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Adversarial Argument, Belief Change, and Vulnerability. 对抗性的争论，信念的改变和脆弱性。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-021-09769-8
Moira Howes, Catherine Hundleby
{"title":"Adversarial Argument, Belief Change, and Vulnerability.","authors":"Moira Howes,&nbsp;Catherine Hundleby","doi":"10.1007/s11245-021-09769-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-021-09769-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When people argue, they are vulnerable to unwanted and costly changes in their beliefs. This vulnerability motivates the position that belief involuntarism makes argument inherently adversarial (Casey, Informal Log 40:77-108, 2020), as well as the development of alternatives to adversarial argumentation such as \"invitational rhetoric\" (Foss and Griffin, Commun Monogr 62:2-18, 1995). The emphasis on involuntary belief change in such accounts, in our perspective, neglects three dimensions of arguing: the diversity of arguer intentions, audience agency, and the benefits of belief change. The complex impact of arguments on both audiences and arguers involves vulnerabilities related to various forces of argument, not just the intellectual force of premise-conclusion complexes. Shifting emphasis from adversariality to vulnerability, we propose a more holistic understanding of argument, in which vulnerability reveals various sources of strength and opportunity in addition to risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 5","pages":"859-872"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8520342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39554678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Introduction: Introducing Philosophy of the City. 导论:介绍城市哲学。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-021-09739-0
Jules Simon
{"title":"Introduction: Introducing <i>Philosophy of the City</i>.","authors":"Jules Simon","doi":"10.1007/s11245-021-09739-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-021-09739-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 2","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-021-09739-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25500419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Who's Afraid of Adversariality? Conflict and Cooperation in Argumentation. 谁害怕对抗?论证中的冲突与合作。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-020-09736-9
Catarina Dutilh Novaes
{"title":"Who's Afraid of Adversariality? Conflict and Cooperation in Argumentation.","authors":"Catarina Dutilh Novaes","doi":"10.1007/s11245-020-09736-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-020-09736-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since at least the 1980s, the role of adversariality in argumentation has been extensively discussed within different domains. Prima facie, there seem to be two extreme positions on this issue: argumentation should (ideally at least) <i>never</i> be adversarial, as we should always aim for cooperative argumentative engagement; argumentation should be and in fact is <i>always</i> adversarial, given that adversariality (when suitably conceptualized) is an intrinsic property of argumentation. I here defend the view that specific instances of argumentation are (and should be) adversarial or cooperative <i>to different</i> degrees. What determines whether an argumentative situation should be primarily adversarial or primarily cooperative are contextual features and background conditions external to the argumentative situation itself, in particular the extent to which the parties involved have prior conflicting or else convergent interests. To further develop this claim, I consider three <i>teloi</i> that are frequently associated with argumentation: the epistemic <i>telos</i>, the consensus-building <i>telos</i>, and the conflict management <i>telos</i>. I start with a brief discussion of the concepts of adversariality, cooperation, and conflict in general. I then sketch the main lines of the debates in the recent literature on adversariality in argumentation. Next, I discuss the three <i>teloi</i> of argumentation listed above in turn, emphasizing the roles of adversariality and cooperation for each of them.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 5","pages":"873-886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-020-09736-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39702856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Team Reasoning and the Rational Choice of Payoff-Dominant Outcomes in Games. 团队推理与博弈中收益优势结果的理性选择。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-018-9575-z
Natalie Gold, Andrew M Colman
{"title":"Team Reasoning and the Rational Choice of Payoff-Dominant Outcomes in Games.","authors":"Natalie Gold,&nbsp;Andrew M Colman","doi":"10.1007/s11245-018-9575-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-9575-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Standard game theory cannot explain the selection of payoff-dominant outcomes that are best for all players in common-interest games. Theories of team reasoning can explain why such mutualistic cooperation is rational. They propose that teams can be agents and that individuals in teams can adopt a distinctive mode of reasoning that enables them to do their part in achieving Pareto-dominant outcomes. We show that it can be rational to play payoff-dominant outcomes, given that an agent group identifies. We compare team reasoning to other theories that have been proposed to explain how people can achieve payoff-dominant outcomes, especially with respect to rationality. Some authors have hoped that it would be possible to develop an argument that it is rational to group identify. We identify some large-probably insuperable-problems with this project and sketch some more promising approaches, whereby the normativity of group identification rests on morality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"39 2","pages":"305-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-018-9575-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37782720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Emergence, Reduction and the Identity and Individuation of Powers. 权力的产生、减少、同一性和个体化。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-12-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-018-9621-x
Alexander Daniel Carruth
{"title":"Emergence, Reduction and the Identity and Individuation of Powers.","authors":"Alexander Daniel Carruth","doi":"10.1007/s11245-018-9621-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-9621-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One recently popular way to characterise strong emergence is to say that emergent entities possess <i>novel causal powers</i>. However, there is little agreement concerning the nature of powers. One controversy involves whether powers are single- or multi-track; that is, whether each power has only one manifestation type, or whether a single power can be directed towards a number of distinct manifestations. Another concerns <i>how</i> powers operate: whether a lone power manifests when triggered by the presence of a suitable stimulus, or whether powers operate mutually such that several powers must 'work together' to bring about a particular manifestation. This paper examines how these distinctions-which can be cross-combined to frame four distinct accounts of the nature of powers-bear on the debate between emergentists and reductionists.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"39 5","pages":"1021-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-018-9621-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38629322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Moral Bio-enhancement, Freedom, Value and the Parity Principle. 道德生物强化、自由、价值和平等原则。
