Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation最新文献

{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2021.","authors":"Tianqi Sun, Tianfu Yu, Pengcheng Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00635-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00635-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Idiopathic epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder that can lead to premature death and severe disability. We aimed to assess the global burden of idiopathic epilepsy, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current dynamics and trends in idiopathic epilepsy, and to gain insight into its epidemiological attributes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed the global, regional, and national impact of idiopathic epilepsy through incidence and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). After statistically summarizing the global incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), we performed Estimating Average Percent Change (EAPC) correlation analyses and Joinpoint regression analyses to further derive global trends in idiopathic epilepsy incidence rates and DALYs. Furthermore, through decomposition analysis, we determined which factors significantly influence the change in incidence and DALYs and the extent of their contribution. In addition, this study quantified the disparities in the burden of idiopathic epilepsy across countries through cross-country social inequality analyses, and finally predicted the future burden of idiopathic epilepsy based on Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Model (BAPC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1990 to 2021, the incidence of idiopathic epilepsy increased generally, whereas DALY decreased. In terms of age and gender, the burden of idiopathic epilepsy is more severe in children and older age groups, with males bearing a higher burden than females. In terms of geographical distribution, the incidence was significantly higher in high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions, while the burden of idiopathic epilepsy was heavier in low SDI areas. Decomposition analyses showed that the increase in incidence of idiopathic epilepsy and DALY in high SDI regions was mainly driven by epidemiological changes, whereas the increase in low SDI areas was more due to population growth. Cross-country social inequality analyses showed that despite improvements in the burden of idiopathic epilepsy, the burden and inequalities in low SDI countries remains significant. Projections indicated an increase in the incidence of idiopathic epilepsy globally, particularly in the 85 + age group, while global DALY was anticipated to continue declining.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although global health is improving in line with population growth and age structure, the burden of idiopathic epilepsy remains significant. This study provides an important basis for prevention and care strategies for idiopathic epilepsy in different regions. Future work should focus on integrating idiopathic epilepsy into public health priorities, promoting effective measures, and narrowing treatment gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12160428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review for cost-effectiveness analysis of laparoscopic Intra-peritoneal Onlay Mesh for ventral hernia repair in Indian settings.","authors":"Charu Guleria, Dinesh Kumar, Krushna Chandra Sahoo","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00638-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00638-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health Technology Assessment in India (HTAIn) carries evidence-based decision making in improving health care. This study was done to assess cost-effectiveness of the laparoscopic IPOM technique compared to open VHR from health system perspective of India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Meta-analysis of outcomes of both procedures was carried out whereas cost estimates were obtained from national health system costing database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) showed similar risk in hernia recurrence rates between laparoscopic IPOM and open technique (RR: 1.28 95% C.I: 0.81, 2.04) but with significantly less risk for wound infections (RR: 0.31 95% C.I: 0.18, 0.54). Estimated cost from National Health System Costing Database (NHSCD) per VHR was high for laparoscopic IPOM (INR 58,872) compared to open hernioplasty (INR 36,166) with estimated Incremental Cost-Effective Ratio of INR 5,023 per wound infection averted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Laparoscopic IPOM was not clinically effective in hernia recurrence and less likely to be cost-effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12150577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of a new paradigm to simplify testing, monitoring and treatment of hepatitis C virus in the United States.","authors":"Douglas Dietrich, Nancy Reau, Aijaz Ahmed, Rob Blissett, Adam Igloi-Nagy, Alon Yehoshua","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00622-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00622-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and treatment pathway in the United States (US) includes a range of tests and appointments causing delays and loss to follow-up. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of simplifying the pathway using an economic model to estimate health outcomes, cost differences and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and life year (LY) of the new paradigm compared to the other scenarios. The analysis compared three scenarios, one based on treatment guidelines, one based on real-world practice and a hypothetical scenario with a simplified pathway (\"new paradigm\"); these differed in testing and treatment process steps and times. The new paradigm resulted in cost reductions between $19,751 and $16,448, and excess QALYs between 0.42 and 0.70, suggesting that simplifying the US HCV patient pathway may be cost-effective and allows a quicker path to successful treatment and reduce the number of patients lost to follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12135392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of myopia-control spectacles and contact lenses for children and adolescents in Wales.","authors":"Hayley Bennett, Andy Britton, David O'Sullivan, Francesca Lado","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00632-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00632-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early intervention to slow childhood progression of myopia may improve quality of life and prevent future complications that burden individuals and healthcare systems. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of myopia-control spectacles and contact lenses for the reduction of myopia progression among children and adolescents in Wales.