularly for high-SES students. Finally, I simulate a counterfactual scenario where high-SES students enrol in private schools as often as low-SES students and observe that one-fifth of the stickiness in the expectation of academic-USE disappears.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"110 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46431494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Voting behavior as social action: Habits, norms, values, and rationality in electoral participation 作为社会行动的投票行为:选举参与的习惯、规范、价值与理性
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221142733
R. Becker
{"title":"Voting behavior as social action: Habits, norms, values, and rationality in electoral participation","authors":"R. Becker","doi":"10.1177/10434631221142733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221142733","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to contribute, theoretically and empirically, to an improved understanding of the social processes and mechanisms generating a citizen’s decisions regarding electoral participation. It seeks to contribute to a solution for the legendary paradox of electoral participation based on formalized social-psychological dual process theories by integrating the Weberian typology of rationalities and related social action into a comprehensive explanation of voter turnout. The empirical analysis, based on two German surveys carried out in 1998 and 2017, reveals that the instrumentally rational voting (purposively rational action) emphasized in the classic rational choice theories used in economic electoral research is rather a special case among modal types of action such as habitual voting (traditional action), norm-related voting (norm-guided action), and voting due to value rationality (value-rational action). Most voters vote out of habit and based on norms and values, while purely purposive-rational voting is more of a special case.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"81 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43839431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Regulation and state capacity. 监管和国家能力。
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221130850
Arjun Chowdhury
{"title":"Regulation and state capacity.","authors":"Arjun Chowdhury","doi":"10.1177/10434631221130850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221130850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While one might expect states with low capacity to regulate less than states with high capacity, this is not supported by evidence, leaving open the possibility of rent-seeking. I use the example of the regulation of witchcraft in parts of Africa to informally model the conditions under which states with low capacity still come to promulgate a range of regulations even in the absence of rent-seeking interests. The model suggests that regulation can be a substitute for basic state functions like policing. I identify one normatively troubling aspect of this; the conditions under which such regulation might still improve state capacity over time, which qualifies claims made about rent-seeking and neo-patrimonialism; the model's implications for contemporary state formation; and the parallels between the regulation of witchcraft and the regulation of offensive speech.</p>","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"34 4","pages":"446-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9648979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40475766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Socioeconomic status, reputation, and interpersonal trust in peer-to-peer markets: Evidence from an online experiment 点对点市场中的社会经济地位、声誉和人际信任:来自在线实验的证据
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221131771
Marijn A. Keijzer, R. Corten
{"title":"Socioeconomic status, reputation, and interpersonal trust in peer-to-peer markets: Evidence from an online experiment","authors":"Marijn A. Keijzer, R. Corten","doi":"10.1177/10434631221131771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221131771","url":null,"abstract":"Online peer-to-peer markets decentralize the distribution of resources, creating a trust problem in economic exchange on the internet. Individual characteristics of trustees — as determinants for being trusted — are therefore increasingly important. In light of this societal development, this study investigates the role of socioeconomic status and reputation as drivers of interpersonal trust. Some have argued that lower status trustees are trusted more easily because over the life course, they repeatedly rely on others' resources. Others state that higher status trustees are perceived as being more trustworthy, because they are more vulnerable to social control and loss of reputation. We propose a novel, experimental method for examining interpersonal trust situations that resembles the reality of peer-to-peer market platforms. 626 subjects in an online experiment were asked to place trust in their preferable trustee based on the asking price, and seller characteristics. The results from conditional logistic regression models showed that status increases perceived trustworthiness and positively affects the trust premium for past trustworthy behavior. Strong reputation effects were found, sending out a warning for inequitable emergent inequality of trust through reputation cascading.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"34 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48369694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social capital and mobility: An experimental study 社会资本与流动性：一项实验研究
IF 1 4区 社会学
Rationality and Society Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1177/10434631221134176
Ondřej Krčál, Š. Mikula, Rostislav Staněk
{"title":"Social capital and mobility: An experimental study","authors":"Ondřej Krčál, Š. Mikula, Rostislav Staněk","doi":"10.1177/10434631221134176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221134176","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical models of local social capital predict that communities may find themselves in one of two equilibria: one with a high level of local social capital and low migration or one with a low level of local social capital and high migration. There is empirical literature suggesting that immigrants who join communities high in social capital are more likely to invest in local social capital and that the whole community will then end up in the equilibrium with high local social capital and low migration. However, this literature suffers from the selection of immigrants, which makes the identification challenging. In order to test the causal influence of the initial level of local social capital, we take the setup used in the theoretical models into the laboratory. We treat some communities by increasing the initial level of social capital without affecting the equilibrium outcomes. We find that while most communities end up in one of the two equilibria predicted by the theoretical models, the treated communities are more likely to converge to the equilibrium with a high level of local social capital and low migration.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"61 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
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