IF 1.3 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-017-9482-8
Jonathan Pugh
{"title":"Moral Bio-enhancement, Freedom, Value and the Parity Principle.","authors":"Jonathan Pugh","doi":"10.1007/s11245-017-9482-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11245-017-9482-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A prominent objection to non-cognitive moral bio-enhancements (NCMBEs) is that they would compromise the recipient's 'freedom to fall'. I begin by discussing some ambiguities in this objection, before outlining an Aristotelian reading of it. I suggest that this reading may help to forestall Persson and Savulescu's 'God-Machine' criticism; however, I suggest that the objection still faces the problem of explaining why the value of moral conformity is insufficient to outweigh the value of the freedom to fall itself. I also question whether the objection is compatible with Neil Levy's parity principle. Accordingly, I go on to consider an alternative relational freedom-based objection to NCMBEs that aims to explain the fundamental moral importance of the freedom that NCMBEs would violate. I argue that although this strategy might allow the critic of NCMBEs to bypass a powerful criticism of Harris' objection, it also weakens the freedom-based objection's compatibility with the parity principle.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"38 1","pages":"73-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6428794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37129332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dusting off ancient anthropometric data banks: the “Mainz Punch Card Archive” and “Geneva ADAM” and their integration with the updated and enlarged LiVES-COstA online database 重拾古代人体测量数据库:“美因茨打卡档案”和“日内瓦ADAM”，以及它们与更新和扩大的livescosta在线数据库的整合
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.17171/2-12-6-1
Julia Ebert, Robert Martin, J. Desideri, M. Besse, W. Henke, Markus Gross, E. Rosenstock
{"title":"Dusting off ancient anthropometric data banks: the “Mainz Punch Card Archive” and “Geneva ADAM” and their integration with the updated and enlarged LiVES-COstA online database","authors":"Julia Ebert, Robert Martin, J. Desideri, M. Besse, W. Henke, Markus Gross, E. Rosenstock","doi":"10.17171/2-12-6-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17171/2-12-6-1","url":null,"abstract":"The research project LiVES (living conditions and biological standard of living in prehistoric Europe and South West Asia), funded by the Emmy-Noether-Programme of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and running from 2011 to 2019, focused - among other things - on the relationship between protein-intake and body height in prehistoric humans as a possible proxy for health and diet 1 . In order to obtain a sufficient amount of data relating to prehistoric body heights within the project’s timespan, which could then be correlated with relevant environmental, chronological and socio-historic variables, it was necessary to acquire and convert datasets from two already existing data collections: the Mainzer Lochkartenarchiv fur prahistorische und historische Anthropologie (Mainz punch card archive for prehistoric and historic anthropology) and the Geneva- based Anthropological Data Acquisition and Management (ADAM); they were eventually integrated with a new and regularly updated online database LiVES Collection of Osteological Anthropometry (LiVES-COstA) which, aside from our own purposes, is intended for future use by academic institutions and individual researchers around the world. With checked and published data from 6901 skeletal individuals dating up to 600 cal BCE, and a total of 18,127 unchecked, unpublished skeletal entries mostly dating to later periods, it is currently the largest digital collection of prehistoric and historic human long bone and stature data from Europe and Southwest Asia. In this article we will give a detailed report on the data acquisition and integration process within the framework of the LiVES-project, and describe the structure, as well as the state of data at the end of the project. Also, we will give a very brief summary on the publication of those datasets that have been checked and updated by the LiVES project in the LiVES-COstA Digest-collection.","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90986892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Studies of Expertise and Experience. 专业知识和经验研究。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-016-9412-1
Harry Collins
{"title":"Studies of Expertise and Experience.","authors":"Harry Collins","doi":"10.1007/s11245-016-9412-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9412-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>I describe the program of analysis of expertise known as 'Studies of Expertise and Experience', or 'SEE' and contrast it with certain philosophical approaches. SEE differs from many approaches to expertise in that it takes the degree of 'esotericity' of the expertise to be one of its characteristics: esotericity is not a defining characteristic of expertise. Thus, native language speaking is taken to be an expertise along with gravitational wave physics. Expertise is taken to be acquired by socialisation within expert communities. Various methods of analysis are described.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"37 1","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-016-9412-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35882154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Introduction: Perception Without Representation. 引言:无表征的感知。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-017-9460-1
Roberta Locatelli, Keith A Wilson
{"title":"Introduction: Perception Without Representation.","authors":"Roberta Locatelli,&nbsp;Keith A Wilson","doi":"10.1007/s11245-017-9460-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-017-9460-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"36 2","pages":"197-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-017-9460-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37640215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Infants Understand How Testimony Works. 婴儿明白证词是如何运作的。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2014-10-01 Epub Date: 2013-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11245-013-9180-0
Paul L Harris, Jonathan D Lane
{"title":"Infants Understand How Testimony Works.","authors":"Paul L Harris,&nbsp;Jonathan D Lane","doi":"10.1007/s11245-013-9180-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9180-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children learn about the world from the testimony of other people, often coming to accept what they are told about a variety of unobservable and indeed counterintuitive phenomena. However, research on children's learning from testimony has paid limited attention to the foundations of that capacity. We ask whether those foundations can be observed in infancy. We review evidence from two areas of research: infants' sensitivity to the emotional expressions of other people; and their capacity to understand the exchange of information through non-verbal gestures and vocalization. We conclude that a grasp of the bi-directional exchange of information is present early in the second year. We discuss the implications for future research, especially across different cultural settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":47039,"journal":{"name":"TOPOI-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"33 2","pages":"443-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11245-013-9180-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40535523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 89
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