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cost-utility analysis compared peripheral plus spectacle lenses (PPSL), multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCL) and orthokeratology against single-vision correction. Efficacy and safety were informed by a Cochrane systemic review and meta-analyses. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs incurred by NHS Wales were modelled over a lifetime horizon and discounted at 3.5%. Sensitivity analyses estimated uncertainty in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PPSL was estimated to provide minimal benefit at a higher cost than single-vision correction. MFSCL gave a 0.28 QALY improvement at an additional cost of £4,040; corresponding to an ICER of £8,367 versus single-vision correction. Orthokeratology provided 0.5 QALYs at an additional cost of £3,732; corresponding to an ICER of £3,995 versus single-vision correction. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, ICERs were below £20,000 in 71% and 90% of simulations for MFSCL and orthokeratology, respectively. Orthokeratology was the most cost-effective strategy in 76% of simulations. Cost-effectiveness was influenced by changes in progression rates, intervention costs and the utility of high myopia. However, orthokeratology remained the most cost-effective strategy throughout.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MFSCL and orthokeratology may be cost-effective options to slow the progression of myopia at thresholds applied in the UK. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of myopia-control interventions and their impact on quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of two psychological treatments for controlled drinking in individuals alcohol use disorder.","authors":"Sergio Flores, Egill Jónsson-Bachmann, Stina Ingesson-Hammarberg, Anders Hammarberg, Camilla Nystrand, Filipa Sampaio","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00633-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00633-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of costs in implementing the HEARTS hypertension program in Nigerian primary care.","authors":"Emmanuel Ndenor Sambo, Muhammad Jami Husain, Soumava Basu, Malau Mangai Toma, Sunday Victor Eze, Kufor Osi, Nanlop Ogbureke, Okeoma Erojikwe, Bolanle Banigbe, Andrew E Moran, Deliana Kostova","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00626-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00626-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Nigeria Hypertension Control Initiative (NHCI) program, launched in 2020, integrates hypertension care into primary healthcare using the HEARTS technical package, which includes screening, health counselling, and standardized hypertension treatment protocols. This package has been piloted through NHCI in Kano and Ogun States and in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, as part of the Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria (HTN) project.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the costs of scaling up the HEARTS hypertension control package and compare these costs with those of usual care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on the costs of implementing the HEARTS program were collected from 15 purposively sampled primary health facilities in Kano, Ogun, and FCT Abuja between February and April 2024. Costs included training, medicines, provider time, and administrative expenses. We used the HEARTS costing tool, an Excel-based instrument, to collect and analyze the annual costs from a health system perspective, using an activity-based approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The estimated annual cost of implementing HEARTS was USD 16 per adult primary care user (PCU), with variations across the three locations: USD 21 in Abuja, USD 11 in Kano, and USD 16 in Ogun. Average annual medication costs per patient treated under HEARTS also varied by location, amounting to USD 28 in Abuja, USD 27 in Ogun, and USD 16 in Kano. Under usual care, annual medication costs per patient were estimated at USD 32 in Kano and USD 16 in Ogun (data for Abuja were unavailable). Major cost drivers for the HEARTS package included provider time (49%) and medication (47%), compared to usual care, where medication alone accounted for 80% of costs. Implementing HEARTS requires a full-time equivalent of 0.45 doctors, 1.59 nurses, and 5.21 community health workers per 10,000 primary care users.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the Nigerian primary care setting, provider time costs and medication costs emerge as major considerations in scaling up hypertension services. Policy options could consider reducing follow-up visit frequency for well-controlled patients to decrease provider time costs. Additionally, medication costs may be reduced by prioritizing first-line treatments and volume-driven purchasing as program scale-up continues.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of hospital budgeting system on physician-executives' budget cognitive consciousness and medical decision making.","authors":"Wen-Hsin Huang, Cheng-Tsung Lu","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00629-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00629-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>This study adopts social cognitive theory to comprehensively explore how hospital budgeting systems influence physician-executives' budget cognitions (budget usefulness, relevance, and cost control consciousness) and how these cognitions subsequently affect medical decision-making within the context of a global budget payment system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was collected through questionnaire survey method. Before distributing the formal questionnaire, researchers interviewed the hospital director to discuss the questionnaire items that matched the current medical organization situation. Subsequently, the formal questionnaire was mailed directly to physician-executives in teaching hospitals (National Health Insurance contracted). We used the Structural Equation Model to examine the causal relationships among research variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hospital budgeting systems with communication, control, and forecasting characteristics positively impact physician-executives' cognitions of the relevance and usefulness of budget information. Both physician-executives' cognition of budget quality (relevance and usefulness) and budgeting systems characteristics positively impact the establishment of physician-executives' cost control consciousness. This heightened cost control consciousness significantly influences physician-executives' subsequent medical decisions. This study confirmed that when considerations of limited medical resources and costs under a global budget payment system, physician-executives tend to adopt cost control medical decision-making behaviors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The empirical findings of this study indicate that when physician-executives possess cost control consciousness or budget-related cognitive concepts, it may influence their adoption of cost control medical decisions. Therefore, in a highly competitive medical environment with limited resources under a global budget payment system, striking a balance between the rational allocation of budgetary resources and ensuring adequate medical care for the public becomes a critical issue. These findings provide valuable insights for both the medical industry and government in formulating future health insurance policies. Moreover, they offer hospitals useful references for designing and implementing effective budgeting systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of economic burden of high salt intake in cardiovascular disease attributed to hypertension in Iran.","authors":"Sirous Pourkhajoei, Reza Goudarzi, Mohammadreza Amiresmaeili, Nouzar Nakhaee, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00631-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-025-00631-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Excessive salt consumption is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) attributed to hypertension, major contributors to mortality in Iran. This study aims to estimate the economic burden of high salt consumption on CVD attributed to hypertension in Iran in 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cross-sectional research was conducted in public and private hospitals in the southeast of Iran. The costs of CVD patients attributed to hypertension (ICD I10-I15) were estimated using a prevalence-based and bottom-up approach from society's perspective classifying costs into direct and social Costs of disease management. The indirect costs of productivity losses were quantified using the human capital approach. Sensitivity analysis was employed to investigate the effect of uncertain parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean cost per CVD patient was US$1392.48, with an estimated total economic burden of US$980.61 million in Iran. Direct costs constituted 44.47% of the total disease burden, while social costs accounted for 55.53%. The results were robust, with a 20% variation in the average unit price of all direct medical and non-medical costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the substantial economic burden of high salt consumption on CVD attributable to hypertension in Iran, amounting to 3.25 times current health expenditures per capita and 0.27 times GDP per capita in 2022. Indirect costs, including productivity losses, surpass direct costs, underscoring the broader societal impact. Sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of results, emphasizing the urgent need for preventive measures and resource allocation. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize salt reduction programs to mitigate costs, enhance patient care, and promote long-term economic and health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12090608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing strategy for cervical cancer prevention in china: a comprehensive modeling analysis.","authors":"Dachuang Zhou, Di Zhang, Yi Wang, Kejia Zhou, Wenxi Tang","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00630-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-025-00630-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the first domestic 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine soon to be introduced in China, alongside advancements in cervical cancer screening technologies, we aimed to evaluate and identify effective, cost-effective, and affordable cervical cancer prevention strategies suitable for China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a Markov model from the healthcare system perspective, comprising 18 ages strata and 9 health states, to predict the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and affordability of 38 different cervical cancer prevention strategies over the next 30 years, compared with no intervention. The model parameters were calibrated using least-squares fitting against real-world data and simulation results for the no-intervention scenario. Strategies were assessed and selected based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) cervical cancer elimination target (incidence < 4 per 100,000), cost-effectiveness threshold (Incremental cost effectiveness ratio [ICER] < one-time China's 2023 per capita GDP), and current cervical cancer prevention budget in China. We conducted one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and considered potential price reductions from centralized procurement to assess the robustness of the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with no intervention, 16 strategies could achieve cervical cancer elimination by 2050, 29 were highly cost-effective, and 11 were affordable. Overall, only screening women aged 35-64 using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) combined with bivalent vaccination for girls aged 9-14 met all criteria. This strategy could achieve cervical cancer elimination by 2041, with an ICER of US$2,543.91 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), and was deemed affordable. Sensitivity analysis indicated the results were robust. If price reductions from centralized procurement were considered, CareHPV, PAP, and 9-valent HPV vaccination could become attractive alternatives.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Screening women aged 35-64 with VIA and vaccinating girls aged 9-14 with the bivalent HPV vaccine is currently the most suitable cervical cancer prevention strategy for China. In scenarios with larger budgets, more accurate screening methods and the 9-valent HPV vaccine could be introduced. Our study provides crucial evidence for cervical cancer prevention and control policy in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness analysis and value incommensurability.","authors":"Anders Herlitz","doi":"10.1186/s12962-025-00624-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-025-00624-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper argues that in many contexts where effectiveness analysis such as benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis is used, we have good reason to think that some benefits or costs are incommensurable in value such that neither can be determined to be better than the other, although they cannot be determined to be equally good either. Two responses to such value incommensurability are outlined: abandoning conventional ways of measuring benefits and costs and replacing one-dimensional measures with multi-dimensional measures or sticking to conventional ways of measuring benefits and costs and accepting that whatever valuation one comes up with, it will fail to reflect the actual values and value relations between benefits and costs. Both responses are argued to be problematic.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":"23 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}